LGBT rights in Asia

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in Asia, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex sexual activity is outlawed in at least twenty Asian countries. As of 2023, Taiwan, Israel, Nepal, and India provide a wider range of LGBT rights – such as same-sex relationship recognition or anti-discrimination laws, while at least nine countries, such as Georgia, Singapore, Japan, Lebanon and Thailand, have enacted protections for LGBT people. In Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen homosexual activity is punishable by death.[1][2] In addition, LGBT people also face extrajudicial executions from non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Hamas in the Gaza Strip.[3][4] While egalitarian relationships have become more frequent in recent years, they remain rare.[2][5][6]

LGBT rights in Asia
StatusLegal, with an equal age of consent, in 29 out of 50 states
Legal, with an equal age of consent, in 7 territories
Gender identityLegal in 23 out of 50 states
Legal in 1 territory
MilitaryAllowed in 9 out of 50 states
Allowed in 2 territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 14 out of 50 states
Protected in 4 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognized in 4 out of 50 states
Recognized in 4 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 5 out of 50 states
AdoptionLegal in 2 out of 50 states
Part of a series on
LGBT rights
The Greek letter "lambda"
Lesbian ∙ Gay ∙ Bisexual ∙ Transgender
Overview
Aspects
Opposition
Organizations
Politics
Timeline
Related
LGBT portal

Historical discrimination towards homosexuality in much of the region include the ban on homosexual acts enforced by Genghis Khan banned in the Mongol Empire, which made homosexuality punishable by death.[7][8] Many Asian countries have collectivist cultures, wherein aggression is generally accepted by society if it is used to protect the family honor. Homosexuality is generally considered to be dishonorable, so homophobic aggression in the name of protecting family honor is common.[9] The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri of the Mughal Empire mandated a common set of punishments for homosexuality, which could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

In 2019, a survey by The Economist found 45% of respondents in the Asia-Pacific believed that same-sex marriage is inevitable in the region, while 31% of respondents disagreed. Furthermore, three-quarters of those surveyed reported a more open climate for LGBT rights compared to three years ago. Of those reporting an improving climate for LGBT people, 38% cited a change in policies or laws. Meanwhile, 36% said coverage of LGBT issues in mainstream media was a major factor. The top reasons cited for diminishing openness was anti-LGBT advocacy by religious institutions.[17][18]

Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia
Same-sex sexual activity legal
  Marriage performed
  Other type of partnership
  Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Restrictions on freedom of expression
Same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Prison but not enforced
  Prison
  Death penalty on books, but not enforced
  Enforced death penalty

Legislation by country or territory
Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
This table:

North Asia
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Russia Russia Yes Fully legal since 1993[19][20]
No Illegal de facto in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.		 No No Constitutional ban since 2020[21] No Yes[22] No No Gender change has not been legal since 2023[23] No

Central Asia
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[20] No No No Yes Since 2022[24] No Yes[25]
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Yes Legal since 1998[20] No No Constitutional ban since 2016[26] No No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery[27][25] No
Tajikistan Tajikistan Yes Legal since 1998[20] No No No No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery[28][25] No
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan No Illegal for Males since 1927
Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment.		 No No No No No No No
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan No Illegal for Males since 1926
Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment.		 No No No No No No No

West Asia
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)		 Yes Legal after 1991 No No No No
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 Yes Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[29]
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 No No Constitutional ban since 2015[30][31] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No [32] No No No
Republic of Artsakh Artsakh
(Disputed territory)		 Yes Legal since 2000 No No Constitutional ban since 2006[33] No No No
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[20] No No No No No No No
Bahrain Bahrain Yes Legal since 1976[20] No No No No No Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[34]
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[35] No No Yes[36] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[37] Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[38]
No Gender change is not legal.		 Yes/No
Egypt Egypt Yes/ No Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws.[20][39]		 No No No No No No No
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 No No Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[40] Yes Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[41] No
Iran Iran No No Illegal
Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (Although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation)[42]. For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction.[20]		 No No No No No Yes Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention[43] No
Iraq Iraq Yes/ No Ambiguous. De jure legal since 1969, but de facto repressed[44] No No No No No No No
Israel Israel Yes Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure)[45]
+ UN decl. sign.[20][46]		 Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 1994. No/Yes Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry No Permitted by law since 2008,[47] but in practice not possible in nearly every case[48] Yes Since 1993; Includes transgender people[49] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[50][51][52] Yes Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ;[53] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity[54][55][56] Yes[57][58]
Jordan Jordan Yes Legal[20] No No No No Yes Allowed since 2014[59]
Kuwait Kuwait No Male illegal
Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence.
Yes Female always legal[20][60]		 No No No No No No No
Lebanon Lebanon Yes / No Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal.[61] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place.
Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (rarely enforced).		 No No No No No Yes Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required[62] No
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)		 Yes Legal since 2014[63][64][20] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[63][64] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[65]
Oman Oman No Illegal
Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal").[20]		 No No No No No No Laws against forms of gender expression. No
State of Palestine Palestine
 West Bank:
Yes Legal[20]
Gaza:
No Illegal for Males since 1936
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment.[20]		 West Bank:
No
Gaza:
No
 No No No No
Qatar Qatar No No Illegal
Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment[20] Death penalty for Muslims.		 No No No No No No No
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia No No Illegal
Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution. Homosexuality itself, not just performed acts, can be considered illegal in Saudi Arabia.[20]		 No No No No No No Laws against forms of gender expression. No
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)		 Yes Legal after 1991 No No No No
Syria Syria No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended)[66][20]		 No No No No No No No
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[20] No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No No Yes Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[67] No
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates No No Death, life in prison, floggings,[68] fines, deportation, chemical castration,[69][70] forced psychological treatments,[71] honor killings,[69] vigilante executions,[72][73] beatings,[74][75] forced anal examinations,[76] forced hormone injections,[77] and torture.[74][78] No No No No No No In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [79][80][81] Laws used to criminalize gender expression. No
Yemen Yemen No No Illegal
Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention.[20]		 No No No No No No No

South Asia
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Afghanistan Afghanistan No No Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty[82]		 No No No No No No No
Bangladesh Bangladesh No Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced).[20][83]		 No No No No No Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available[84] No
Bhutan Bhutan Yes Legal since 2021[85] No No No No No No
British Indian Ocean Territory British Indian Ocean Territory
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 Yes Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defense
India India Yes Legal since 2018[86] Yes Unregistered cohabitation and live-In relationships recognized since 2022 [87] No No No Yes/ No Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by court decision. No nationwide law.[88][89][90] Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender, only after medical/surgical intervention[91][90] Yes
Maldives Maldives No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines. (unenforced)[92] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [93]		 No No No No No No No
Nepal Nepal Yes Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 Pending Pending No Proposed Yes Since 2007 Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes/No Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female[94] Yes
Pakistan Pakistan No Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced).[20][95]		 No No No No Yes Transphobia illegal

No Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal

 Yes Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment[96] No
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka No Illegal since 1885
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines.[20] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed		 No No No No No Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender after sex reassignment surgery or medical intervention[97] No

East Asia
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
China China Yes Legal since 1997[20] No/Yes "Legal guardianship" since 2017 No No Yes/No (Open displays prohibited) No Yes/No Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. However, it is difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees for lack of legal procedures, even after sex reassignment surgery[98], which has caused discrimination against well-educated trans women[99]. No
Hong Kong Hong Kong Yes Legal since 1991[20] No/Yes Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[100] The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong.[101] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only) Yes Surgery not required since 2023 in accordance to a court ruling[102]
Japan Japan Yes Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 No * Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions. No Proposed[103] No Yes The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist.[104] Yes No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination[20] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery No
Macau Macau Yes Legal since 1996 No No No The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau. Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Mongolia Mongolia Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 No No Constitutional ban since 1992 No Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery Yes/No
North KoreaNorth Korea Yes / No Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.
Penalty: Unknown		 No No No No 10-year celibacy required for all soldiers.[105] Open displays of LGBT attitudes are prohibited. No No No
South Korea South Korea Yes Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 No No Proposed[106] No No No/Yes Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery
Taiwan Taiwan Yes Legal[107] [108] Legal since 2019[109][110][111] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2019
Yes Joint adoption legal since 2023[112]		 Yes Yes Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination from government[113]; several laws banning anti-gay discrimination regarding education and employment.[114][115] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[lower-alpha 1] Yes

