Venera 7

The lander was designed to be able to survive pressure of up to 18 megapascals (2,600 psi) and temperatures of 580 °C (1,076 °F).[4] This was significantly greater than what was expected to be encountered but significant uncertainties as to the surface temperatures and pressure of Venus resulted in the designers’ opting for a large margin of error.[4] The degree of hardening added mass to the probe which limited the amount of mass available for scientific instruments both on the probe itself and the interplanetary bus.[4] The interplanetary bus carried a solar wind charged particle detector and a cosmic ray detector.[5] On the lander there were temperature and pressure sensors as well as an accelerometer to measure atmospheric density.[6] The probe also carried a radar altimeter.[6]

The probe was launched from Earth on 17 August 1970, at 05:38 UTC. It consisted of an interplanetary bus, based on the 3MV system, and a lander.[7] During the flight to Venus, two in-course corrections were made using the bus' on-board KDU-414 engine.[7]

Venera 7 entered the atmosphere of Venus on 15 December 1970.[7] The lander remained attached to the interplanetary bus during the initial stages of atmospheric entry,[7] to allow the bus to cool the lander to −8 °C (17 °F) for as long as possible.[7] The lander was ejected once atmospheric buffeting broke the interplanetary bus's lock-on with Earth.[7] The parachute opened at a height of 60 kilometres (37 mi), and atmospheric testing began with results showing the atmosphere to be 97% carbon dioxide.[7] The parachute was initially reefed down to 1.8 square metres (19 sq ft), opening to 2.5 square metres (27 sq ft) 13 minutes later, when the reefing line melted as designed.[6] Six minutes after the unreefing, the parachute started to fail, resulting in a descent more rapid than planned.[6][7] The parachute eventually failed completely, and the probe entered a period of freefall.[6] As a result, the lander struck the surface of Venus at about 16.5 m/s (59 km/h; 37 mph) at 05:37:10 UTC.[7] The landing coordinates are 5°S 351°E.[8]

Position of Venera landing sites. Red points denote sites returning images from the surface, black central dots sites of surface sample analysis. Map based on mapping from Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Magellan.

The probe appeared to go silent on impact,[7] but recording tapes kept rolling.[9] A few weeks later, upon a review of the tapes by the radio astronomer Oleg Rzhiga, another 23 minutes of very weak signals were found on them.[9][10] The spacecraft had landed on Venus, and probably bounced onto its side, leaving the medium gain antenna aimed incorrectly for proper signal transmission to Earth.[9]

The probe transmitted information to Earth for 53 minutes, which included about 20 minutes from the surface.[11] It was found that the temperature at the surface of Venus was 475 °C (887 °F) ± 20 °C.[7][11] Using the temperature, and models of the atmosphere, a pressure of 9.0 MPa (1,300 psi) ± 1.5 MPa was calculated.[12] From the spacecraft's rapid halt (from falling to stationary inside 0.2 seconds), it was possible to conclude that the craft had hit a solid surface with low levels of dust.[12]

The probe provided information about the surface of Venus, which could not be seen through a thick veil of atmosphere. The spacecraft confirmed that humans cannot survive on the surface of Venus. It excluded the possibility that there is any liquid water on the planet.[11][7]

• List of missions to Venus
• Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes

• Harvey, Brian (2007). Russian Planetary Exploration History, Development, Legacy and Prospects. Springer-Praxis. ISBN 9780387463438.
• Huntress, Wesley T. Jr.; Marov, Mikhail Ya (2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System Mission Technologies and Discoveries. Springer-Praxis. ISBN 9781441978974.
• Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2007). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982. Springer. ISBN 9780387493268.
• Reeves, Robert (1994). The Superpower Space Race: An Explosive Rivalry through the Solar System. Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-44768-1.
• Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF). The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. ISBN 9781626830424. LCCN 2017059404. SP2018-4041.

• Venera 7 NASA NSSDC Master Catalog Data
• Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus