Vienna porcelain

Sorgenthal period, early 1800s, Neoclassical cup and saucer

The factory was on Porzellangasse ("Porcelain Lane") in Alsergrund, now Vienna's 9th district. The history of the manufactory is often divided by German writers into five periods. The first period, used by all sources, was under its founder and first director du Paquier, who was given a monopoly for 25 years. This is therefore known as the "Du Paquier period", and many sources talk of "Du Paquier porcelain" and the "Du Paquier factory",[5] usually with a capital "D", although his actual name has a small "d". While Meissen and most later German factories were owned by the local ruler, and usually heavily funded, du Pacquier received only permission to manufacture, and many orders for wares, from the emperor, and the factory seems always to have been under-capitalized in his time. This situation lasted from 1718 to 1744, when the monopoly expired and the financial difficulties apparently came to a head; the empress intervened by buying the factory,[6] which was then renamed as the "Imperial State Manufactory Vienna".

The second period is the "Plastic period" (1744–1784), the third is the "Sorgenthal period",[7] or "Painterly period" (Malerische Periode) of 1784–1805, then the "Biedermeier period" (1805–1833) and finally the "Late Biedermeier period" (1833–1864).[8]

By the last quarter of the 18th century, as many as 120,000 pieces annually were exported to the Ottoman Empire; these were typically brightly coloured, but less finely painted than those for European markets.[9] Many were sets of the small cups used for Turkish coffee.

The factory received a boost from the Congress of Vienna in 1815, in the course of which it was visited by a number of monarchs and other leading figures, although King George IV of the United Kingdom never went to Vienna and so missed the service he would have been presented with.[10] According to another account, the king preferred to be sent a quantity of Tokay wine.[11] Although exports to the Ottoman Empire continued, by the 1860s the factory was suffering from increased competition from Bohemian factories in particular, and was eventually closed by the Austrian parliament in 1864, with the moulds and other equipment being given to the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna.[12] The wares are sometimes called "old Vienna" (or Alt Wien in German).[13]

The name was revived in 1923 with the foundation of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten.[14]

Vienna porcelain trembleuse cup from the du Paquier period, 1730

Wares were hard-paste porcelain, and always of very high quality. Like most factories in the German-speaking world, it was founded with expertise provided by key workers enticed from Meissen porcelain, who brought the secrets of the Meissen materials and techniques with them, and the wares remained broadly similar to those made there, although the body was not exactly the same, and gradually improved. Initially mostly table wares were produced, often with a slightly blueish tinge to the plain body. European flowers (as opposed to East Asian ones copied from imports) were used in decoration from around 1730, before Meissen, and subsequently very widely used across European factories. As at Meissen, chinoiserie decoration was also often used, as were hunting and battle scenes.[15]

Goblet and saucer, Sorgenthal period 1804, showing the range of colours in use.

The Du Paquier period began the tradition of strong and varied colours, which was to remain a strength of Vienna porcelain. There was heavy use of openwork in some pieces. A very common style, called Laub- und Bandelwerk in German, has intricate painted borders or backgrounds of trellis, bandwork, palmettes and other very formalized plant motifs. Knobs and handles are often formed as animals, and sometimes people.[16]

Like other factories in major capitals, including Meissen, Capodimonte and Buen Retiro in Madrid, Vienna produced a few porcelain rooms for palaces, the only surviving example of which is now installed in the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna. However, the porcelain here does not cover all the wall space that is not window or mirror, as in other examples, but is a border around the wall-spaces, with matching plaques on the furniture.[17] Porcelain was used for diplomatic gifts; the Hermitage Museum retains most of a service made in 1735 for Czarina Anna Ivanovna of Russia, which included more than 40 tureens.[18] Other pieces are dispersed (the early Soviet government sold several pieces), and a tureen from the service made $365,000 at Christie's in New York in 2014.[19]

Chief modellers included Johann Joseph Niedermeyer, working from 1747 to 1784, and Anton Grassi from 1778 to 1807,[20] who was sent to study classical remains in Rome for several months in 1792.[21] Neither quite achieved the charm of the light-hearted genre figures of other factories. Like Meissen and other German factories, some Vienna pieces were decorated by outside painters, or Hausmalers.[22]

A new director, Konrad von Sorgenthal, took over during a financial crisis in 1784 and changed the style of wares, following the fashion for Neoclassicism and taking some influence from Sèvres. Bright colours, extensive use of gold, and very detailed painting characterize the style, and set the typical Vienna style for decades to come. Another Neoclassical fashion in porcelain which Vienna embraced was the biscuit porcelain figure.[23] Many pieces of tableware, especially cups with saucers, were now essentially made for display in porcelain cabinets, rather than use.[24]

Painters at work, c. 1830

Sorgenthal employed painters known in other media: Anton Kothgasser (1769–1851) was also a painter of glass, and Moritz Michael Daffinger (1790–1849), the son of a painter for the factory, worked for them until 1809, before concentrating on painting portrait miniatures.[25]

The quality of wares was in decline by the late 1820s, when unsuccessful attempts began to revive the factory by producing cheaper wares from lower-quality materials, decorators paid on piecework, and some use of printed transfer. All were counter-productive, and production continued to reduce, although some high-quality pieces were produced until the end.[26]

Some moulds and undecorated fired "blanks" were bought by other factories, including Herend, and added to the considerable volume of imitations, "replicas" and downright forgeries that have copied Vienna porcelain. Other genuine Vienna pieces had their decoration scraped off to be repainted in a more elaborate style.[27]

Group of the future Emperor Leopold II and his family, 1775–1780

No marks were used before the Imperial takeover in 1744, after which a "beehive-shaped shield" was used, either in blue or impressed. In 1783 the impressed date mark was introduced, beginning with "83", then running from "801" for 1801.[28] Painters, and the turners responsible for the body, can often be identified by the numbers they were given, which were added to the underside of pieces to ensure they were paid for the right pieces.[29]

Imperial Privilege: Vienna Porcelain of Du Paquier, 1718–44 was held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2009–2010.[30] To celebrate the 300th anniversary of the founding of the factory, the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna had the exhibition 300 Years of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory, to September 2018, covering all periods of production in Vienna.[31] The Uffizi in Florence, ran another from November 2018 to March 2019, covering only the Du Paquier period and drawing from the collections of the Florence Porcelain Museum and the Liechtenstein collection.[32] The Frick Collection in New York also celebrated the anniversary with a dedicated installation in 2017–2018.[33]

One of the most complete collections of Vienna porcelain is the over 1,000 pieces in the Marton Museum in Croatia, showing the development from the Du Paquier period until 1864, especially in the Maria Theresa period from 1744 to 1780, which is often less appreciated by museums and collectors, and the Sorgenthal period between 1784 and 1805. Selections from the collection have been exhibited in museums including Sèvres and the Liechtenstein Museum, and catalogues have been published.

• 
  Saucer, 1726, Du Paquier period
• 
  Scent bottle with gold mounts, c. 1730, Du Paquier period
• 
  Tureen, 1730s, with Laub- und Bandelwerk typical of the Du Paquier period.
• 
  From a service imitating prints and wood
• 
  Milk jug, c. 1800, with view of Vienna, Sorgenthal period
• 
  Greek Revival, Sorgenthal period, 1801
• 
  From a coffee-service, 1806
• 
  Plate from a "Neo-Egyptian" service, Sorgenthal period c. 1802–1811
• 
  Detail from a tray painted by Daffinger, after 1808, Cecrops' Daughters Discover Erichtonius

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viennese Porcelain Manufactory.

• Battie, David, ed., Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Porcelain, 1990, Conran Octopus. ISBN 1850292515
• Falke, Jacob. "The Late Imperial Porcelain Manufactory in Vienna: IV. Fourth Period. Decline and Fall." The Workshop, vol. 8, no. 4, 1875, [www.jstor.org/stable/25586806 JSTOR]
• "Frick": Fired by Passion: Masterpieces of Du Paquier Porcelain from the Sullivan Collection, June 8, 2017 to August 12, 2018, online feature, Frick Collection. The numbers refer to the online pages, listed at left (e.g. "Frick, 4" = "Visions of the East")
• "Lehman": Decorative Arts, Volume 15 of Robert Lehman Collection, 2012, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Authors: Wolfram Koeppe, Clare Le Corbeiller, William Rieder, Charles Truman, Suzanne G. Valenstein, Clare Vincent, ISBN 1588394506, 9781588394507, Google books
• Wardropper, Ian, "Du Paquier Porcelain from Vienna: The Generous Gift of Melinda and Paul Sullivan", Frick Collection, New York
• "Wien": Wien Geschichte Wiki, "Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur" (in German)

• Chilton, Meredith (ed), Fired by Passion: Vienna Baroque Porcelain of Claudius Innocentius du Paquier, 2009, 3 vols.
• Christoph Thun-Hohenstein, Rainald Franz (eds), 300 Jahre Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur / 300 Years of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory (German and English), 2018, Arnoldsche Art Publishers, ISBN 3897905302, 9783897905306

• "The World of Refinement: Du Paquier Porcelain in Everyday Court Life", Lecture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2009
• "Gifts, Diplomacy, and Foreign Trade: Du Paquier Porcelain Abroad", Lecture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2009