Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

UK trade agreements

United Kingdom

Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories

Active agreements

Renegotiating active agreements

Agreement in principle

Negotiations ongoing

These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.[1] Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements, these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to enhance the deal since Brexit.[2]

As of May 2023, the United Kingdom has 38 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs, covering 99 countries and territories.[3][4] Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand. The remaining 33 are continuity agreements.[5][6] The UK has further arrangements covering 17 British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.[7][8][9][10]

In addition, the UK has also reached an agreement to accede to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, which it signed in July 2023 and is expected to join, after the 11 present members ratify, in 2024.[11][12]

The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations.[13]

Competence and ratification process

According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.[14]

Ratification

The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.[15]

The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation[15]

Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.[15]

Active agreements

The following agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Nation(s)	No. of nations represented	Signed	Effective date	Coverage	Treaty	Trade value (2022)[16]	Ref.
Albania	1	5 February 2021	3 May 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£477m	[17][18]
Andean Countries Colombia[lower-alpha 1] Ecuador Peru	3	15 May 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£5,655m	[19][20]
Australia	1	16 December 2021	31 May 2023	Goods & Services	New	£15,080m	[21][22]
Cameroon	1	28 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£938m	[23][24]
Canada	1	22 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£25,221m	[25][26]
CARIFORUM Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname[lower-alpha 2] Trinidad and Tobago	14	22 March 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£4,937m	[28][29]
Central America Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama	6	18 July 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£2,545m	[30][31]
Chile	1	30 January 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£1,669m	[32][33]
Côte d'Ivoire	1	15 October 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£638m	[34][35]
Eastern and Southern Africa Mauritius Seychelles Zimbabwe	3	31 January 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£1,174m	[36][37]
Egypt	1	5 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£4,733m	[38][39]
European Union List Akrotiri and Dhekelia[lower-alpha 3] Andorra[lower-alpha 4] Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco[lower-alpha 5] Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania San Marino[lower-alpha 6] Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden	31	30 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	New	£772,000m	[40][41]
Faroe Islands	1	31 January 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£2,242m	[42][43]
Georgia	1	21 October 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£411m	[44][45]
Ghana	1	2 March 2021	5 March 2021	Goods	Continuity	£2,230m	[46][47]
Iceland Liechtenstein[lower-alpha 7] Norway	3	8 July 2021	1 December 2021	Goods & Services	New	£56,290m[lower-alpha 8]	[48][49]
Israel	1	18 February 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£7,187m	[50][51]
Japan	1	23 October 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	New	£27,735m	[52][53]
Jordan	1	5 November 2019	1 May 2021	Goods	Continuity	£940m	[54][55]
Kenya	1	8 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£1,177m	[56][57]
Kosovo	1	3 December 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£13m	[58][59]
Lebanon	1	19 September 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£632m	[60][61]
Liechtenstein[lower-alpha 9] Switzerland	2	11 February 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£52,828m[lower-alpha 10]	[63][64]
Mexico	1	15 December 2020	1 June 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£4,796m	[65][66]
Moldova	1	24 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£2,215m	[67][68]
Morocco	1	26 October 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£3,115m	[69][70]
New Zealand	1	28 February 2022	31 May 2023	Goods & Services	New	£2,516m	[71][72]
North Macedonia	1	3 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£2,341m	[73][74]
Pacific States Fiji Papua New Guinea Samoa[lower-alpha 11] Solomon Islands[lower-alpha 12]	4	14 March 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£284m	[77][78]
Palestinian Authority	1	18 February 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£59m	[79][80]
Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique Botswana Eswatini Lesotho Mozambique Namibia South Africa	6	9 October 2019[lower-alpha 13]	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£11,668m	[82][83]
Serbia	1	16 April 2021	20 May 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£867m	[84][85]
Singapore	1	10 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity[lower-alpha 14]	£20,176m	[88][89]
South Korea	1	22 August 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£18,346m	[90][91]
Tunisia	1	4 October 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£567m	[92][93]
Turkey	1	29 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£23,482m	[94][95]
Ukraine	1	8 October 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£1,734m	[96][97]
Vietnam	1	29 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£6,943m	[98][99]

