LGBT rights in the Cook Islands

The Cook Islands, much like the rest of Polynesia, used to be tolerant of same-sex relationships and transgender people before the arrival of Christianity.[4][5]

The colloquial term for men who act like women is laelae. Culturally, laelae are different from gay or transgender people. The term refers to a wide range of people, as it does throughout Polynesia, some of whom may identify as female but are biologically men, as both male and female, or as neither. Laelae engage in women's work, such as cooking, cleaning and sewing, tend to socialise with women and tend to wear female clothing, but have little desire to have sex with other laelae. They typically have sex with heterosexual men, who not consider themselves, nor are they considered by others, to be "homosexual". Nowadays, there exists a relative tolerance and acceptance of laelae in terms of their public behaviour (their cross-dressing and dance performances are regarded with fascination by both men and women), but a near complete avoidance of laelae sexuality as a topic of discussion. Dr. Kalissa Alexeyeff, of the University of Melbourne, states that the introduction of Western understandings of sexuality and gender has resulted in laelae sexuality being taboo. Laelae who are caught engaging in homosexual relations are often beaten up by male family members.[6]

Early on in fieldwork, I commented on the camp demeanour of a prominent Cook Islands performer, who wore loud, brighlty coloured, frilly shirts and whose flamboyant acts resembled those of Elton John or Peter Allen. My female companion replied with some hostility: 'No! He has a son. He's not gay. He's a laelae.' This comment was made despite the fact that the woman worked with the man's current partner and it appeared—to me at least—blatantly obvious that the two were sexually involved. When I asked what the difference was, she said that laelae 'just love the girls' whereas 'gays sleep with men'.

Since the 2000s, the Māori word akava'ine has come to refer to transgender people from the Cook Islands.

Homosexuality was decriminalised by an act of Parliament as of 1 June 2023.[7] Prior to that, male homosexual activity was illegal in the Cook Islands under the Crimes Act 1969. Consensual male sodomy was punishable by up to seven years' imprisonment,[8] while indecency between males was punishable by up to five years' imprisonment. The law was inherited from the former British Empire. Prosecutions have been rare, however.[9]

The sections of the Crimes Act 1969 which previously criminalized homosexuality were the following:

Section 154. Indecency between males

(1) Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years who, being a male,

(a) Indecently assaults any other male; or

(b) Does any indecent act with or upon any other male; or

(c) Induces or permits any other male to do any indecent act with or upon him

(2) No boy under the age of fifteen years shall be charged with committing or being a party to an offence against paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of subsection (1) of this section, unless the other male was under the age of twenty-one years.

(3) It is not defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented.

Section 155. Sodomy

(1) Every one who commits sodomy is liable

(a) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a female, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years;

(b) Where the act of sodomy is committed on a male, and at the time of the act that male is under the age of fifteen years and the offender is of over the age of twenty-one years, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years;

(c) In any other case, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years.

(2) This offence is complete upon penetration.

(3) Where sodomy is committed on any person under the age of fifteen years he shall not be charged with being a party to that offence, but he may be charged with being a party to an offence against section 154 of this Act in say case to which that section is applicable.

(4) It is no defence to a charge under this section that the other party consented.

Section 159. Keeping Place of resort for homosexual acts

Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years who-

(a) Keeps or manages, or acts or assists in the management of, say premises used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males; or

(b) Being the tenant, lessee, or occupier of any promises, knowingly permits the premises or any part thereof to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males; or

(c) Being the lessor or landlord of any premises, or the agent of the lessor or landlord, lets the premises or any part thereof with the knowledge that the premises are to be used as a place of resort for the commission of indecent acts between males, or that dome part thereof is to be so used, or is wilfully a party to the continued use of the premises or any part thereof as a place of resort for the commission of such acts as aforesaid.

Sections 152 and 153 of the Criminal Code set the age of consent for vaginal intercourse at 16. Lesbian sex is not mentioned at all in local laws, as was the case in the laws of the former British Empire.

Same-sex marriage was outlawed by the Marriage Amendment Act 2000.[31] The law was clarified in 2007 to state that "no person shall be permitted to marry another person who is of the same gender as him or herself,"[32] and to legislatively define the gender of transsexuals. On 28 April 2013, Prime Minister Henry Puna expressed his personal opposition to the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[33][34] The Registrar of the High Court (Retita o te Akavaanga Teitei) has the power to void and dissolve marriages that violate the law.[35]

Civil unions are not recognised either (though both civil marriage and civil unions by same-sex couples are recognised and performed in New Zealand).[36]

Discrimination on the basis of "sexual preference" is prohibited in employment, according to Section 55(e) of the Employment Relations Act 2012, which entered into force on 1 July 2013.[37]

Section 10(g) of the Cook Islands Disability Act 2008 prohibits discrimination against disabled persons based on their sexual orientation.[38]

2016 data from the United Nations Development Programme estimated that there were between 500 and 800 men who have sex with men and transgender people in the Cook Islands, of whom 40% reported feeling ashamed about their identity and 30% felt low self-esteem.[39] All reported having had sexual intercourse, and 22% reported having had both male and female sexual partners in the last 12 months.

The Cook Islands News reported in late 2019 that a survey from the University of the South Pacific showed that, of 674 Cook Islands college students, 9.1% identified as LGBT, and 22.7% "refused or were unsure about" which categories to put themselves into.[40]

The Cook Islands Christian Church is the largest religion on the islands, with more than half of the population claiming an affiliation to it. The Congregationalist church believes that homosexuality and cross-dressing are signs of immorality and this impacts both public attitudes as well as government policy. The Cook Islands LGBT community feels the need to be discreet and travel advisories also urge visitors to be discreet and not to engage in public displays of affection.[41] The travel website cookislands.org.uk reports that homosexuality is generally accepted and a laissez-faire attitude is taken to tourists, though public displays of affection may offend.[36]

• Human rights in the Cook Islands
• LGBT rights in New Zealand
• LGBT rights in Oceania

• "Official website of the Te Tiare Association".