Southeast Asia
LGBT rights in Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Aceh Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia) No Illegal
Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison[117]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples No The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh. Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. No
Brunei Brunei No No Illegal since 1908
Penalty: Death by stoning (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women.[118]		 No No No No No No Laws prohibit forms of gender expression. No
Cambodia Cambodia Yes Legal[20] No/Yes Partnerships recognized in certain cities No There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban since 1993 No/Yes Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place No No[119] No
East Timor East Timor Yes Legal since 1975
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009.[120]
Indonesia Indonesia Yes Legal (except in Aceh)[20][121] No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples No Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto) Yes Limited protection following legal process by the authorities.[122] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. No
Laos Laos Yes Legal[20] No No No No
Malaysia Malaysia No Illegal since 1871
Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2–20 years), or whippings.[20][123]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples No No No Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights[124] Forms of gender expression are criminalized. No
Myanmar Myanmar No Illegal since 1886
Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (Not enforced).[20]		 No No No No No No No
Philippines Philippines Yes Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[125][20][126][127]		 No (Pending) [125] No (Pending) [128] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[129][128] Yes Since 2009 Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces,[130] including the City of Manila,[131]Cebu City,[132] Quezon City,[133] and Davao City;[134]
 No (Pending)
Singapore Singapore Yes Fully legal since 2022 No No Ambiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate.[135] Yes Yes Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence[136] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery No
Thailand Thailand Yes Legal since 1956
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 No[137] No No[138] Yes Since 2005 [139] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination No[140]

Yes Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression.[123]

 Yes
Vietnam Vietnam Yes Legal[20]
+ UN decl. sign.[20]		 No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples[141] Yes Irrespective of one's sexual orientation Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017[142][143] Yes

See also

Notes
  1. In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court[116] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.