British Territories

The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

Nation(s)	No. of nations represented	Signed	Effective	Coverage	Comment	Ref.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia	31[lower-alpha 15]	30 December 2020	1 May 2021	Goods & Services	Trade with the UK is governed within the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, due to Akrotiri and Dhekelia remaining a part of the European Union customs union.	[100][101]
British Overseas Territories Anguilla Ascension Island Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Tristan da Cunha Turks and Caicos Islands	14	9 November 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	This arrangement acts as a continuity free trade agreement between 14 Overseas Territories and the UK.	[8][102]
Crown Dependencies Customs Union Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey	3	26 November 2018	9 December 2020	Goods & Services	The United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies established a customs union which created a free trade area between the territories, and creates a common external tariff with other countries.	[7][103]
Gibraltar	1	24 October 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Trade with Gibraltar is governed under the 'Financial Services and Markets Act 2000', Gibraltar and the UK amended this act in order to continue the agreement they had in the European Economic Area.	[104][10]

Negotiations

The following negotiations focuses on ‘new’ trade agreements with countries and trade blocs that have no current free trade agreement with the United Kingdom.

Nation (s)	No of nations represented	Coverage	Trade value (2022)[105]	Status	Progress	Ref.
Algeria	1	Goods	£2,346m	Negotiations stagnated	Negotiations on hold since 2021.	[106][107]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1	Goods & Services	£218m	Negotiations stagnated	Negotiations on hold since 2021.	[108][109]
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Australia Brunei Canada Chile Japan Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Peru Singapore Vietnam	11	Goods & Services	£113,000m	Agreement signed on 16 July 2023	Awaiting ratification of the UK's accession from member states.	[110][111]
Greenland	1	Goods	£4m	Negotiations stagnated	Negotiations opened in January 2022.	[112][113]
Gulf Cooperation Council Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates	6	Goods & Services	£61,300m	Negotiations ongoing	Fourth round of negotiations took place in July 2023.	[114][115]
India	1	Goods & Services	£35,940m	Negotiations ongoing	Twelfth round of negotiations took place in August 2023.	[116][117]
Maldives	1	Goods	£432m	Discussions ongoing	Trade consultation closed on 2 August 2023.	[118][119]
Montenegro	1	Goods & Services	£69m	Negotiations stagnated	Negotiations on hold since 2021.	[120][121]
United States	1	Goods & Services	£279,150m	Negotiations stagnated	Fifth round of negotiations took place in October 2020.	[122][123]

Re-negotiations

The following negotiations focuses on "new" trade agreements with countries which rolled over previous EU agreements.

Nation (s)	No of nations represented	Coverage	Trade value (2022)	Status	Progress	Ref.
Canada	1	Goods & Services	£25,221m	Negotiations ongoing	Fifth round of negotiations took place in March 2023.	[124][125]
Israel	1	Goods & Services	£7,187m	Negotiations ongoing	Second round of negotiations took place in May 2023.	[126][127]
Mexico	1	Goods & Services	£4,796m	Negotiations ongoing	Negotiations opened on 20 May 2022.	[128][129]
South Korea	1	Goods & Services	£18,346m	Discussions ongoing	Trade consultation closed on 2 February 2023.	[130][131]
Switzerland	1	Goods & Services	£52,828m	Negotiations ongoing	Second round of negotiations took place in September to October 2023.	[132][133]
Turkey	1	Goods & Services	£23,482m	Discussions ongoing	Announced on 18 July 2023.	[134][135]
Ukraine	1	Goods & Services	£1,734m	Agreement signed on 20 March 2023.	This Digital Trade Agreement will expand upon the Ukraine-UK FTA when it is entered into force.	[136][137]

Potential enlargement

The following countries can accede to an existing trade agreement with the United Kingdom.

