Mechatronics

Mechatronics engineering, also called mechatronics, is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that focuses on the integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering and software engineering,[1] and also includes a combination of robotics, computer science, telecommunications, systems, control, and product engineering.[2][3]

Mechatronics
Occupation
NamesMechatronics Engineer
Occupation type
Engineering
Activity sectors
Electrical and mechanical industry, engineering industry
SpecialtyMechanical engineering, electrical/electronics engineering, computer engineering, software programming, system engineering, control system, smart and intelligent system, automation and robotics
Description
CompetenciesMultidisciplinary technical knowledge, electro-mechanical system design, system integration and maintenance
Fields of
employment
Science, technology, engineering, industry, computer, exploration

As technology advances over time, various subfields of engineering have succeeded in both adapting and multiplying. The intention of mechatronics is to produce a design solution that unifies each of these various subfields. Originally, the field of mechatronics was intended to be nothing more than a combination of mechanics, electrical and electronics, hence the name being a portmanteau of the words "mechanics" and "electronics"; however, as the complexity of technical systems continued to evolve, the definition had been broadened to include more technical areas.

The word mechatronics originated in Japanese-English and was created by Tetsuro Mori, an engineer of Yaskawa Electric Corporation. The word mechatronics was registered as trademark by the company in Japan with the registration number of "46-32714" in 1971. The company later released the right to use the word to the public, and the word began being used globally. Currently the word is translated into many languages and is considered an essential term for advanced automated industry.[4]

Many people treat mechatronics as a modern buzzword synonymous with automation, robotics and electromechanical engineering.[5]

French standard NF E 01-010 gives the following definition: "approach aiming at the synergistic integration of mechanics, electronics, control theory, and computer science within product design and manufacturing, in order to improve and/or optimize its functionality".[6]

History

The word mechatronics was registered as trademark by the company in Japan with the registration number of "46-32714" in 1971. The company later released the right to use the word to the public, and the word began being used globally.

With the advent of information technology in the 1980s, microprocessors were introduced into mechanical systems, improving performance significantly. By the 1990s, advances in computational intelligence were applied to mechatronics in ways that revolutionized the field.

Description
Aerial Euler diagram from RPI's website describes the fields that make up mechatronics.

A mechatronics engineer unites the principles of mechanics, electrical, electronics, and computing to generate a simpler, more economical and reliable system.[7]

Engineering cybernetics deals with the question of control engineering of mechatronic systems. It is used to control or regulate such a system (see control theory). Through collaboration, the mechatronic modules perform the production goals and inherit flexible and agile manufacturing properties in the production scheme. Modern production equipment consists of mechatronic modules that are integrated according to a control architecture. The most known architectures involve hierarchy, polyarchy, heterarchy, and hybrid. The methods for achieving a technical effect are described by control algorithms, which might or might not utilize formal methods in their design. Hybrid systems important to mechatronics include production systems, synergy drives, exploration rovers, automotive subsystems such as anti-lock braking systems and spin-assist, and everyday equipment such as autofocus cameras, video, hard disks, CD players and phones.

Course structure

Mechatronics students take courses in various fields:

Applications

Applied Mechatronics
Applied mechatronics

Physical implementations
Mechatronic system

Mechanical modeling calls for modeling and simulating physical complex phenomena in the scope of a multi-scale and multi-physical approach. This implies to implement and to manage modeling and optimization methods and tools, which are integrated in a systemic approach. The specialty is aimed for students in mechanics who want to open their mind to systems engineering, and able to integrate different physics or technologies, as well as students in mechatronics who want to increase their knowledge in optimization and multidisciplinary simulation techniques. The specialty educates students in robust and/or optimized conception methods for structures or many technological systems, and to the main modeling and simulation tools used in R&D. Special courses are also proposed for original applications (multi-materials composites, innovating transducers and actuators, integrated systems, …) to prepare the students to the coming breakthrough in the domains covering the materials and the systems. For some mechatronic systems, the main issue is no longer how to implement a control system, but how to implement actuators. Within the mechatronic field, mainly two technologies are used to produce movement/motion.