References
  1. "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  2. "Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death". The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  3. "Anti-Gay Rhetoric in English-Language ISIS and Al Qaeda Magazines". Anti-Defamation League. 15 June 2016.
     • "ISIS's Persecution of Gay People". Counter Extremism Project. May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.
  4. Hadid, Diaa; Waheidi, Majd Al (2016-03-01). "Hamas Commander, Accused of Theft and Gay Sex, Is Killed by His Own". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  5. MV Media (20 April 2014). "Brunei: Sultan institutes death penalty for homosexuality". Muslim Village. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  6. "7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts". ILGA. Archived from the original on 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  7. Onon, Urgunge (2001). The secret history of the Mongols : the life and times of Chinggis Khan. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1335-2. OCLC 50664183. And anyone found indulging in homosexual practices should be executed
  8. "Genghis Khan's constitutional ban on homosexuality revealed". 29 August 2007.
  9. Lowe, Michelle; Khan, Roxanne; Thanzami, Vanlal; Barzy, Mahsa; Karmaliani, Rozina (August 2021). "Anti-gay "Honor" Abuse: A Multinational Attitudinal Study of Collectivist- Versus Individualist-Orientated Populations in Asia and England". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 36 (15–16): 7866–7885. doi:10.1177/0886260519838493. ISSN 0886-2605. PMID 30924715. S2CID 85566154.
  10. Baillier, Neil B. E. (1875). "A digest of the Moohummudan law". pp. 1–3. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  11. "How did the Mughals view homosexuality?". History Stack Exchange.
  12. Khalid, Haroon (17 June 2016). "From Bulleh Shah and Shah Hussain to Amir Khusro, same-sex references abound in Islamic poetry". Scroll.in. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  13. "Sarmad Kashani Tomb in Jami Masjid, New Delhi, India - Archive - Diarna.org". archive.diarna.org.
  14. V. N. Datta (2012-11-27), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman, Rupa Publications, ISBN 9788129126627, Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love [sic]; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship
  15. "Of Genizahs, Sufi Jewish Saints, and Forgotten Corners of History - UW Stroum Center for Jewish Studies". 1 March 2016.
  16. Kugle, Scott A (1 Sep 2011). Sufis and Saints' Bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality, and Sacred Power in Islam. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 309 Note 62-63. ISBN 9780807872772. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  17. Glauert, Rik (31 May 2019). "Survey finds 45% believe same-sex marriage inevtiable in Asia-Pacific". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  18. "Legalisation of same-sex marriage will inevitably spread across Asia-Pacific, say nearly half of respondents in new Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) survey". Viet Nam News. 30 May 2019.
  19. "Russian Gay History". community.middlebury.edu.
  21. "Russian parliament begins legalising ban on same-sex marriage". Reuters. 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
  22. ""Держите язык за зубами!" Правда о гомосексуалистах в российской армии". Rambler. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  23. "Putin Signs Gender Reassignment Ban Into Law". The Moscow Times. 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  24. "В Минобороны ответили на вопрос о сексуальных меньшинствах в армии". Tengrinews. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  25. Masci, David (February 11, 2014). "Gay rights in Russia and the former Soviet republics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  26. "Kyrgyz Voters Back Amendments On Same-Sex Marriage, Presidential Power". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. December 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  27. "Kyrgyzstan's Transgender Advocates Call for Right to Change Gender in Passports".
  28. "Transgender in Tajikistan". Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
  29. "Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013" (PDF). sbaadministration.org.
  30. "Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms - ILGA-Europe". www.ilga-europe.org.
  31. "Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces constitutional referendum final results". news.am.
  32. "Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  33. "CONSTITUTION - MFA NKR". nkr.am.
  34. "Gulf Daily News". Gulf Daily News. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  39. "Egypt (Law)". ILGA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  40. "Law of Georgia on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination". matsne.gov.ge.
  42. "Report: 14-year-old gay boy hanged in Iran". mambaonline.com. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  43. "CBC News - Film - Iran's gay plan". Cbc.ca. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  44. "Iraq: Sexual Orientation, Human Rights and the Law". www.glapn.org.
  45. Erez Levon (January 2008). National Discord: Language, Sexuality and the Politics of Belonging in Israel. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9780549582427. This amendment to the penal code entailed a de jure decriminalization of sodomy since, in 1963, the Israeli Supreme Court had already issued a de facto decriminalization, ruling that the anti-sodomy law (which dated back to the British Mandate of Palestine; Mandatory Criminal Ordinance of 1936) could not be prosecuted (Yosef Ben-Ami vs. The Attorney General of Israel, 224/63).
  46. "LGBTQ Timeline" (PDF). ua.edu.
  47. "In Complete Reversal, Israel Says It No Longer Opposes Same-sex Adoption". Haaretz. August 29, 2017.
