Vexillum (gastropod)

The shell is elongated, turreted, longitudinally ribbed or plicate. The spire is acuminated. The aperture is narrow. The columella shows numerous plaits. The outer lip is internally striated. [4]

Vexillum species produce complex venoms dominated by highly diversified short cysteine-rich peptides, vexitoxins, related to conotoxins. [5]

This genus is cosmopolitan and occurs in tropical and temperate seas, but primarily in shallow waters (but also at bathyal depths) of the tropical Indo-Pacific.

Species within the genus Vexillum include:[1]

• Vexillum lanceolatum (Hervier, 1897) (possible synonym of V. costatum)
• Vexillum thaanumi Pilsbry, 1921 [7]
• Vexillum tomlini (Melvill, 1925)
• Mitra (Turricula) rufofilosa E. A. Smith, 1876
• † Vexillum (Uromitra) holmesii (Dall, 1890)
• Mitra (Pusia) elizae Melvill, 1899
• Mitra nigrofasciata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874

• Vexillum albatum Cernohorsky, 1988: synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)
• Vexillum apicinctum (Verco, 1896): synonym of Turriplicifer apicitinctus (Verco, 1896)
• Vexillum arestum (Rehder, 1943): synonym of Vexillum articulatum (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum australe (Swainson, 1820): synonym of Turriplicifer australis (Swainson, 1820)
• Vexillum balutense Herrmann, 2009: synonym of Pusia balutensis (Herrmann, 2009) (basionym)
• Vexillum bilineatum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata bilineata (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901): synonym of Volutomitra blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901)
• Vexillum choslenae Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Pusia choslenae (Cernohorsky, 1982)
• Vexillum cinerium [sic]: synonym of Vexillum leucozonias (Deshayes, 1833)
• Vexillum cophinum (Gould, 1850): synonym of Vexillum sculptile (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum costellata J.B.G.M. Bory De Saint-Vincent, 1827 : synonym of Vexillum subdivisum costellaris (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1822
• Vexillum crassum (Simone, 1995): synonym of Nodicostellaria crassa (Simone, 1995)
• Vexillum cophinum A.A. Gould, 1850 : synonym of Vexillum sculptile (L.A. Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum corallinum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata corallina (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum crebriliratum L.A. Reeve, 1844: synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum crispata H.C. Koster, 1840: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula C. Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum cruentatum J.F. Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767)
• Vexillum cruzana G.W. Nowell-Usticke, 1959 : synonym of Vexillum cubanum C.G. Aguayo & H.A. Rehder, 1936
• † Vexillum cupressinum (Brocchi 1814): synonym of † Tosapusia cupressina (Brocchi, 1814)
• Vexillum dautzenbergi Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Pusia dautzenbergi (Poppe, E. Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006)
• Vexillum decipiens P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923: synonym of Vexillum hervieri (P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923)
• Vexillum diamesa R.P.J. Hervier, 1897 : synonym of Vexillum corbicula (G.B. II Sowerby, 1870)
• Vexillum duplex Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982)
• Vexillum ebenus (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia ebenus (Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum elegans J.H.F. Link, 1807: synonym of Vexillum citrinum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum elegantula H.C. Köster, 1839: synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum elima C.N. Cate, 1963 ex Dall MS: synonym of Vexillum micra H.A. Pilsbry, 1921
• Vexillum elliscrossi Rosenberg & Salisbury, 1991: synonym of Pusia elliscrossi (Rosenberg & R. Salisbury, 1991)
• Vexillum evelynae Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007: synonym of Tosapusia evelyniana (S.-I. Huang, 2017)
• Vexillum exiguum (C. B. Adams, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845)
• Vexillum fasciata W.H. Dall, 1905: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum fidis G.B. III Sowerby, 1916: synonym of Vexillum patulum (L.A. Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum filiareginae (J. Cate, 1961): synonym of Vexillum coloscopulus J. M. Cate, 1961
• Vexillum fulvosulcatum (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum infaustum (Reeve, 1845)
• † Vexillum fusellinum (Lamarck, 1803): synonym of † Conomitra fusellina (Lamarck, 1803)
• Vexillum gemmatum (Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Atlantilux gemmata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Vexillum geoffreyanum (J.C. Melvill, 1910): synonym of Volutomitra geoffreyana (Melvill, 1910)
• Vexillum gervilli B.C.M. Payraudeau, 1827: synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum glandiformis L.A. Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vexillum oniscinum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum gloriosum Noodt, 1819: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum granum (Forbes, 1844): synonym of Pusia granum (Forbes, 1844)
• Vexillum hadfieldi (Melvill & Standen, 1895): synonym of Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum haifensis F. Nordsieck, 198: synonym of Vexillum hypatiae (P.M. Pallary, 1912)
• Vexillum hanleyi (Dohrn, 1861): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845)
• Vexillum hansenae Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia hansenae (Cernohorsky, 1973)
• Vexillum harpiferum J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767)
• Vexillum heleneae Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014: synonym of Protoelongata heleneae (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014) (original combination)
• Vexillum hedleyi R. Murdoch, 1905 : synonym of Peculator hedleyi (R. Murdoch, 1905)
• Vexillum hirasei (Kira, 1962): synonym of Vexillum japonicum A. Adams, 1864
• Vexillum isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)
• Vexillum joliveti Poppe & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Costapex joliveti (Poppe & Tagaro, 2006) (basionym)
• Vexillum kaicherae (Petuch, 1979): synonym of Nodicostellaria kaicherae (Petuch, 1979)
• Vexillum kremerae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Nodicostellaria kremerae Petuch, 1987
