Tulipa armena

Tulipa armena is a species of flowering plant in the Liliaceae family.[2][3] It is referred to by the common name Armenian tulip, and is native to the historical Armenian Highlands as the name implies; current regions of Armenia, modern day Turkey, Iran, South Caucasus, and Azerbaijan.

Tulipa armena
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Tulipa
Subgenus: Tulipa subg. Tulipa
Species:
T. armena
Binomial name
Tulipa armena
Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Tulipa confusa Gabrieljan
  • Tulipa galatica Freyn
  • Tulipa karabachensis Grossh.
  • Tulipa lutea Freyn
  • Tulipa mucronata Fomin
  • Tulipa willmottiae Freyn
  • Tulipa gesneriana var. minor Boiss.
  • Tulipa armena f. galatica (Freyn) Raamsd.

Description

Tulipa armena is extremely variable.[4] The bulb has a papery tunic that is not very hairy. The stems are between eight and 25 cm long, the 3–6 leaves are broad, scimitar-shaped, hairy or smooth and often have wavy edges. They are grey-green, but with a red overlay.[5] They can be up to 20 cm long. The large solitary flowers are cup- or bowl-shaped and very variable. Some are red with a dark violet, black or dark green basal blotch, sometimes striped and mottled in yellow, others yellow,[6] in the red form, sometimes the black basal blotch has a yellow border. The tepals are normally oval. The filaments are black or blackish purple, the anthers yellow or black.

Tulipa armena is placed in the subgenus Tulipa.[7] In Turkey, the subspecies lycica and armena are differentiated by the hairs on the bulb.

Tulipa armena is easily confused with Tulipa julia, which has a hairier tunic.[8]

Habitat

The Armenian tulip was found from Northeast Turkey through Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) to northwestern Iran.[1] It grows on rocky mountain slopes between 1000- 2700m ASL and flowers between April and June.[5] It also occurs on the Marmaris peninsula in Southwestern Turkey at much lower elevations.[5]

It grows in steppe areas on alkalic soils with a high humus-content.[9]

Synonyms

Tulipa armena was first described by Edmund Boissier in 1859, the locus typicus is located in Northeast Turkey. Populations found in the Karabakh mountain range in Armenia and Azerbaijan have been called T. karabachensis, but this is regarded as a synonym of T. armena.[1][7] Plants from Eastern Turkey and Northwest Iran with a hairy tunic and longer stems have been described as T. willmottiae Freyn.[6] T. mucronata Fomin, T. karabachensis Grossh. pro parte, T. confusa Gabrielian may also be synonyms of T. armena.[6] The name T. galatica has been used for the yellow variety without basal blotch.[10] In contrast, Tulipa gumusanica has been confirmed as a separate species.[9]

Uses

The Armenian tulip is used as a garden plant. It needs dry, hot summers and should be grown in free draining soil and full sun. In England, it flowers in April.[11]

References
  1. "Tulipa armena", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2013-10-15
  2. "Tulipa armena Boiss". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  3. "Tulipa armena Boiss". World Flora Online. The World Flora Online Consortium. n.d. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  4. Pavord 1999, p. 22.
  5. Pavord 1999, p. 289.
  6. Marais, W. (1980). "Notes on Tulipa (Liliaceae)". Kew Bulletin. 35 (2): 257–259. doi:10.2307/4114569. JSTOR 4114569.
  7. Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Govaerts, Rafaël; David, John C.; Hall, Tony; Borland, Katherine; Roberts, Penelope S.; Tuomisto, Anne; Buerki, Sven; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F. (July 2013). "Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (3): 280–328. doi:10.1111/boj.12061. S2CID 86783174.
  8. Pavord 1999, p. 23.
  9. Coşkunçelebi, Kamil; Terzioğlu, Salih; Türkmen, Zafer; Makbul, Serdal; Usta, Ayhan (December 2008). "A comparative study on two closely relative Tulipa L. taxa from NE Anatolia". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 276 (3–4): 191–198. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0094-z. S2CID 13038809. ProQuest 2259351008.
  10. Wilford 2006, p. 80.
  11. Wilford 2006, p. 81.

Sources
  • Pavord, Anna (1999). The Tulip. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-4296-4. OCLC 756352325.
  • Wilford, Richard (2006). Tulips: species and hybrids for the gardener. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-763-4. OCLC 938201855.
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