Urtica

The last common ancestor of the genus originated in Eurasia, with fossils being known from the Miocene of Germany and Russia, subsequently dispersing worldwide. Several species of the genus have undergone long distance oceanic dispersal, such as Hesperocnide sandwicensis (native to Hawaii) and Urtica ferox (native to New Zealand).[3]

Detail of a male flowering stinging nettle

Detail of female flowering stinging nettle

The dotted bumps on the leaves of Urtica thunbergiana

A large number of species included within the genus in the older literature are now recognized as synonyms of Urtica dioica. Some of these taxa are still recognized as subspecies.[4] Genetic evidence indicates that the two species of Hesperocnide are part of this genus.[3]

Species in the genus Urtica, and their primary natural ranges, include:

• Urtica andicola Webb
• Urtica angustifolia Fisch. ex Hornem. China, Japan, Korea
• Urtica ardens LinkChina
• Urtica aspera Petrie South Island, New Zealand
• Urtica atrichocaulis (Hand.-Mazz.) C.J.Chen Himalaya, southwestern China
• Urtica atrovirens Req. ex Loisel. western Mediterranean region
• Urtica australis Hook.f. South Island, New Zealand and surrounding subantarctic islands
• Urtica cannabina L., Western Asia from Siberia to Iran
• Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh (heartleaf nettle), southeastern North America
• Urtica dioica L. (stinging nettle or bull nettle), Europe, Asia, North America
  • Urtica dioica subsp. galeopsifolia Wierzb. ex Opiz (fen nettle or stingless nettle), Europe. (Sometimes treated as a separate species Urtica galeopsifolia.)
• Urtica dubia – illegitimate synonym of U. membranacea
• Urtica ferox G.Forst. (ongaonga or tree nettle), New Zealand
• Urtica fissa E.Pritz. China
• Urtica gracilenta Greene (mountain nettle), Arizona, New Mexico, west Texas, northern Mexico
• Urtica gracilis Aiton (slender nettle), North America and parts of South America
• Urtica hyperborea Jacquem. ex Wedd. Himalaya from Pakistan to Bhutan, Mongolia and Tibet, high altitudes
• Urtica incisa Poir. (scrub nettle), Australia, New Zealand
• Urtica kioviensis Rogow. eastern Europe
• Urtica laetivirens Maxim. Japan, Northeast China
• Urtica lalibertadensis Weigend
• Urtica linearifolia (Hook.f.) Cockayne (creeping or swamp nettle), or Urtica perconfusa, an at risk endemic climber, New Zealand[5]
• Urtica mairei H.Lév. Himalaya, southwestern China, northeastern India, Myanmar
• Urtica massaica Mildbr. Africa
• Urtica membranacea Poir. ex Savigny Mediterranean region, Azores and Madeira
• Urtica morifolia Poir. Macaronesia
• Urtica minutifolia Griseb. Bolivia
• Urtica parviflora Himalaya (lower altitudes)
• Urtica peruviana D.Getltman Perú
• Urtica pseudomagellanica D.Geltman Bolivia
• Urtica pilulifera L. (Roman nettle), southern Europe
• Urtica platyphylla Wedd. Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Japan
• Urtica procera Mühlenberg (tall nettle), North America
• Urtica pubescens Ledeb. Southwestern Russia east to central Asia
• Urtica rupestris Guss. Sicily (endemic)
• Urtica sondenii (Simmons) Avrorin ex Geltman northeastern Europe, northern Asia
• Urtica taiwaniana S.S.Ying Taiwan
• Urtica thunbergiana Siebold & Zucc. Japan, Taiwan
• Urtica triangularis Hand.-Mazz.
• Urtica urens L. (small nettle or annual nettle), Europe, North America
• Urtica urentivelutina Weigend

The generic name Urtica derives from the Latin for 'sting'.[6]

Urtica is an ingredient in soups, omelettes, banitsa, purée, and other dishes. In Mazandaran, northern Iran, a soup (Āsh) is made using this plant.[12] Nettles were used in traditional practices to make nettle tea, juice, and ale, and to preserve cheeses, such as in Cornish Yarg.[10][13]

Milarepa, the great Tibetan ascetic and saint, was reputed to have survived his decades of solitary meditation by subsisting on nothing but nettles; his hair and skin turned green and he lived to the age of 83.[14]

The Caribbean trickster figure Anansi appears in a story about nettles, in which he has to chop down a huge nettle patch in order to win the hand of the king's daughter.[15]

An old Scots rhyme about the nettle:[16]

Gin ye be for lang kail coo the nettle, stoo the nettle

Gin ye be for lang kail coo the nettle early

Coo it laich, coo it sune, coo it in the month o' June

Stoo it ere it's in the bloom, coo the nettle early

Coo it by the auld wa's, coo it where the sun ne'er fa's

Stoo it when the day daws, coo the nettle early.

Coo, cow, and stoo are all Scottish for cut back or crop (although, curiously, another meaning of "stoo" is to throb or ache), while "laich" means short or low to the ground.[17] Given the repetition of "early," presumably this is advice to harvest nettles first thing in the morning and to cut them back hard (which seems to contradict the advice of the Royal Horticultural Society). Alternatively, it may be recommending harvesting early in the year before the plants grow tall, as they become tough and stringy later.[18]

The English figure of speech "grasp the nettle", meaning to nerve oneself to tackle a difficult task, stems from a belief that nettles actually sting less if gripped tightly. This belief gave rise to a well-known poem by Aaron Hill:

Tender-handed, stroke a nettle,

And it stings you for your pains.

Grasp it like a man of mettle,

And it soft as silk remains.

'Tis the same, with common natures,

Use ’em kindly, they rebel:

But, be rough as Nutmeg-graters,

And the rogues obey you well.[19]

In Hans Christian Andersen's fairy-tale "The Wild Swans," the princess had to weave coats of nettles to break the spell on her brothers.

In the Brothers Grimm's fairy-tale "Maid Maleen", the princess and her maid must subsist on raw nettles while fleeing their war-ravaged kingdom. While standing in for the false bride during the wedding procession, she speaks to a nettle plant (which later proves her identity):

Oh, nettle-plant,

Little nettle-plant,

What dost thou here alone?

I have known the time

When I ate thee unboiled,

When I ate thee unroasted.