Nation (s)	Trade agreement being joined	Status	Ref.
Haiti	CARIFORUM	Haiti will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.	[138]
Comoros Madagascar Zambia	Eastern and Southern Africa	Madagascar and Comoros have signed the agreement and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect. Zambia will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.	[139][140]
East African Community Burundi DR Congo Rwanda South Sudan Tanzania Uganda	Kenya	Article 143 of the UK-Kenya Partnership Agreement enables any other EAC member to make an accession request to the UK-Kenya EPA Council.	[141][142]
Cook Islands Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Palau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu	Pacific States	The Pacific States EPA allows other Pacific countries to apply for accession. Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the existing EPA.	[143]

Obsolete agreements

The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated.

Nation (s)	No of nations represented	Signed	Effective	Obsolete	Coverage	Note	Superseded by	Ref.
France	1	23 January 1860	23 January 1860	1 January 1892	Goods	Became obsolete after the introduction of the Méline tariff by the French Government.	—	[144][145]
Belgium	1	23 July 1862	23 July 1862	1 August 1897	Goods	Prime Minister Salisbury decided to withdraw from the treaty, because of a clause that was contrary to the policy of Imperial Preference.	—	[146][147]
Ireland	1	19 December 1965	1 July 1966	1 January 1973	Goods	After both nations' bids to join the EEC were rejected, Ireland and the UK agreed to the Ireland-UK Free Trade Area. This was superseded upon both parties' accession to the EEC.	European Economic Community	[148][149]
Colombia	1	18 October 2019	1 January 2021	28 June 2021	Goods & Services	Colombia-UK Continuity FTA was provisionally applied until Colombia could ratify the Andean-UK Continuity FTA, which superseded this agreement.	Andean Countries Colombia Ecuador Peru	[150]
Iceland Norway	2	8 December 2020	1 January 2021	8 July 2021	Goods	Iceland-Norway Continuity FTA was superseded by the Enhanced FTA with Liechtenstein.	Iceland Liechtenstein Norway	[151][152][153]

Former trade bloc memberships

The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs, which granted free trade agreements with fellow members.

Nation (s)	No of nations represented	Signed	Effective	Obsolete	Coverage	Note	Superseded by	Ref.
European Free Trade Association Austria Denmark Iceland[lower-alpha 16] Norway Portugal Sweden Switzerland	7	4 January 1960	3 May 1960	31 December 1972	Goods & Services	The UK was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, however left the organisation in order to join the European Economic Community, along with Denmark.	European Economic Community	[154]
European Economic Community Belgium Denmark France Greece[lower-alpha 17] Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal[lower-alpha 18] Spain[lower-alpha 19] West Germany/Germany[lower-alpha 20]	11	22 January 1972	1 January 1973	1 November 1993	Goods & Services	The UK joined the European Economic Community, along with Denmark and Ireland. The EEC was incorporated into the European Union.	European Union	[155]
European Union[lower-alpha 21] List Akrotiri and Dhekelia[lower-alpha 22] Andorra[lower-alpha 23] Austria[lower-alpha 24] Belgium Bulgaria[lower-alpha 25] Croatia[lower-alpha 26] Cyprus[lower-alpha 27] Czechia[lower-alpha 28] Denmark Estonia[lower-alpha 29] Finland[lower-alpha 30] France Germany Gibraltar[lower-alpha 31] Greece Hungary[lower-alpha 32] Iceland[lower-alpha 33] Ireland Italy Latvia[lower-alpha 34] Liechtenstein[lower-alpha 35] Lithuania[lower-alpha 36] Luxembourg Malta[lower-alpha 37] Monaco[lower-alpha 38] Netherlands Norway[lower-alpha 39] Poland[lower-alpha 40] Portugal Romania[lower-alpha 41] San Marino[lower-alpha 42] Slovakia[lower-alpha 43] Slovenia[lower-alpha 44] Spain Sweden[lower-alpha 45] Switzerland[lower-alpha 46]	32	7 February 1992	1 November 1993	1 January 2020	Goods & Services	Following the result of the Brexit referendum, the UK invoked Article 50 in March 2017. The UK and Gibraltar withdrew from the EU on the 1 January 2021.	—	[156][157]

Obsolete EU agreements

The following agreements are European Union free trade agreements which the United Kingdom was a party of until Brexit, however continuity agreements were not reached to replace them.