Subject
  • Automation and programmed logical controls
  • Power and driving electronics
  • Modern and digital control systems
  • Robotics systems
  • Mechatronics systems
  • Automated control
  • Computer applications for mechatronics
  • Calculus
  • Electrical circuits
  • Systems Dynamics
  • Dynamics and vibrations
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Engineering Mathematics
  • Numerical engineering methods
  • Thermostatology
  • General Physics
  • Practical General Physics
  • Signal measurements and processing
  • General Chemistry
  • Practical General Chemistry/Laboratory
  • Principles of Statistics
  • Sensors and power transformers
  • Automated Control Laboratory
  • Electrical Circuit Laboratory
  • Dynamics and Vibration Laboratory
  • Capability and Driving Electronics Laboratory
  • Electronics Lab for Mechatronics
  • Processing laboratory and microcontrollers
  • Digital Logic Lab
  • Hydraulic and Antenna Systems Laboratory
  • Fluid Capability Engineering Laboratory
  • Processing and microcontrollers
  • Digital Logic
  • Engineering materials and manufacturing technology
  • Machinery mechanics
  • Fluid capability engineering
  • Mathematics

Subdisciplines

Mechanical
Main article: Mechanical engineering
View of the Volkswagen dual clutch direct shift gearbox transmission

Mechanical engineering is an important part of mechatronics engineering. It includes the study of mechanical nature of how an object works. Mechanical elements refer to mechanical structure, mechanism, thermo-fluid, and hydraulic aspects of a mechatronics system. The study of thermodynamics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, pneumatics and hydraulics. Mechatronics engineer who works a mechanical engineer can specialize in hydraulics and pneumatics systems, where they can be found working in automobile industries. A mechatronics engineer can also design a vehicle since they have strong mechanical and electronical background. Knowledge of software applications such as computer-aided design and computer aided manufacturing is essential for designing products. Mechatronics covers a part of mechanical syllabus which is widely applied in automobile industry.

Mechatronic systems represent a large part of the functions of an automobile. The control loop formed by sensor—information processing—actuator—mechanical (physical) change is found in many systems. The system size can be very different. The Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a mechatronic system. The brake itself is also one. And the control loop formed by driving control (for example cruise control), engine, vehicle driving speed in the real world and speed measurement is a mechatronic system, too.[8] The great importance of mechatronics for automotive engineering is also evident from the fact that vehicle manufacturers often have development departments with "Mechatronics" in their names.

Electronics and Electricals
Main article: Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication engineering specializes in electronics devices and telecom devices of a mechatronics system. A mechatronics engineer specialized in electronics and telecommunications have knowledge of computer hardware devices. The transmission of signal is the main application of this subfield of mechatronics. Where digital and analog systems also forms an important part of mechatronics systems. Telecommunications engineering deals with the transmission of information across a medium.

Electronics engineering is related to computer engineering and electrical engineering. Control engineering has a wide range of electronic applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airplanes to the cruise control present in many modern cars. VLSI designing is important for creating integrated circuits. Mechatronics engineers have deep knowledge of microprocessors, microcontrollers, microchips and semiconductors. The application of mechatronics in electronics manufacturing industry can conduct research and development on consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones, computers, cameras etc. For mechatronics engineers it is necessary to learn operating computer applications such as MATLAB and Simulink for designing and developing electronic products.

Mechatronics engineering is a interdisciplinary course, it includes concepts of both electrical and mechanical systems. A mechatronics engineer engages in designing high power transformers or radio-frequency module transmitters.

Avionics
Main article: Avionics
An avionics technician uses an oscilloscope to verify signals on aircraft avionics equipment.

Avionics is also considered a variant of mechatronics as it combines several fields such as electronics and telecom with Aerospace engineering. It is the subdiscipline of mechatronics engineering and aerospace engineering which is engineering branch focusing on electronics systems of aircraft. The word avionics is a blend of aviation and electronics. The electronics system of aircraft includes aircraft communication addressing and reporting system, air navigation, aircraft flight control system, aircraft collision avoidance systems, flight recorder, weather radar and lightning detector. These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform.

Advanced Mechatronics
Main article: Mechatronics

Another variant is Motion control for Advanced Mechatronics, presently recognized as a key technology in mechatronics. The robustness of motion control will be represented as a function of stiffness and a basis for practical realization. Target of motion is parameterized by control stiffness which could be variable according to the task reference. The system robustness of motion always requires very high stiffness in the controller.[9]

Industrial
Main article: Industrial engineering
Industrial engineers on their duty

The branch of industrial engineer includes the design of machinery, assembly and process lines of various manufacturing industries. This branch can be said somewhat similar to automation and robotics. Mechatronics engineers who works as industrial engineers design and develop infrastructure of a manufacturing plant. Also it can be said that they are architect of machines. One can work as an industrial designer to design the industrial layout and plan for setting up of a manufacturing industry or as an industrial technician to lookover the technical requirements and repairing of the particular factory.

Robotics
Main article: Robotics
An industrial robot manufactured by ABB

Robotics is one of the newest emerging subfield of mechatronics. It is the study of robots that how they are manufactured and operated. Since 2000, this branch of mechatronics is attracting a number of aspirants. Robotics is interrelated with automation because here also not much human intervention is required. A large number of factories especially in automobile factories, robots are founds in assembly lines where they perform the job of drilling, installation and fitting. Programming skills are necessary for specialization in robotics. Knowledge of programming language —ROBOTC is important for functioning robots. An industrial robot is a prime example of a mechatronics system; it includes aspects of electronics, mechanics, and computing to do its day-to-day jobs.

Computer
Main articles: Computer engineering and Internet of things
Telescope automatic control system and a space object observation system

The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and exchange data. IoT and mechatronics are complementary. Many of the smart components associated with the Internet of Things will be essentially mechatronic. The development of the IoT is forcing mechatronics engineers, designers, practitioners and educators to research the ways in which mechatronic systems and components are perceived, designed and manufactured. This allows them to face up to new issues such as data security, machine ethics and the human-machine interface.[10]

Knowledge of programming is very important. A mechatronics engineer has to do programming in different levels example.—PLC programming, drone programming, hardware programming, CNC programming etc. Due to combination of electronics engineering, soft skills from computer side is important. Important programming languages for mechatronics engineer to learn is Java, Python, C++ and C programming language.

See also

References
  1. Escudier, Marcel; Atkins, Tony (2019). "A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering". doi:10.1093/acref/9780198832102.001.0001. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering (9 August 2012). "Mechatronics Engineering". Future undergraduate students. University of Waterloo. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  3. Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies TUL. "Mechatronics (Bc., Ing., PhD.)". Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  4. Msc. Mechatronics and Automation Engineering, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Institution of Engineering and Technology, United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  5. Lawrence J. Kamm (1996). Understanding Electro-Mechanical Engineering: An Introduction to Mechatronics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7803-1031-5
  6. Bolton, W. Mechatronics. Pearson, 6th edition, 2015. ISBN 978-1-292-07668-3
  7. The mechatronics handbook. Robert H. Bishop (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2008. pp. Chapter 1, Page 2. ISBN 978-1-4398-3320-9. OCLC 795209909.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. Hilgers, Michael (2020). Commercial Vehicle Technology. Electrical Systems and Mechatronics. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60838-8. ISBN 978-3-662-60837-1.
  9. "Motion Control and Advanced Mechatronics".
  10. Bradley, David; Russell, David; Ferguson, Ian (March 2015). "The Internet of Things-The future or the end of mechatronics". Mechatronics. 27: 57–74. doi:10.1016/j.mechatronics.2015.02.005. hdl:10059/1355.

Sources
  • Bradley, Dawson et al., Mechatronics, Electronics in products and processes, Chapman and Hall Verlag, London, 1991.
  • Karnopp, Dean C., Donald L. Margolis, Ronald C. Rosenberg, System Dynamics: Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Systems, 4th Edition, Wiley, 2006. ISBN 0-471-70965-4 Bestselling system dynamics book using bond graph approach.
  • Cetinkunt, Sabri, Mechatronics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007 ISBN 978-0-471-47987-1
  • James J. Nutaro (2010). Building software for simulation: theory and algorithms, with applications in C++. Wiley.
  • Zhang, Jianhua . Mechatronics and Automation Engineering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation Engineering (ICMAE2016). Xiamen, China, 2016.

Further reading
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