Violetta White Delafield

Violetta Susan White was born in Florence, Italy to expatriate American parents. She spent most of her childhood in southern France. In 1890, Violetta returned to the United States, where she began collecting mushrooms and studying mycology and botany.[2][3]

Delafield was particularly interested in fungi, and her earliest illustrations date back to 1899. She specialised in gasteromycetes and many of her specimens were collected in New England and the Hudson Valley.[4]

In the early 20th century, Delafield published three scientific papers under her maiden name, V.S. White, on fungi of the Tylostomaceae and Nidulariaceae families in North America. She also cataloged fungi on Mount Desert Island, Maine, to supplement Edward Lothrop Rand's 1894 work Flora of Mount Desert Island.[5] She also studied Geastrales, more commonly known as earthstars, for a manuscript that remained unpublished. Delafield worked with Lucien Underwood at the New York Botanical Garden where she became a registered investigator, and with Charles H. Peck of the New York State Museum. [1]

Delafield is credited with the discovery of several species of fungi, including eight species of Tulostoma (stalked puffballs).[6] She corresponded with and borrowed mycological specimens from William Alphonso Murrill, the founder of the journal Mycologia. After her marriage, she devoted less time to scientific work but continued to collect specimens in several locations including Buck Hill Falls, Pennsylvania, the Catskills, New York and Litchfield, Connecticut.[2]

Delafield created hundreds of annotated watercolors of fungi and plants, noted for their level of detail; she made a note of the collection location, a detailed specimen description and analysed the cellular structure of the fungus with the help of a microscope.[1] Her extensive illustrations are particularly significant as fungal specimens tend to deteriorate soon after collection and would often change their colour and form. Delafield's significant collection of specimen was left to the Fungal Herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden, her papers and research materials on mycology and horticulture are held with the Delafield family papers by the University of Princeton.[5] A selection of her work was exhibited in 2019 at Bard College as part of the ‘Fruiting Bodies’ exhibition and has been preserved in a digital collection.[7]

Violetta Susan White married John Ross Delafield (1874–1964) on 14 June 1904 in Manhattan and went on to have three children.[8] John Ross Delafield was born in Fieldston, Bronx, to parents from wealthy, prominent Hudson Valley families. The Delafields were related to the Livingston family, who established the country estate known as Montgomery Place, which became the couple's main residence after 1921.[3]

After her marriage, Delafield's focus shifted to horticulture and she was an active member of the Garden Club of America. She redesigned the gardens of Montgomery Place, adding several features including a terraced garden, a lily pond and a reflecting pool. She established several garden rooms which housed a rose garden, a herb garden, and a rock garden. A state of the art working greenhouse was added to the formal gardens in 1929, with underfloor heating to protect the plants from the cold. The greenhouse is now part of Bard Farm, the college's horticulture department. [9] In the 1930s, Delafield added a farm stand to the grounds, enabling farmers to sell their fresh produce by the road. [9]

• White, V. S. (August 1901). "The Tylostomaceae of North America". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 28 (8): 421–444. doi:10.2307/2478590. JSTOR 2478590.
• White, V. S. (May 1902). "The Nidulariaceae of North America". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 29 (5): 251–280. doi:10.2307/2478721. JSTOR 2478721.
• White, V. S. (September 1902). "Some Mt. Desert Fungi". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 29 (9): 550–563. doi:10.2307/2478853. JSTOR 2478853. (See Mount Desert Island.)

1. Abir-Am, Pnina G.; Outram, Dorinda, eds. (1987). ""Chapter 5. Nineteenth-Century American Women Botanists: Wives, Widows, and Work" by Nancy G. Slack". Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789–1979. pp. 77–103. ISBN 9780813512563. (p. 83)
2. "The Mushroom Drawings of Violetta Delafield". Stevenson Library Digital Collections, Bard College.
3. "Violetta Delafield, Clio's Sisters: Women Who Made History In and Around Bard". Stevenson Library Digital Collections, Bard College.
4. "P.S., Mushrooms Are Extremely Beautiful". JSTOR.
5. "Delafield Family Papers". Princeton University Library. Special Collection. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
6. "V.S. White". MycoBank Database.
7. "Fruiting Bodies: The Mycological Passions of John Cage (1912–1992) and Violetta White Delafield (1875–1949)". Libraries at Bard College. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
8. Whitus, Miranda Fey (2018). "Collection Ontogenesis: Following the Nascence and Maturation of the Montgomery Place Archive, 1802–2018".
9. "Bard College, Architecture and Grounds". Bard College. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
10. International Plant Names Index.  V.S.White.

• "Mushroom Drawings of Violetta Delafield (collection tree)". Stevenson Library Digital Collections, Bard College.
• "Bard College Montgomery Place Campus Collection: Mushroom Drawings of Violetta White Delafield" JSTOR
• "Violetta White Delafield Mushroom CollectionN", New York Heritage Digital Collection