Nation (s)	No of nations represented	Signed	Effective	Obsolete	Coverage	Note	Ref.
Algeria	1	22 April 2002	1 September 2005	1 January 2021	Goods	The UK has no free trade agreement with Algeria.	[158]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1	16 June 2008	1 June 2015	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	The UK has no free trade agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina.	[159]
EU Overseas Countries and Territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Greenland Montserrat New Caledonia Pitcairn Islands Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Wallis and Futuna	13	27 November 2001	2 December 2001	1 January 2021	Goods	The UK has no free trade agreement with any of the EU Overseas Countries and Territories. Greenland and the UK have opened negotiations for a free trade agreement.	[160][161][162]
Montenegro	1	15 October 2007	1 May 2010	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	The UK has no free trade agreement with Montenegro.	[163]

UK top trading partners

Export and import markets for goods in 2020 & 2021, seasonally adjusted
Figures in £millions sterling
Exports				Imports
Rank	Trade Partner	£millions	% of Total	Rank	Trade Partner	£millions	% of Total
	European Union	153 951	47.8%		European Union	223 393	46.8%
1.	United States[lower-alpha 47]	47 098	14.6%	1.	China	63 557	13.3%
2.	Germany (EU member)	29 595	9.2%	2.	Germany (EU member)	53 759	11.2%
3.	Netherlands (EU member)	27 085	8.4%	3.	United States	39 379	8.2%
4.	Ireland (EU member)	21 834	6.8%	4.	Netherlands (EU member)	31 786	6.7%
5.	France (EU member)	19 441	6.0%	5.	Norway (EFTA)	27 112	5.7%
6.	China	18 793	5.8%	6.	Belgium (EU member)	23 331	4.9%
7.	Belgium (EU member)	14 939	4.6%	7.	France (EU member)	23 128	4.8%
8.	Switzerland (EFTA)	10 309	3.2%	8.	Italy (EU member)	17 604	3.7%
9.	Italy (EU member)	9 112	2.8%	9.	Spain (EU member)	14 472	3.0%
10.	Spain (EU member)	7 878	2.4%	10.	Ireland (EU member)	13 861	2.9 %

	EU	300.3	43.0%		EU	372.2	51.4%
	Non EU	398.3	57.0%		Non EU	352.3	48.6%

	World	698.6	100%		World	724.5	100%

|Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.

The figures above are for 2021 & 2022[164][165]

Notes

Joined 28 June 2022
Joined 5 March 2021.[27]
As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Akrotiri and Dhekelia-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that Andorra be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, Andorra-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[4]
As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Monaco-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that San Marino be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, San Marino-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[4]
Due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union, goods from Liechtenstein are governed in the Switzerland-UK FTA.
This figure only represents trade value between the UK and the cumulative value of Iceland and Norway. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 233m but is divided between two agreements.
This treaty only governs Liechtenstein's goods due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union. Liechtenstein-UK trade is governed by the Iceland-Liechtenstein-Norway-UK FTA.[62]
This figure only represents trade value between the UK and Switzerland. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 233m but is divided between two agreements.
Joined 11 January 2021[75]
Joined 5 January 2021[76]
South Africa signed the agreement on 16 October 2019.[81]
Expanded on by the Singapore-UK Digital Economy Agreement which entered in force on 14 June 2022.[86][87]
See European Union-UK FTA.
Joined 1 January 1970
Joined 1 January 1981
Joined 1 January 1986
Joined 1 January 1986
German reunification took place in 1990
Through the European Union customs union and the European single market.
Through the European Union customs union, joined 1 May 2004.
Through the European Union customs union.
Joined 1 January 1995
Joined 1 January 2007
Joined 1 July 2013
Joined 1 May 2004
Joined 1 May 2004
Joined 1 May 2004
Joined 1 January 1995
Through UK membership
Joined 1 May 2004
Through the European single market.
Joined 1 May 2004
Through the European single market.
Joined 1 May 2004
Joined 1 May 2004
Through the European Union customs union.
Through the European single market.
Joined 1 May 2004
Joined 1 January 2007
Through the European Union customs union.
Joined 1 May 2004
Joined 1 May 2004
Joined 1 January 1995
Through the European single market.
including Puerto Rico

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This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[19] Joined 28 June 2022

[29] Joined 5 March 2021.[27]

[42] As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Akrotiri and Dhekelia-UK trade is covered by this agreement.

[43] Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that Andorra be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, Andorra-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[4]

[44] As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Monaco-UK trade is covered by this agreement.

[45] Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that San Marino be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, San Marino-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[4]

[54] Due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union, goods from Liechtenstein are governed in the Switzerland-UK FTA.

[55] This figure only represents trade value between the UK and the cumulative value of Iceland and Norway. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 233m but is divided between two agreements.

[71] This treaty only governs Liechtenstein's goods due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union. Liechtenstein-UK trade is governed by the Iceland-Liechtenstein-Norway-UK FTA.[62]

[72] This figure only represents trade value between the UK and Switzerland. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 233m but is divided between two agreements.

[86] Joined 11 January 2021[75]

[88] Joined 5 January 2021[76]

[94] South Africa signed the agreement on 16 October 2019.[81]

[101] Expanded on by the Singapore-UK Digital Economy Agreement which entered in force on 14 June 2022.[86][87]

[114] See European Union-UK FTA.

[169] Joined 1 January 1970

[171] Joined 1 January 1981

[172] Joined 1 January 1986

[173] Joined 1 January 1986

[174] German reunification took place in 1990

[176] Through the European Union customs union and the European single market.

[177] Through the European Union customs union, joined 1 May 2004.

[178] Through the European Union customs union.

[179] Joined 1 January 1995

[180] Joined 1 January 2007

[181] Joined 1 July 2013

[182] Joined 1 May 2004

[183] Joined 1 May 2004

[184] Joined 1 May 2004

[185] Joined 1 January 1995

[186] Through UK membership

[187] Joined 1 May 2004

[188] Through the European single market.

[189] Joined 1 May 2004

[190] Through the European single market.

[191] Joined 1 May 2004

[192] Joined 1 May 2004

[193] Through the European Union customs union.

[194] Through the European single market.

[195] Joined 1 May 2004

[196] Joined 1 January 2007

[197] Through the European Union customs union.

[198] Joined 1 May 2004

[199] Joined 1 May 2004

[200] Joined 1 January 1995

[201] Through the European single market.

[210] uding Puerto Rico

[UKtradesite-1] "Guidance. Existing UK trade agreements with non-EU countries". UK. 31 May 2023.

[2] Progress on UK free trade agreement negotiations. UK Parliament (Report). 31 March 2023.

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[UK_trade_agreements_in_effect-4] "UK trade agreements in effect". UK government. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2023.

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[bbc.co.uk-7] "Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey sign deal with UK over post-Brexit trade". BBC News. 26 November 2020.

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[13] Fox, Liam (6 June 2019). "First meeting of government trade advisory group". Gov.UK.

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[22] "UK and Australia sign world-class trade deal". GOV.UK. 16 December 2021.

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[25] "UK and Cameroon secure Economic Partnership Agreement". Business Leader. 4 January 2021.

[26] "UK secures vital rollover trade deal with Canada and agrees to start negotiating more advanced deal next year '". GOV.UK. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.

[27] "UK and Canada seal rollover trade deal". Financial Times. 21 November 2020.

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[30] Hollingbery, George (22 March 2019). "UK signs trade continuity agreement with Caribbean countries". GOV.UK.

[31] "UK secures post-Brexit trade deal with group of Caribbean countries". The Guardian. 22 March 2019.

[32] "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 18 July 2019.UK–Central America FTA

[33] "UK and Central America sign continuity agreement". Business Leader. 19 July 2019.

[34] Fox, Liam (30 January 2019). "UK and Chile sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK.UK–Chile FTA

[35] "Is Chile a Brexit seer?". Financial Times. 1 February 2019.

[36] "The United Kingdom and Côte d'Ivoire sign Economic Partnership Agreement". GOV.UK. 15 October 2020.

