Viktor Bauer

Viktor Bauer (15 September 1915 – 13 December 1969) was a former Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.[1] Bauer is credited with 106 aerial victories, achieved in over 400 combat missions, all but four claimed on the Eastern Front.

Viktor Bauer
Viktor Bauer
Born(1915-09-15)15 September 1915
Löcknitz, Germany
Died13 December 1969(1969-12-13) (aged 54)
Bad Homburg, Germany
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Years of service1935–45
RankOberst (colonel)
UnitJG 77
Commands held9./JG 3
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Early life and career

Bauer was born on 19 September 1915 in Löcknitz, the son of a landowner.[2] He joined the military service on 1 April 1935, initially serving in Infanterie-Regiment 1 (1st Infantry Regiment). He served in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service) from 1 January 1936 until 31 March 1936.[3] He transferred to the Luftwaffe of the Nazi Germany on 6 April 1936 as a Fahnenjunker (cadet). Bauer completed his flight training on 1 March 1938.[Note 1] That day, he was also promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) and transferred to Kampfgeschwader 138 (KG 138–138th Bomber Wing). On 1 May 1938, he attended a Jagdfliegerschule (fighter pilot school). On 1 July 1938, Bauer was assigned to the VI. Gruppe (4th group) of Jagdgeschwader 132 "Richthofen" (JG 132–132nd Fighter Wing) as a fighter pilot.[Note 2] On 9 March 1939, he was posted to I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 331 (JG 331–331st Fighter Wing) and to I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77–77th Fighter Wing) on 31 July 1939.[2]

World War II

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. On 1 November, he received the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse).[2] On 1 March 1940, he was transferred to the 2./Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77–77th Fighter Wing). Bauer claimed his first aerial victory on 15 May 1940 west of Bruges, a Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane.[4] He shot down another Hurricane near Cambrai on 18 May.[5] Bauer was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 June 1940 and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 18 November 1940.[2] He then fought in the Battle of Britain against the RAF, claiming a Supermarine Spitfire shot down on 1 November 1940.[6] Bauer was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 18 November 1940,[2] and then transferred to Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3–3rd Fighter Wing) in December 1940. On 10 June 1941, Bauer was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 9. Staffel (9th squadron) of JG 3, succeeding Oberleutnant Max Jaczak who killed in a flying accident the day before.[7]

Eastern Front

In preparation for the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, he and his JG 3 were transferred to the Eastern Front. In June 1941, he claimed 15 Soviet aircraft shot down, including five SB-2 twin-engine bombers claimed on 26 June alone. He then claimed 17 victories in July, including five Russian DB-3 twin-engine bombers on 12 July.

On 23 July 1941, Bauer claimed two Polikarpov I-153 biplane fighters shot down, taking his to total to 36 aerial victories.[8] That afternoon, his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 8987—factory number) sustained heavy damage in combat with a flight of Ilyushin DB-3 bombers at the Dnieper. Bauer attempted a forced landing at Bila Tserkva, the aircraft somersaulted, resulting in heavy injuries to Bauer.[9] During his convalescence, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernes Kreuzes) on 30 July 1941 for 34 aerial victories.[10] During his absence, Leutnant Helmut Mertens served as acting Staffelkapitän of 9. Staffel. Bauer returned to his unit in February 1942.[11]

At the time of his return to front line service, III. Gruppe of JG 3 had been redeployed to an area of operations north of Lake Ilmen in support of the airlift resupplying German forces in the Demyansk Pocket. There, on 18 February 1942, Bauer claimed two Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter aircraft, taking his total to 40 aerial victories.[12] In combat with 6 Udarnaya Aviatsionnaya Gruppa (6 UAG—6th Soviet Strike Aviation Group) on 4 April, he claimed his 50th aerial victory, a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter.[13] On 19 May, Bauer claimed a 429 Istrebitel'nyy Aviatsionyy Polk (429 IAP—429th Fighter Aviation Regiment) MiG-3.[14] On 22 June 1942, Bauer was awarded the Honorary Cup of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe).[15]

One year later on 26 July 1942, he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernes Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) for 102 aerial victories. He was the 14th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[16] Bauer and together with Oberleutnant Erwin Clausen were presented the Oak Leaves by Adolf Hitler at the Führerhauptquartier at Rastenburg.[15]

On 9 August, he claimed his 106th victory. On 10 August 1942, Bauer force landed his Bf 109 F-4 (Werknummer 13241—factory number) at Nowy-Kalach. His aircraft had been damaged by enemy return fire and Bauer was again wounded, forcing him to surrender command of 9. Staffel to Leutnant Rolf Diergardt.[17] On 1 September 1942, he was promoted to Hauptmann (captain).[18]

Training commands

On recovery, Bauer was put in command of Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost (Supplementary Fighter Group, East) in southern France on 9 August 1943. In this command position, he was promoted to Major (major) on 1 May 1944. Promoted to Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) and later to Oberst (colonel), Bauer was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader 1 (EJG 1–1st Supplementary Fighter Wing) until the end of hostilities in May 1945. He was taken prisoner of war and released in July 1945.[18]

Later life

Bauer died on 13 December 1969 in Bad Homburg.[18]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Bauer was credited with 106 aerial victories.[19] Spick also lists Bauer with 106 aerial victories with one unconfirmed victory in over 400 combat missions, all but four claimed on the Eastern Front.[20] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 104 aerial victory claims, plus four further unconfirmed claim. This number omits claim number 26 which is numerically missing in their analysis.[21]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Bauer an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Bauer did not receive credit.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien and Rodeike.
  This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Mathews and Foreman.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location Unit Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location Unit
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 77 during the Battle of France –[22][23]
10 May – 25 June 1940
1
—
 15 May 1940 14:10 Hurricane west of Bruges[24] 2./JG 77 2 1 18 May 1940 15:45 Hurricane east of Cambrai[24] 1./JG 77
– Claims with III./Jagdgeschwader 3 on the Channel Front –[25][26]
June 1940 – February 1941
3
—
 1 November 1940 17:30 Spitfire 20 km (12 mi) south of Southend-on-Sea[27] 9./JG 3 4 2 5 February 1941 14:00 Hurricane 30 km (19 mi) west of Calais[27] 9./JG 3
– Claims with III./Jagdgeschwader 3 on the Eastern Front –[28][26]
Operation Barbarossa – June – November 1941
5 3 25 June 1941 07:40 Potez-63?[Note 3] northeast of Berestechko[30] 9./JG 3 22 20 9 July 1941 06:05 DB-3 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Berdychiv[31] 9./JG 3
6 4 25 June 1941 07:45 Potez-63[Note 3] northeast of Berestechko[30] 9./JG 3 23 21 10 July 1941 17:00 I-15 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Makariv[31] 9./JG 3
7♠ 5 26 June 1941 11:20 SB-2 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Lutsk[30] 9./JG 3 24 22 10 July 1941 17:10 DB-3 50 km (31 mi) east of Makariv[31] 9./JG 3
8♠ 6 26 June 1941 11:25 SB-2 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Lutsk[30] 9./JG 3 25 23 11 July 1941 15:50 SB-3 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Makariv[32] 9./JG 3
9♠ 7 26 June 1941 13:45 SB-2 60 km (37 mi) north of Volodymyr-Volynskyi[30] 9./JG 3 26 11 July 1941 15:51 SB-3 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Makariv[32] 9./JG 3
10♠ 8 26 June 1941 13:45 SB-2 60 km (37 mi) north of Volodymyr-Volynskyi[30] 9./JG 3 27♠ 24 12 July 1941 10:25 DB-3 southeast of Kiev[32] 9./JG 3
11♠ 9 26 June 1941 16:25 DB-3 northeast of Lutsk[30] 9./JG 3 28♠ 25 12 July 1941 10:27 DB-3 Kiev[32] 9./JG 3
12 10 27 June 1941 12:20 I-16 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Lemberg[30] 9./JG 3 29♠ 27 12 July 1941 10:30 DB-3 25 km (16 mi) southeast Motychin[32] 9./JG 3
13 11 29 June 1941 14:40 V-11?[Note 4] 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Dubno[33] 9./JG 3 30♠ 28 12 July 1941 10:40 DB-3 southeast of Motychin[32] 9./JG 3
14 12 29 June 1941 14:43 V-11[Note 4] 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Rivne[33] 9./JG 3 31♠ 29 12 July 1941 10:42 DB-3 southeast of Motychin[32] 9./JG 3
15 13 29 June 1941 14:50 V-11[Note 4] 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Rivne[33] 9./JG 3 32 30 13 July 1941 11:11 DB-3 north of Fastiv[34] 9./JG 3
16 14 29 June 1941 17:40 PZL P-37 southwest of Olevsk[33] 9./JG 3 33 31 13 July 1941 11:15 DB-3 west of Bijschow[34] 9./JG 3
17 15 30 June 1941 12:10 ZKB-19?[Note 5] 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Ostroh[33] 9./JG 3 34 32 13 July 1941 11:16 DB-3 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Kiev[34] 9./JG 3
18 16 30 June 1941 12:13 ZKB-19[Note 5] 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Ostroh[33] 9./JG 3 35 33 16 July 1941 10:40 DB-3 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Pavoloch[35] 9./JG 3
19 17 30 June 1941 15:05 DB-3 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Ostroh[33] 9./JG 3 36 34 23 July 1941 17:17 I-153 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Tarashcha[35] 9./JG 3
20 18 8 July 1941 17:15 SB-2 18 km (11 mi) west of Berdychiv[31] 9./JG 3 37
—
 23 July 1941 17:30 I-153 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Tarashcha[35] 9./JG 3
21 19 8 July 1941 17:18 SB-2 25 km (16 mi) west of Berdychiv[31] 9./JG 3
– Claims with III./Jagdgeschwader 3 on the Eastern Front –[36][26]
Winter War — February – April 1942
38 35 13 February 1942 12:50 Pe-2 20 km (12 mi) east of Staraya Russa[37] 9./JG 3 45 42 22 March 1942 17:05 Il-2 25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Staraya Russa[38] 9./JG 3
39 36 15 February 1942 15:10 Pe-2 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Novgorod[37] 9./JG 3 46 43 31 March 1942 14:35 I-61?[Note 6] 20 km (12 mi) east of Staraya Russa[39] 9./JG 3
40 37 18 February 1942 16:00 I-61[Note 6] 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa[37] 9./JG 3 47 44 31 March 1942 14:45 I-61[Note 6] 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa[39] 9./JG 3
41 38 18 February 1942 16:10 I-61[Note 6] 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa[37] 9./JG 3 48 45 1 April 1942 17:05 I-301?[Note 7] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Ramushevo[39] 9./JG 3
42 39 19 February 1942 16:40 I-61[Note 6] 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Staraya Russa[37] 9./JG 3 49 46 1 April 1942 17:12 Pe-2 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Zaluchye[39] 9./JG 3
43 40 22 March 1942 16:55 I-61[Note 6] 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Staraya Russa[38] 9./JG 3 50 47 4 April 1942 14:30 I-61[Note 6] 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Sytschewo[39] 9./JG 3
44 41 22 March 1942 16:58 Il-2 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Staraya Russa[38] 9./JG 3 51 48 4 April 1942 17:42 I-301[Note 7] 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Parfino[39] 9./JG 3
– Claims with III./Jagdgeschwader 3 on the Eastern Front –[40][21]
May – August 1942
52 49 19 May 1942 10:00 I-61[Note 6] 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Staryj Saltiw[41] 9./JG 3 79♠ 77 7 July 1942 03:57 Il-2 1 km (0.62 mi) northeast of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3
53 50 20 May 1942 04:35 I-61[Note 6] 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Ternowaja[41] 9./JG 3 80♠ 78 9 July 1942 11:20 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3
54 51 20 May 1942 04:38 I-61[Note 6] 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Ternowaja[41] 9./JG 3 81♠ 79 9 July 1942 11:23 Il-2 30 km (19 mi) north of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3
55 52 20 May 1942 04:49 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Wesseloje[41] 9./JG 3 82♠ 80 9 July 1942 11:25 Il-2 40 km (25 mi) north of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3
56 53 20 May 1942 11:56 Il-2 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Kharkiv[41] 9./JG 3 83♠ 81 9 July 1942 19:38 MiG-1 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3
57 54 21 May 1942 07:40 I-61[Note 6] 1 km (0.62 mi) east of Ternowaja[41] 9./JG 3 84♠ 82 9 July 1942 19:55 MiG-1 20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3
58 55 22 May 1942 09:35 I-61[Note 6] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Staryj Saltiw[41] 9./JG 3 85 83 10 July 1942 04:02 MiG-1 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3
59 56 22 May 1942 09:38 I-61[Note 6] 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Staryj Saltiw[41] 9./JG 3 86 84 10 July 1942 04:02 MiG-1 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3
60 57 22 May 1942 09:41 I-61[Note 8] 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Staryj Saltiw[41] 9./JG 3 87 85 10 July 1942 04:06 MiG-1 30 km (19 mi) north-northeast of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3
61 58 22 May 1942 09:45 I-61[Note 6] 20 km (12 mi) east of Staryj Saltiw[41] 9./JG 3 88 86 16 July 1942 18:15 P-40 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Tischkina[42] 9./JG 3
—
 23 May 1942 05:25 Il-2 9./JG 3 89 87 16 July 1942 18:16 P-40 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Tischkina[44] 9./JG 3
62 59 23 May 1942 05:35 Il-2 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Ternowaja[41] 9./JG 3 90 88 16 July 1942 18:18 P-40 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Dubowy[44] 9./JG 3
63 60 26 May 1942 18:55 MiG-1 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Balakleja[41] 9./JG 3 91 89 16 July 1942 18:40 Il-2 7 km (4.3 mi) east-southeast of Arinowka[44] 9./JG 3
64 61 27 May 1942 06:22 R-10?[Note 9] 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Balakleja[41] 9./JG 3 92 90 22 July 1942 05:55 P-40 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Semikarakoeskaja[44] 9./JG 3
65 62 26 June 1942 04:37 Pe-2 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Shchigry[45] 9./JG 3 93 91 22 July 1942 05:57 LaGG-3 1 km (0.62 mi) east of Sjusjaskij[44] 9./JG 3
—
 63 29 June 1942 06:53 MiG-1 south of Kshen 9./JG 3 94 92 22 July 1942 06:00 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Sjusjaskij[44] 9./JG 3
66 64 30 June 1942 06:51 Il-2 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Kshen[46] 9./JG 3 95 93 24 July 1942 10:51 Il-2 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Popow[44] 9./JG 3
67 65 30 June 1942 06:52 MiG-1 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Kshen[46] 9./JG 3 96 94 24 July 1942 10:52 Il-2 16 km (9.9 mi) southeast of Popow[44] 9./JG 3
68 66 30 June 1942 06:53 MiG-1 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Kshen[46] 9./JG 3 97 95 24 July 1942 10:55 Il-2 30 km (19 mi) west of Kalach[44] 9./JG 3
69 67 30 June 1942 06:56 Il-2 20 km (12 mi) east of Kshen[46] 9./JG 3 98 96 24 July 1942 10:56 MiG-1 30 km (19 mi) west of Kalach[44] 9./JG 3
70 68 1 July 1942 19:10 Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Kshen[46] 9./JG 3 99 97 25 July 1942 10:50 Hurricane 2 km (1.2 mi) east of Kalach[44] 9./JG 3
71 69 5 July 1942 03:16 MiG-1 17 km (11 mi) southwest of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3 100 98 25 July 1942 10:52 Hurricane 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Kalach[44] 9./JG 3
72 70 5 July 1942 03:17 Il-2 18 km (11 mi) south-southeast of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3 101 99 25 July 1942 10:54 Il-2 8 km (5.0 mi) southeast of Kalach[44] 9./JG 3
73 71 5 July 1942 03:19 Il-2 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3 102 100 25 July 1942 10:55 Il-2 4 km (2.5 mi) southeast of Kalach[44] 9./JG 3
74 72 5 July 1942 03:22 Pe-2 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3 103 101 9 August 1942 06:02 Su-2 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Kalach[47] 9./JG 3
75♠ 73 7 July 1942 03:01 MiG-1 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3 104 102 9 August 1942 06:04?[Note 10] LaGG-3 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Kalach[47] 9./JG 3
76♠ 74 7 July 1942 03:02 MiG-1 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Nowo Uschman[42] 9./JG 3 105 103 9 August 1942 06:07 LaGG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Kalach[47] 9./JG 3
77♠ 75 7 July 1942 03:41 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Maslowka[42] 9./JG 3 106 104 9 August 1942 06:10 Su-2 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Stalingrad[47] 9./JG 3
78♠ 76 7 July 1942 03:55 Il-2 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Voronezh[42] 9./JG 3

Awards

Notes
  1. Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.
  2. For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designation see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. According to Prien and Stemmer more likely a Petlyakov Pe-2.[29]
  4. According to Mathews and Foreman an Ilyushin Il-2.[26]
  5. According to Mathews and Foreman a DB-3.[26]
  6. According to Mathews and Foreman a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3.[21]
  7. According to Mathews and Foreman a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3.[26]
  8. According to Mathews and Foreman an I-16.[43]
  9. According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Seversky.[43]
  10. According to Mathews and Foreman at 6:06.[43]
  11. According to Scherzer as Oberleutnant and pilot in the III./Jagdgeschwader 3[52]

References

Citations
  1. Spick 1996, pp. 3–4.
  2. Stockert 2012, p. 23.
  3. MacLean 2007, p. 47.
  4. Prien 1992, p. 286.
  5. Prien 1992, p. 289.
  6. Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 46.
  7. Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 442, 447.
  8. Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 480.
  9. Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 114, 448.
  10. Weal 2013, p. 26.
  11. Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 443.
  12. Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 88.
  13. Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 95.
  14. Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 166.
  15. Stockert 2012, p. 24.
  16. Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  17. Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 184, 452.
  18. Stockert 2012, p. 25.
  19. Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
  20. Spick 1996, p. 232.
  21. Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 61–62.
  22. Prien 1995, pp. 2380–2381.
  23. Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 60–61.
  24. Prien et al. 2000, p. 390.
  25. Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 475–476.
  26. Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 61.
  27. Prien et al. 2002, p. 247.
  28. Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 476–480.
  29. Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 476.
  30. Prien et al. 2003, p. 137.
  31. Prien et al. 2003, p. 140.
  32. Prien et al. 2003, p. 141.
  33. Prien et al. 2003, p. 138.
  34. Prien et al. 2003, p. 142.
  35. Prien et al. 2003, p. 144.
  36. Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 482–484.
  37. Prien et al. 2005, p. 33.
  38. Prien et al. 2005, p. 35.
  39. Prien et al. 2005, p. 36.
  40. Prien & Stemmer 1996, pp. 484–488.
  41. Prien et al. 2006, p. 214.
  42. Prien et al. 2006, p. 217.
  43. Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 62.
  44. Prien et al. 2006, p. 218.
  45. Prien et al. 2006, p. 215.
  46. Prien et al. 2006, p. 216.
  47. Prien et al. 2006, p. 220.
  48. MacLean 2007, p. 45.
  49. Thomas 1997, p. 25.
  50. Patzwall 2008, p. 46.
  51. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 124.
  52. Scherzer 2007, p. 206.
  53. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 60.

Bibliography
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  • Bergström, Christer; Dikov, Andrey; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2006). Black Cross / Red Star Air War Over the Eastern Front, Volume 3, Everything for Stalingrad. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9761034-4-8.
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