• Vexillum kurodai (Sakurai & Habe, 1964): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)
• Vexillum lautum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Pusia lauta (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum leonardhilli (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria leonardhilli Petuch, 1987
• Vexillum laterculatum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874): synonym of Nodicostellaria laterculata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Vexillum lindae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria lindae Petuch, 1987
• Vexillum loyaltyense (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Protoelongata loyaltyensis (Hervier, 1897)
• Vexillum lubens (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum modestum (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum macrospirum (A. Adams, 1853): synonym of Vexillum macrospira (A. Adams, 1853) (misspelling)
• Vexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia marrowi (Cernohorsky, 1973) (original combination)
• † Vexillum martini (Icke & K. Martin, 1907): synonym of † Vexillum dahanaensis (Vlerk, 1931)
• Vexillum martinorum Cernohorsky, 1986: synonym of Costapex martinorum (Cernohorsky, 1986)
• Vexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Thaluta maxmarrowi (Cernohorsky, 1980)
• Vexillum microzonias (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia microzonias (Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum militaris (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum militare (Reeve, 1845) (incorrect gender ending)
• Vexillum nigritella (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum exaratum (A. Adams, 1853) (synonym)
• Vexillum nodospiculum (Cernohorsky, 1970): synonym of Atlantilux nodospicula (Cernohorsky, 1970)
• Vexillum osiridis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Orphanopusia osiridis (Issel, 1869)
• Vexillum pailoloanum J. M. Cate, 1963 : synonym of Volutomitra pailoloana (J. M. Cate, 1963)
• † Vexillum parki R. S. Allan, 1926 : synonym of † Proximitra parki (R. S. Allan, 1926)
• Vexillum patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Orphanopusia patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum pharaonis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Vexillum cadaverosum (Reeve, 1844)
• † Vexillum plicatellum P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923: synonym of † Peculator plicatellus (P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923)
• Vexillum plicatum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum politum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum pratasense T.C. Lan, 2004: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982)
• Vexillum pseudomarginatum Suter, 1913: synonym of Austromitra rubiginosa (F. W. Hutton, 1873)
• Vexillum puella (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux puella (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum pullatum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum pumilio May, 1916: synonym of Austromitra schomburgki (Angas, 1878)
• Vexillum puncturatum (Sowerby III, 1879): synonym of Vexillum zebuense (Reeve, 1844)
• Vexillum rectilateralis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Vexillum suluense (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
• Vexillum rhodarion Kilburn, 1972(original combination): synonym of Austromitra rhodarion (Kilburn, 1972)
• Vexillum rhodochroa (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836)
• Vexillum rubrotaeniatum Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014 (original combination): synonym of Protoelongata rubrotaeniata (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014)
• Vexillum rubrum (Broderip, 1836): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836)
• Vexillum rufobalteatum (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845)
• † Vexillum rutidolomum Suter, 1917: synonym of † Proximitra rutidoloma (Suter, 1917)
• Vexillum sagamiense (Kuroda & Habe, 1971): synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)
• Vexillum sanguisugum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum sanguisuga (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum sauternesense Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997: synonym of Tosapusia sauternesensis (E. Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997)
• Vexillum savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Pusia savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826)
• Vexillum stephanucha (Melvill, 1897): synonym of Vexillum stephanuchum (Melvill, 1897) (incorrect gender ending)
• Vexillum suave (Sowerby, 1875): synonym of Vexillum exquisitum (Garrett, 1873)
• Vexillum superbum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758) (junior subjective synonym)
• † Vexillum suteri Finlay, 1924: synonym of † Proximitra enysi (Hutton, 1873)
• Vexillum takisaoi [sic]: synonym of Neocancilla takiisaoi (Kuroda, 1959) (misspelling)
• Vexillum tricolor (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Pusia tricolor (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum tuberosum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum turrigerum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845)
• Vexillum venustum (Sarasúa, 1978): synonym of Vexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844)
• Vexillum vicmanoui Turner & Marrow, 2001: synonym of Pusia vicmanoui (H. Turner & Marrow, 2001)
• Vexillum virginalis (Lesson, 1842): synonym of Vexillum virginale (Lesson, 1842)
• Vexillum vittatum (Swainson, 1821): synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811)
• Vexillum vulpeculum [sic]: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Vexillum waitei Suter, 1909: synonym of Egestas waitei (Suter, 1909)
• Vexillum weberi (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum rugosum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Vexillum xerampelinum (Melvill, 1895): synonym of Protoelongata xerampelina (Melvill, 1895)
• Vexillum zebrinum (d'Orbigny in Webb & Berthelot, 1839): synonym of Pusia zebrina (d'Orbigny, 1840)
• Vexillum zythochroa (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum catenatum (Broderip, 1836)

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• marinelifephotography.com: images of miters of Hawaii

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