[37] "The UK and Ivory Coast sign Economic Partnership Agreement". Business Leader. 20 October 2020.

[38] Hollingbery, George (31 January 2019). "UK signs Eastern and Southern Africa trade continuity agreement". Gov.UK.UK–ESA FTA

[39] "UK Trade with Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) from 1 Jan 2021". African Business Chamber. 5 November 2020.

[40] "UK and Egypt sign Association Agreement". GOV.UK. 5 December 2020.

[41] "UK and Egypt sign Association Agreement'". Voice of America. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

[46] "UK and EU agree Brexit trade deal". GOV.UK. 24 December 2020.

[47] "Brexit: Landmark UK-EU trade deal to be signed". BBC News. 29 December 2020.

[48] Eustace, George (1 February 2019). "UK and Faroe Islands sign trade continuity agreement". Gov.UK.UK–Faroe Islands (Denmark) FTA

[49] "Brexit trade deals: the agreements in place already, from Chile to the Faroe Islands – and what the UK could trade with them". iNews. 27 January 2020.

[50] Truss, Elizabeth (21 October 2019). "UK and Georgia sign trade continuity and strategic cooperation agreement". GOV.UK.UK–Georgia FTA

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[52] "UK signs Trade Partnership Agreement with Ghana". GOV.UK. 2 March 2021.

[53] "Ghana, UK to sign new trade agreement today". Ghanaian Times. 2 March 2021.

[56] "United Kingdom signs free trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". GOV.UK. 8 July 2021.

[57] "Brexit: UK announces trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". BBC News. 4 June 2021.

[58] Fox, Liam (18 February 2019). "UK and Israel sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK.UK–Israel FTA

[59] "UK-Israel trade deal reveals a dismal picture of post-Brexit foreign policy". Middle East Eye. 26 February 2019.

[60] "UK and Japan sign free trade agreement". GOV.UK. 23 October 2023.

[61] "UK seals first big post-Brexit trade deal with Japan". Financial Times. 23 October 2020.

[62] "UK and Jordan Trade Agreement comes into effect". GOV.UK. 1 May 2021.UK–Jordan FTA

[63] "Jordan-UK trade deal welcomed as countries strengthen relations". Arabian Business. 3 May 2021.

[64] "UK and Kenya secure a trade agreement". GOV.UK. 3 November 2020.

[65] "UK-Kenya trade deal in jeopardy as mood in Nairobi turns outright hostile". City A.M. 5 March 2021.

[66] "UK-Kosovo partnership, trade and cooperation agreement". GOV.UK. 20 December 2019.

[67] "Brexit trade deals: the agreements in place already, from Chile to the Faroe Islands – and what the UK could trade with them". iNews. 27 January 2020.

[68] Burns, Conor (19 September 2019). "UK and Lebanon sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK.UK–Lebanon FTA

[69] "UK and Lebanon sign trade continuity agreement". Business Leader. 19 September 2019.

[70] "UK-Switzerland-Liechtenstein Trade Agreement". GOV.UK. 28 February 2019.

[73] Fox, Liam (11 February 2019). "UK and Switzerland sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. UK–Switzerland FTA

[74] "UK signs biggest trade deal since Brexit vote with Switzerland". Financial Times. 11 February 2019.

[75] "UK and Mexico sign trade deal'". GOV.UK. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.

[76] "Britain and Mexico agree deal on post-Brexit trade". Reuters. 15 December 2020.

[77] Morton, Wendy; Jayawardena, Ranil (24 December 2020). "UK and Moldova sign Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement". Gov.UK.

[78] "Moldova, United Kingdom to sign agreement on strategic partnership". Moldpres. 19 August 2021.

[79] Burns, Conor (26 October 2019). "UK and Morocco sign continuity agreement". GOV.UK.UK–Morocco FTA

[80] "UK, Morocco sign continuity agreement". The Arab Weekly. 29 October 2019.

[81] "UK and New Zealand sign comprehensive trade deal". GOV.UK. 28 February 2022.

[82] "UK to send signed Beano copies to Australia and New Zealand to mark start of post-Brexit trade deals". Sky News. 31 May 2023.

[83] "North Macedonia and UK sign Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement". Gov.UK. 3 December 2020.

[84] "Beyond Brexit—UK-North Macedonia Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement signed". LexisNexis. 3 December 2020.

[85] Rheeney, Alexander (11 January 2022). "Samoa signs trade agreement with U.K." Samoa Observer.

[87] "Solomon Islands Accession onto the UK-Pacific interim Economic Partnership Agreement". Solomon Island Government. 5 January 2021.

[89] "UK and Pacific Islands sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 14 March 2019. UK–Pacific States FTA

[90] "UK signs post-Brexit trade deal with Fiji and Papua New Guinea". The Guardian. 14 March 2019.

[91] "UK and Palestinian Authority sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 18 February 2019.UK–Palatine Authority FTA

[92] "UK and Palestinian Authority Sign Trade Continuity Agreement". Qatar News Agency. 6 June 2020.

[93] "United Kingdom - SACU and Mozambique". World Trade Organization.

[95] Truss, Elizabeth (11 September 2019). "UK agreed trade continuity with 6 African nations". GOV.UK.UK -SACU & Mozambique FTA

[96] "Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa". Reuters. 11 September 2019.

[97] "Serbia: UK and Serbia sign Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement". GOV.UK. 30 April 2021.

[98] "Serbia-UK trade deal is more than good business". Emerging Europe. 20 April 2021.

[99] "UK and Singapore sign new innovative digital trade deal". GOV.UK. 25 February 2022.

[100] "UK-Singapore digital economy deal enters into force". The Strait Times. 14 June 2022.

[102] "Joint statement by the UK and Singapore". GOV.UK. 10 December 2020.

[103] "UK and Singapore sign post-Brexit free trade agreement". Financial Times. 10 December 2020.

[104] Truss, Elizabeth (21 August 2019). "UK and Korea to sign trade continuity deal to ensure businesses are ready to trade post-Brexit". GOV.UK.UK–South Korea FTA

[105] "South Korea agrees deal with UK for post-Brexit trade". Financial Times. 10 June 2019.

[106] Burns, Conor (4 October 2019). "UK and Tunisia sign continuity agreement". Gov.UK.UK–Tunisia FTA

[107] "UK and Tunisia Sign Continuity Agreement". CDE News. 4 October 2019.

[108] "UK and Turkey sign trade deal". GOV.UK. 29 December 2020.

[109] "UK, Turkey Sign Free Trade Agreement". Forbes Middle East. 29 December 2020.

[110] "UK and Ukraine sign Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement". GOV.UK. 8 October 2020.

[111] "Britain, Ukraine Sign 'Strategic Partnership Agreement'". Voice of America. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.

[112] "UK strikes Singapore and Vietnam trade deals, start of new era of trade with Asia '". GOV.UK. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.

[113] "U.K., Vietnam Reach Free-Trade Deal as Brexit Deadline Looms". Bloomberg. 11 December 2020.

[115] "Cyprus: Brexit and UK Sovereign Base Areas (update)". UK Parliament. 9 September 2019.

[116] "Territorial status of EU countries and certain territories". European Commission.

[117] "Reference Document for The Customs (Tariff-free access for Goods from British Overseas Territories) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020". GOV.UK. 16 December 2020.

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[119] "Technical Notice (7) Getting ready for the end of the Transition Period" (PDF). HM Government of Gibraltar. 27 October 2020.

[120] "UK total trade: all countries, non-seasonally adjusted, October to December 2022 edition of this dataset". Office for National Statistics.

[121] Progress with trade negotiations (PDF). National Audit Office (Report). 8 December 2021.

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[123] Progress with trade negotiations (PDF). National Audit Office (Report). 8 December 2021.

[124] Integrated Review Refresh 2023 (PDF). HM Government (Report). 13 March 2023.

[125] "UK signs treaty to join vast Indo-Pacific trade group as new data shows major economic benefits". GOV.UK. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.

