Special Committee on Decolonization

The United Nations Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, or the Special Committee on Decolonization (C-24), is a committee of the United Nations General Assembly that was established in 1961 and is exclusively devoted to the issue of decolonization.[2]

Special Committee on Decolonization
AbbreviationC24
Formation27 November 1961 (1961-11-27)
Legal statusActive
HeadquartersNew York, United States
Head
Chair
Keisha A. McGuire[1]
Parent organization
United Nations General Assembly
icon Politics portal

History

When the United Nations was created, there were 750 million people living in territories that were non-self-governing. However, the Charter of the United Nations included, in Chapter XI, provisions calling for recognition of the rights of inhabitants of territories administered by its Member States. It called for these Member States to aid in the establishment of self-governance through the development of free political institutions, as well as to keep in mind the political aspirations of the peoples.[3][4]

The Charter also created, in Chapter XII, the international trusteeship system. This system allowed for the administration and supervision of territories placed under the control of the United Nations by Member States wishing to grant independence to their colonial possessions. These "Trust" territories were administered by the United Nations Trusteeship Council, which was created by Chapter XIII of the Charter.[5][6]

Hoping to speed up the process of decolonization, the General Assembly passed Resolution 1514 (XV), also known as the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. The Declaration stated that all peoples have the right to self-determination, and that immediate steps should be taken to end colonialism unconditionally.[7]

Members

On 27 November 1961 the General Assembly created the precursor to the Special Committee by Resolution 1654 (XVI), which established a Special Committee of 17 members to examine the application of the Declaration and to make recommendations on how to better implement it. The original members were:[8]

On 7 December 1962, the General Assembly added seven seats to the committee, bringing the total number of members up to 24.[9] The number increased again in 2004, 2008 and 2010.[10] The number 24 continues to be used when describing the Committee even though it now has 29 members.

International Decades for the Eradication of Colonialism

In 1990, the General Assembly proclaimed 1990–2000 as the International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism by Resolution 43/47, with the ultimate goal being the full implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. The General Assembly adopted the report of the Secretary-General dated 13 December 1991 as the Plan of Action for the Decade.[11][12]

On 8 December 2000, the General Assembly proceeded to proclaim the Second International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism, lasting from 2001 to 2010 via Resolution 55/146. The Resolution called upon Member States to redouble their efforts to implement the Plan of Action during the Second Decade.[13]

On 10 December 2010, the General Assembly proclaimed 2010–2020 as the Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism via Resolution 65/119. The Resolution called upon Member States to intensify their efforts to continue to implement the Plan of Action during the Third Decade.[14]

Working methods

The Committee holds its main session in New York in June, as well as an annual seminar in the Caribbean and Pacific in alternate years. In 2018, the seminar was held in St. George's, Grenada.[10]

At each main session, the Committee reviews the list of territories to which the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples is applicable and makes recommendations on its implementation and on the dissemination of public information on decolonization to the local population. It also hears statements from Non-Self-Governing Territories (NSGTs), dispatches missions to these NSGTs and organizes seminars on the political, social and economic situation in the NSGTs.[10]

The Committee reports to the General Assembly on its work through the Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization).[15]

Listed non-self-governing territories

Currently, there are 17 territories on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories:[16]

Territory
Capital Currency Language(s) Administering state UN Region Notes
 American Samoa[note 1] Pago Pago United States dollar English  United States Oceania [17][note 2]
 Anguilla The Valley Eastern Caribbean dollar English  United Kingdom Americas [18][19][note 3]
 Bermuda Hamilton Bermudian dollar English United Kingdom United Kingdom Americas [19][20]
 British Virgin Islands Road Town United States dollar [note 4] English United Kingdom United Kingdom Americas [19][21]
 Cayman Islands George Town Cayman Islands dollar English United Kingdom United Kingdom Americas [19][22]
 Falkland Islands Stanley Falkland Islands pound English United Kingdom United Kingdom Americas [19][23][note 5]
 French Polynesia[note 6] Papeete CFP franc French  France Oceania [24][25]
 Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltar pound English United Kingdom United Kingdom Europe [note 7]
 Guam Hagåtña United States dollar English United States United States Oceania
 Montserrat Plymouth Eastern Caribbean dollar English United Kingdom United Kingdom Americas
 New Caledonia Nouméa CFP franc French France France Oceania
 Pitcairn Islands[note 8] Adamstown New Zealand dollar English United Kingdom United Kingdom Oceania [19][26]
 Saint Helena[note 9] Jamestown Saint Helena pound English United Kingdom United Kingdom Africa [19][27]
 Tokelau (none) New Zealand dollar English  New Zealand Oceania [note 10]
 Turks and Caicos Islands Grand Turk[note 11] United States dollar English United Kingdom United Kingdom Americas
 U.S. Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie United States dollar English United States United States Americas
Western Sahara El Aaiún (claimed) Moroccan dirham[note 12] Arabic, Spanish  Spain (formerly) Africa [note 13]

