Video games in India

In India, video games used to only be available at video game parlours, where games came in the form of coin-operated machines.[13] In the 1990s, 8-bit NES clones that ran on cartridges were introduced to India. Each cartridge contained many classic games like Super Mario Bros or Contra.[13] These game consoles allowed people to play games inside their homes, which sparked the initial growth of the popularity of video games in India.[13]

In the mid-to-late-90s, sales in personal computers skyrocketed and replaced the 8-bit consoles.[13] Players were also now able to install games on PCs rather than purchase cartridges.[13] The PC remains one of the most popular devices for games today, with 87% of surveyed gamers preferring it over mobile gaming.[14] The PlayStation also remains fairly popular, though not as much as the PC since console games tend to cost more.[13]

In the 2000s, mobile devices became more common in India. This caused a huge growth in gaming because most smartphones had access to mobile games.[13] In 2020, there were 696 million smartphone users, compared to 2013 where there were 76 million users. India expects to reach 970 million users by 2025.

Cyber cafés, which are cafés offering public Internet access, contributed to the growth of India's video game market. In 2006, there were over 100,000 cyber cafés, 40% of which were used to play online games.[15] In 2008, there were 180,000 cyber cafés, but by 2017, the number declined to 50,000. One of primary reasons for decline was the IT Act, which caused licensing issues and other restrictions.[15][16]

Indian cyber cafés provide access to computers and gaming.[17]

Video game studios have been sprouting in India, most notably in Bangalore, which is often called the "Silicon Valley of India." In 2009, there were only 15 game development studios in India.[8] As of 2021, there are 15,000 game developers and 275 game developing companies in India.[9] Technology and gaming companies began investing in India's gaming industry after seeing its potential. Large game conventions began to be hosted in India when its industry was projected to earn ₹4,200 crore (US$530 million) in 2014. Indian colleges also began offering game design and development courses to students, which led to younger generations joining the industry and an increase in game developers.[13]

The first PlayStation 2 video game completely created in India, Hanuman: Boy Warrior, was based on Hindu mythology and followed the story of the Hindu God Hanuman.[18] This game was developed by Aurona Technologies Limited, a gaming studio located in Hyderabad.[18] The release of the game was controversial because it was criticized for disrespecting the Hindu religion.[19] Hindu leader, Rajan Zed, was vocal in the criticism of the game.[19]

Hanuman was later followed by Don 2: The Game, a tie-in to the film of the same name. Besides being released for the PlayStation 2 (also serving as the final PAL region release for the console overall), Don 2 was also released for the PlayStation Portable.[20]

Nowadays, many studios in India derive most of their income from outsourcing to foreign companies. Though most of the studios work on mobile games, there are a few working on projects on PC and consoles, such as Bangalore-based Tentworks Interactive.[21] Tentworks Interactive recently revealed India's first major PC game title, City Block Builder, that is set for release in 2021 at the EGX gaming expo.[22] City Block Builder won Best of EGX (2019) in London by Cultured Vultures Magazine, marking the first time that an Indian title has won such an award at a foreign expo.[23]

The indie game scene in India has been growing recently as more studios develop games that draw on Indian history and culture. Asura, a PC game created in 2017 by Ogre Head Studio, draws on aspects of Indian mythology.[24] The game is not only popular in India, but also in the U.S., China, and Japan.[25] Asura won the Game of the Year award at the 2017 NASSCOM Game Development Conference.[26]

Holy Cow Productions and Nodding Heads Games, two Indian-based game studios, are also working to create games drawing on Indian history and culture.[26] In July 2020, prime minister Narendra Modi called for more video games based on Indian culture as they had "huge potential" to promote national pride.[27] A month later, Nodding Heads Games released Raji: An Ancient Epic, an adventure game inspired by Indian folklore, on the Nintendo Switch and received positive reviews globally.[28]

Studio Oleomingus, a gaming studio based in Chala, Gujarat, creates video games that comment on India's history and politics.[29] The games make use of surreal and fantastical visuals and environments to evoke Indian children's literature.[29]

Missing-Game for a Cause is a role-playing video game produced in India by Leena Kejriwal and Satyajit Chakraborty.[30] The game's storyline allows players to experience life of a victim of human trafficking.[31] The game was created to raise awareness about human trafficking in India, where there are 98 million victims of human trafficking.[31] The game won NASSCOM's Indie Game of the Year Award in 2016 and has over 500,000 downloads.[31]

After Krafton, a South Korean video game company, launched Battlegrounds Mobile India (BGMI) in India, they hosted BGMI Launch Party, the first BGMI esports tournament to celebrate the game's official release.[45][46] The tournament took place from July 8, 2021, to July 9, 2021. It was exclusive to the most popular Indian gamers, such as Adii "Dynamo" Sawant and Chetan "Kronten" Chandgude, split into 18 teams of 4.[45] The event was live-streamed on the official BGMI Facebook and YouTube pages and reached a peak of 547,888 viewers at a time, deeming it a success.[47]

On both days, teams played three matches on the game maps Erangel, Miramar, and Vikendi in that order.[46] On the first day, Team Snax won all three matches, taking the lead with 76 points.[46][48] On the second day, Team Snax won the first match, but Team Jonathan and Team Maxtern won the second and third matches respectively.[46]

Team Snax, made up of players Raj "Snax" Varma, Samir "Kratos" Choubey, Randeep "Attanki" Bhallar, and Daljit "Daljit SK" Singh, emerged in first place with a total of 127 points and received ₹3.3 lakh (US$4,100) of the ₹6 lakh (US$7,500) prize pool.[47] Team Kronten was the runner-up with a total of 63 points.[47][48]

Following the success of the Launch Party, Krafton will be hosting its first BGMI India Series esports tournament.[49] The tournament was supposed to start in July 2021, but it was delayed due to increasing hackers.[50] The India Series is open to all Indian residents who are at least 16 years old and platinum-ranked or higher.[51] BGMI is currently only available on Android devices.[49][51]

A total of ₹1 crore (US$130,000) makes up the prize pool. The prize money will be distributed to the top 16 teams with the first place team earning ₹50 lakh (US$63,000).[49][51] There will also be an additional award for the team with the most kills and four individual awards to recognize outstanding players: MVP, The Lone Ranger (longest survival time), The Rampage Freak (most kills), and The Redeemer (most revivals).[51][52]

The series will have five stages: In-Game Qualifiers, Online Qualifiers (consisting of three rounds), Quarter-Finals, Semi-Finals, and Grand Finale.[53] There will also be a Loser Bracket for teams that did not advance after the Quarter-Finals for another chance to qualify for the Semi-Finals.[52] In each stage except the In-Game Qualifiers, the remaining teams will be split into groups, and the best number of teams in each group will qualify for the next round.[53][52] The tournament will span over three months beginning with the qualifying events.

In March 2019, PUBG Mobile was banned in the Indian state of Gujarat after the local government decided the game was "too addicting and violent" and a distraction during exam season.[54] A number of students were caught playing the game and arrested.[55][10] After the exam season ended, the ban was lifted in some cities.[54]

Amidst the ongoing 2020 China–India skirmishes, on June 29, 2020, Mobile Legends: Bang Bang was officially banned in India along with other 58 Chinese apps like TikTok, UC Browser, and Xender due to privacy concerns.[56] Mobile Legends: Bang Bang was one of top grossing mobile games in India.[57] On September 2, 2020, the Indian government banned PUBG Mobile, PUBG Mobile Lite, and over 100 other Chinese apps.[10] They believed the apps were "stealing and surreptitiously transmitting user data in an unauthorized manner to servers which have locations outside India."[58][59] India prohibited the use of PUBG Mobile under the Information Technology (IT) Act Section 69A.[60] India is one of several countries to have banned PUBG mobile in 2020, including China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Korea, Jordan, Nepal, Israel, and Iraq.[60]

In response to the 2020 ban on PUBG mobile, Krafton, a South Korean video game company, created Battlegrounds Mobile India.[61] This game differs slightly from the original PUBG mobile game due to cosmetic changes, but eliminates governmental concerns about the previous app being created in China. Battlegrounds Mobile India does not allow players under the age of 18 to play more than three hours a day without parental consent.[62] Minors are also not allowed to spend over 7000 INR a day on the game’s store.[62]

The governments in several Indian states have imposed bans on online gaming which involve wagering money.[11][12] In Andhra Pradesh in 2020, online gaming regulations were created in response to concerns about gamers resorting to suicide because of financial debts from gaming.[63] In 2021, the Tamil Nadu government announced a ban (which was subsequently deemed unconstitutional by the Madras High Court) on online versions of games of skill like Chess, Trivia, Fantasy, Rummy and Poker.[12] In Karnataka, a hub of the Indian tech industry, a ban on online betting games was also proposed in 2021.[11] Karnataka's ban has been extended to online games that require users to pay an entry fee.[64] Due to Karnataka’s importance in the Indian technology and gaming field, this ban has raised concerns about how it affects on the Indian gaming industry and triggered protests against it.[11][64]