  48. "Israeli ministry drops opposition to adoption by same-sex couples". Jerusalem Post. August 30, 2017.
  49. Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  50. "Law prohibiting discrimination in products, services, and entry to businesses" (in Hebrew). Israeli Economy Ministry. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  51. "El Al vs. Yonatan Danilovich" (in Hebrew). Supreme Court of Israel. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  52. Dorff, Rabbis Elliot N.; Nevins, Daniel S.; Reisner, Avram I. "Homosexuality, Human Dignity & Halakhah: A Combined Responsum for the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards" (PDF).
  53. Hovel, Revital (2015-01-18). "Israel recognizes sex changes without operation". Haaretz. Supreme Court of Israel. Retrieved 2015-01-23.
  54. Aeyal Gross, Human rights are part of the fight for gay rights, Haaretz (via Aguda website), December 17, 2013
  55. Hila Weissberg, Homophobia in the workplace? Fear of transgender people is even worse, Haaretz, August 29, 2014
  56. Aeyal Gross, Israel should drop binary view of gender, Haaretz, 16.09.13
  57. Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  58. https://coupleofmen.com/30516-spartacus-gay-travel-index-2023/
  59. "محكمة التمييز توافق على تغيير جنس مواطن اردني من ذكر الى انثى - دنيا الوطن" [The Court of Cassation agrees to change the gender of a Jordanian citizen from male to female]. alwatanvoice.com (in Arabic). 2014-10-12.
  60. "Kuwait Law". ilga.org.
  61. Sycamore, Maximilian (4 February 2018). "Lebanese gay couple not prosecuted under 'order of nature' law". washingtonblade.com.
  62. "Lebanese judge grants trans man right to change gender". washingtonblade.com. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 2018-10-18.
  66. "Syria - GlobalGayz News Archive". archive.globalgayz.com.
  67. Can, İ.Özgür; Demiroğlu, Zehra; Köker, Murat; Ulaş, Halis; Salaçin, Serpil (28 January 2011). "Legal Aspects of Gender Reassignment Surgery in Turkey". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. Sage Publishing. 18: 77–88. doi:10.1177/097152151001800104. S2CID 143761091.
  68. Guzman, Chaveli (2018-06-26). "Nader Tabsh: From suppressing his sexuality to living unapologetically". The Oracle. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  69. "Report: 30 Gays Arrested at Dubai Party". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. March 18, 2012.
  70. Bollinger, Alex (17 August 2019). "The 1975's lead singer kissed a man on stage in Dubai to protest anti-gay laws". LGBTQ Nation.
  71. "United Arab Emirates - Executive Summary" (PDF). 2009-2017.state.gov. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  72. Woodcock, Zara (May 10, 2020). "Matt Healy feels 'irresponsible' after kissing male fan at Dubai concert".
  73. "Pride at ESUC". June 2, 2021.
  74. Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). "State-Sponsored Homophobia 13 Edition" (PDF). ilga.org. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  75. Duffy, Nick (22 December 2015). "Judge blocks extradition of gay British man to UAE, where gays can face death penalty". PinkNews.
  76. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Together, Apart: Organizing around Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Worldwide". Refworld.
  77. Douglas, Benji (2012-09-14). "Gays In The United Arab Emirates Face Flogging, Hormone Injections, Prison". queerty.com. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  78. Duffy, Nick (2015-12-22). "Judge blocks extradition of gay British man to UAE, where gays can face death penalty". pinknews.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  79. "Sex-change surgery is now legal in the UAE". stepfeed.com. 6 September 2016.
  80. "Sex reassignment surgery is now legal in the United Arab Emirates". gaystarnews.com. 8 September 2016.
  81. "New law does not legalise sex change".
  82. "LGBT People in Afghanistan After the Taliban Takeover". Human Rights Watch. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  83. https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/bangladesh/
  84. "Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender option - Wikinews, the free news source". Wikinews. November 11, 2013.
  85. "2021 penal code" (PDF). www.nab.gov.bt. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  86. "India court legalises gay sex in landmark ruling". BBC News. 6 September 2018.
  87. Prakash, Satya (29 August 2022). "Supreme Court expands definition of family; says it may take form of domestic, unmarried partnerships or queer relationships". Tribune India. Tribune Trust. The Tribune. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  88. "India: Supreme Court Recognizes Rights Of The LGBT Community". mondaq.com. 18 September 2018.
  89. Mishra, Abhishek (February 10, 2021). "Homosexuality not a ground to sack employee, rules Allahabad High Court". India Today.
  90. "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019". PRS Legislative Research.
  91. Ghosh, Deepshikha (15 April 2014). "Transgenders are the 'third gender', rules Supreme Court". NDTV.
  92. "Penal Code". law.upenn.edu. 2014. p. 75.
  93. https://www.outofoffice.com/blog/the-law-vs-reality-gay-travel-to-the-maldives/
  94. Michael K. Lavers (19 September 2015). "New Nepal constitution includes LGBT-specific protections". Washington blade. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  95. https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/pakistan/
  96. "SC orders equal benefits for transvestites". Archived from the original on July 18, 2009.
  97. https://www1.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/Research%20&%20Publications/hiv_aids/rbap-hhd-2017-legal-gender-recognition.pdf