[126] "'A significant milestone for UK trade': Britain signs deal to join £12trn Indo-Pacific trading block". Sky News. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.

[127] "Seafood sector set to benefit as UK starts Greenland trade talks". GOV.UK. 27 January 2022.

[128] "'Trade deal is not important enough to offer a quota': As Greenland, UK trade talks run aground, coldwater shrimp is caught in the middle". Intrafish. 3 July 2023.

[129] "Trade Update: UK-Gulf Cooperation Council FTA". GOV.UK. 1 August 2023.

[130] "UK Starts Free Trade Talks With Gulf States, But Human Rights Seem Off The Menu". Forbes. 14 October 2022.

[131] "Joint outcome statement: UK-India round twelve of FTA negotiations". GOV.UK. 1 September 2023.

[132] "UK-India trade talks intensify in bid to remove 'significant' barriers". Financial Times. 22 August 2023.

[133] "UK launches process to negotiate trade deal with the Republic of Maldives". GOV.UK. 10 May 2023.

[134] "Maldives tuna firms optimistic FTA deals with UK, EU will boost exports". Undercurrent News. 15 July 2023.

[135] Progress with trade negotiations (PDF). National Audit Office (Report). 8 December 2021.

[136] Integrated Review Refresh 2023 (PDF). HM Government (Report). 13 March 2023.

[137] Truss, Elizabeth (5 May 2020). "UK and US start trade negotiations". GOV.UK.

[138] "UK-US trade talks to begin on Tuesday". Financial Times. 3 May 2020.

[139] "UK launches negotiations with Canada on a new, modernised trade deal". GOV.UK. 24 March 2022.

[140] "Free-trade deal between Canada and Britain will set a new benchmark". The Times. 28 April 2023.

[141] "UK launches Israel talks to boost trade between services superpowers". GOV.UK. 20 July 2022.

[142] "UK accused of ignoring extremism over talks with Israel's new government". BBC News. 11 January 2023.

[143] "UK kicks off talks on modern trade deal with Mexico". GOV.UK. 20 May 2022.

[144] "Britain launches free trade deal talks with Mexico". Reuters. 20 May 2022.

[145] "UK kicks off process to negotiate new trade deal with South Korea". GOV.UK. 9 December 2022.

[146] "Britain begins preparations for S.Korea trade talks". Reuters. 9 December 2022.

[147] "Negotiations on an enhanced UK-Switzerland Free Trade Agreement: Update October 2023". GOV.UK. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.

[148] "Kemi Badenoch flying to Switzerland to discuss post-Brexit trade deal". The Guardian. 15 May 2023.

[149] "UK and Turkey to negotiate new trade deal". GOV.UK. 18 July 2023.

[150] "Britain says it will start talks with Turkey on new free trade deal". Reuters. 18 July 2023.

[151] "UK signs historic trade deal with Ukraine as part of enhanced support". GOV.UK. 20 March 2023.

[152] "UK strikes digital trade deal with Ukraine". BBC News. 30 November 2022.

[153] "Guidance. Trade with the CARIFORUM States from 1 January 2021". GOV.UK. Retrieved 29 December 2020.

[154] "The UK's trade agreements". UK Parliament. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2023.

[155] "ESA-UK economic partnership agreement (EPA)". UK Parliament. 6 February 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2023.

[156] Willems, Michiel (1 March 2021). "New UK-Kenya trade deal to be extended to all of East Africa after threats not to ratify". City A.M.

[157] "Scrutiny of international agreements: Economic Partnership Agreement with Kenya, Trade in Goods Agreement with Norway and Iceland, and Free Trade Agreement with Vietnam". UK Parliament. Retrieved 14 April 2023.

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Free trade agreements
By country / economic union	Canada China Colombia European Union India Israel New Zealand South Korea Turkey United Kingdom United States Vietnam
By type	Bilateral Multilateral

Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

Competence and ratification process

Ratification

Active agreements

British Territories

Negotiations

Re-negotiations

Potential enlargement

Obsolete agreements

Former trade bloc memberships

Obsolete EU agreements

UK top trading partners

See also

Notes

References