These territories do not have representation equivalent to other regions of their parent states. As of December 2021, several have rejected a change of status through referendums, such as New Caledonia in 2018, 2020,[28] and 2021, the Falkland Islands in 2013,[29] and Gibraltar in 2002.[30] Likewise, in 2013, the elected Assembly of French Polynesia opposed the territory's inclusion in the list.[31] Others, such as Guam, have voted for a change in status but been refused by their parent state.

Membership

The member states of the committee.

The following are the current members of the committee:[10][32]

Controversy

Territories with independence movements are disputed for their qualification as colonial countries and their admission for decolonization. Various current and previous members on various occasion have disputed and blocked the admission and re-admission of their respective territories for decolonization.[33]

Various organizations including British delegates claimed that the committee is 'no longer relevant' to United Kingdom Overseas Territories as many of its members are colonizers themselves, controlling various territories wanting independence.[50][51][52]

Bureau

The following make up the bureau of the Special Committee for the 73rd Session of the General Assembly:[10]

Name Country Position
Walton Alfonso Webson Antigua and BarbudaChair
Dian Triansyah Djani IndonesiaVice-chair
Anayansi Rodriguez Camejo CubaVice-chair
Adikalie Foday Sumah Sierra LeoneVice-chair
Bashar Ja’afari Syrian Arab RepublicRapporteur

Recommendation on Puerto Rico

The Special Committee on Decolonization refers to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (an unincorporated territory of the United States) as a nation in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity.[53][54] Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... [and] allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".[49] However, the Special Committee removed Puerto Rico from the list of non-self governing territories in 1952 due to it gaining Commonwealth status in the United States.

In one of the referendums on the political status of Puerto Rico held in 2012, only 5.49% of Puerto Ricans voted for independence, while 61.16% voted for statehood and 33.34% preferred free association. Another then-recent referendum was held in 2017 with over 97% voting in favor of statehood over independence, though historically low voter turn-out (23%) has called into question the validity of the poll. Much of the low turn-out has been attributed to a boycott led by the pro-status-quo PPD party and the pro-independence PIP party.[55] A 2020 referendum also backed statehood 53 percent to 47 percent, with 55 percent turnout.[56]

On June 22, 2023, While Puerto Rico currently enjoys the status of a free state associated with the United States, the UN Special Committee once again calls on the Government of the United States to assume its responsibility and to take measures that allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise their right to self-determination and independence, as well as to make sovereign decisions, in order to urgently meet the economic and social needs of the country.[57]

See also

Notes

  1. Also known in the conventional form as the Territory of American Samoa.
  2. Dependency status: unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States; administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior.
  3. Overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
  4. The economy is closely tied to the larger and more populous U.S. Virgin Islands to the west; the U.S. dollar is the legal currency.
  5. The Falkland Islands include the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands. The islands are claimed by Argentina. See Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute.
  6. Also known as the Overseas Country of French Polynesia.
  7. See: Status of Gibraltar.
  8. Officially the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands.
  9. Officially Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
  10. Tokelau has no official capital, each atoll has its own administrative centre.
  11. Commonly known as Cockburn Town.
  12. De facto currency.
  13. Although the Spanish government informed the United Nations that it had withdrawn from the territory in February 1976, the UN still considers Spain the administering state, as the legal status of the territory and the issue of sovereignty remain unresolved. The territory is contested by Morocco and the Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government-in-exile, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), based out of refugee camps near Tindouf, Algeria.

References

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  8. United Nations General Assembly Session 16 Resolution 1654. The situation with regard to the implementation of the Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples A/RES/1654(XVI) 27 November 1961. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
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  19. British Overseas Territories
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