  98. 王若翰 (2012-06-20). "变性人群体真实生态：唯学历证明无法修改性别" (Press release) (in Chinese (China)). 搜狐. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  99. "跨性别者手术后：历时半年终于修改学历 就业遭歧视". 搜狐. 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
  100. "Cap. 290 Adoption Ordinance". Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  101. "Foreign Affairs and National Defence" (PDF).
  102. "Hong Kong's top court rules surgery is not needed to register gender change". The Washington Post. 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  103. "Japan opposition party submits bill for same-sex marriage". Kyodo News. 6 March 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  104. "LGBT Rights in Japan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2013.
  105. Hassig, Ralph; Oh, Kongdan (2015). The Hidden People of North Korea: Everyday Life in the Hermit Kingdom (Second ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 126. ISBN 978-1442237193. The second major stress on soldiers is their highly restricted social life. During their initial ten years of service they are not permitted to marry, which means that they are supposed to postpone sexual activity until their late twenties.
  106. Rashid, Raphael (2023-05-31). "South Korea's first ever same-sex marriage bill goes to parliament". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04.
  107. "Taiwan". glbtq.com.
  108. "同性伴侶跨區註記7月3日開放". Up Media. 21 July 2017.
  109. "Taiwan's top court rules in favour of same-sex marriage". The Guardian. 24 May 2017.
  110. "Taiwan voters reject same-sex marriage in referendums". BBC News. 25 November 2018.
  111. "Taiwan approves same-sex marriage in first for Asia". Channel News Asia. 17 May 2019.
  112. Article 20, "Act for Implementation of J.Y. Interpretation No. 748". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  113. Article 7, "Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan)". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  114. "Act of Gender Equality in Employment". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  115. "Gender Equity Education Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  116. "109年度訴字第275號". 司法院裁判書系統. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  117. "Qanun Aceh Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hukum Jinayat (Aceh Religious Bylaw on Crimes" (PDF). Aceh Provincial Website. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  118. Robertson, Holly (April 3, 2019). "Brunei enacts Islamic laws to punish gay sex with stoning to death — here's what you need to know". ABC News.
  119. Hoppe, Sascha (8 March 2023). "Spartacus Gay Travel Index 2023". Spartacus Gay Travel Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  120. Article 52 of the Penal Code, p. 3
  121. "Satpol PP Palembang, Ungkap Sering Temukan Pasangan LGBT, Tapi Sulit Ditindak". Sripoku.com. February 6, 2020.
  122. Rongiyati, Sulasi (November 2015). "Surat Edaran Kapolri Tentang Ujaran Kebencian: Menjaga Kebebasan Berpendapat Dan Harmonisasi Kemajemukan" (PDF). Info Singkat. 7 (21): 1–4. ISSN 2088-2351.
  123. Mosbergen, Dominique (12 October 2015). "Being LGBT In Southeast Asia: Stories Of Abuse, Survival And Tremendous Courage". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  124. Chiam, Zhan; Duffy, Sandra; González Gil, Matilda (November 2016). "Trans Legal Mapping Report" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  125. "Philippines: Congress Approves Anti-Discrimination Bill". Iglhrc.org. 24 January 2004. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  126. Myers, JoAnne (19 September 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810874688 – via Google Books.
  127. "Gay Philippines News & Reports 2003-06: Filipino city bans feminine men". GlobalGayz.com. 6 December 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  128. Border, Hana (11 August 2022). "Padilla wants same-sex unions institutionalized". GMA News. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  129. "Adoption in the Philippines". Intercountry Adoption. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  130. "Pemberton guilty of homicide in Jennifer Laude case". Rappler. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  131. Luna, Franco. "Manila signs ordinance prohibiting gender discrimination". Philstar.com. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  132. "Passage of Cebu's anti-discrimination law lauded". Local News. Sun Star Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  133. Gamil, Jaymee T. (5 October 2014). "QC council approves pro-LGBT ordinance". INQUIRER.net.
  134. Mellejor, Ayan C. (December 14, 2012). "Davao council bans discrimination vs gays, minority, differently abled". inquirer.net.
  135. Tan, Yvette (17 December 2018). "Gay Singaporean man wins landmark appeal to adopt surrogate child". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  136. Elangovan, Navene (14 October 2019). "New legislation protects LGBTQ community from religiously motivated violence but law is 'same for all'". Today. Singapore. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  137. "Same-sex marriage may come true under Thai junta - Prachatai English". www.prachatai.com.
  138. Networks, Hornet (July 30, 2018). "Thailand Could Actually Beat Taiwan to Legalizing Same-Sex Unions and Benefits". Hornet.
  139. Valentin, Declercq. "LGBTQ Rights in Thailand - G.A.M. Legal Alliance". gam-legalalliance.com. GAM Legal Alliance. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  140. "The right to title change". Bangkok Post. 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2019-12-23.
  141. "Cặp đôi đồng tính có được nhận con nuôi không?". VnExpress. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  142. "Sex-change officially legalized for the Vietnamese people". thanhnien.vn. 2015-11-24.
  143. Thông, Báo Giao. "Ảnh: Cộng đồng người chuyển giới vỡ òa trong ngày lịch sử - Báo Giao thông".
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.