Global Peace Index

Global Peace Index (GPI) is a report produced by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) which measures the relative position of nations' and regions' peacefulness.[2] The GPI ranks 163 independent states and territories (collectively accounting for 99.7 per cent of the world's population) according to their levels of peacefulness. In the past decade, the GPI has presented trends of increased global violence and less peacefulness.[3]

Global Peace Index 2023. Countries appearing with a deeper shade of green are ranked as more peaceful, countries appearing more red are ranked as more violent.[1]

The GPI is developed in consultation with an international panel of peace experts from peace institutes and think tanks with data collected and collated by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The Index was first launched in May 2009, with subsequent reports being released annually. In 2015 it ranked 165 countries, up from 121 in 2007. The study was conceived by Australian technology entrepreneur Steve Killelea, and is endorsed by individuals such as former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the Dalai Lama, archbishop Desmond Tutu, former President of Finland and 2008 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, economist Jeffrey Sachs, former president of Ireland Mary Robinson, former Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Jan Eliasson and former United States president Jimmy Carter. The updated index is released each year at events in London, Washington, DC, and at the United Nations Secretariat in New York.

The 2023 GPI indicates Iceland, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, and Austria to be the most peaceful countries, and Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, South Sudan, and Democratic Republic of the Congo to be the least peaceful.[4] The key findings of the 2023 GPI include a less peaceful world over the last 15 years, a 5 per cent deterioration in the global level of peace over the last 15 years and a growing inequality in peace between the most and least peaceful countries.

The main findings of the 2023 Global Peace Index are:[4]

  • The overall score for the 2023 GPI deteriorated this year due to a reduction in six of the nine geographical regions represented. However, more countries improved their levels of peacefulness than deteriorated: 84 compared to 79.
  • The total number of conflict-related deaths increased by 96 per cent.
  • The global economic cost of violence was $17.5 trillion PPP in 2022, equivalent to 12.9 per cent of global GDP, or $2,200 per person.
  • Last year saw a shift in the global distribution of violence. Major conflicts in the MENA region and South Asia declined, while conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and Asia-Pacific intensified.
  • The Safety and Security and Ongoing Conflict domains both deteriorated, while the Militarisation domain recorded a slight improvement, continuing a long-term trend of improvement.
  • Of the 23 GPI indicators, ten recorded an improvement, 11 had a deterioration, and two recorded no change over the past year.
  • The two indicators with the largest deteriorations in 2022 were conflict-related, external conflicts fought and deaths from internal conflict, followed by political instability.
  • The indicators with the biggest improvement were UN peacekeeping funding and military expenditure.

International panel

The international panel for the 2016 and 2017 GPI consisted of:

  • Kevin P. Clements, Foundation Chair of Peace and Conflict Studies and Director, National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Otago, New Zealand
  • Sabina Alkire, Director, Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
  • Ian Anthony, Research Coordinator and Director of the Programme on Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-proliferation, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden
  • Isabelle Arrandon, Director of Research and Deputy Director of Communications & Outreach, International Crisis Group, Belgium
  • Manuela Mesa, Director, Centre for Education and Peace Research (CEIPAZ) and President, Spanish Association for Peace Research (AIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
  • Nick Grono, CEO, The Freedom Fund, United Kingdom
  • Ekaterina Stepanova, Head, Unit on Peace and Conflict Studies, Institute of the World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Methodology

In assessing peacefulness, the GPI investigates the extent to which countries are involved in ongoing domestic and international conflicts and seeks to evaluate the level of harmony or discord within a nation. Ten indicators broadly assess what might be described as safety and security in society. Their assertion is that low crime rates, minimal incidences of terrorist acts and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations with neighbouring countries, a stable political scene, and a small proportion of the population being internally displaced or refugees can be suggestive of peacefulness.

In 2017, 23 indicators were used to establish peacefulness scores for each country. The indicators were originally selected with the assistance of an expert panel in 2007 and are reviewed by the expert panel on an annual basis. The scores for each indicator are normalized on a scale of 1–5, whereby qualitative indicators are banded into five groupings, and quantitative ones are scored from 1–5, to the third decimal point. A table of the indicators is below.[5] In the table, UCDP stands for the Uppsala Conflict Data Program maintained by the University of Uppsala in Sweden, EIU for The Economist Intelligence Unit, UNSCT for the United Nations Survey of Criminal Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, ICPS is the International Centre for Prison Studies at King's College London, IISS for the International Institute for Strategic Studies publication The Military Balance, and SIPRI for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Arms Transfers Database.

Indicator Source Coding
1 Number and duration of internal conflicts[lower-alpha 1] UCDP, IEP Total number
2 Number of deaths from external organized conflict UCDP Armed Conflict Dataset Total number
3 Number of deaths from internal organized conflict International Institute for Strategic Studies, Armed Conflict Database Total number
4 Number, duration, and role in external conflicts UCDP Battle-related Deaths Dataset, IEP Total number
5 Intensity of organized internal conflict EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
6 Relations with neighbouring countries EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
7 Level of perceived criminality in society EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
8 Number of refugees and displaced persons as percentage of population UNHCR and IDMC Refugee population by country or territory of origin, plus the number of a country's internally displaced people (IDP's) as a percentage of the country's total population
9 Political instability EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
10 Impact of terrorism Global Terrorism Index (IEP) Quantitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
11 Political terror Amnesty International and US State Department Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
12 Number of homicides per 100,000 people UNODC Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (CTS); EIU estimates Total number
13 Level of violent crime EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
14 Likelihood of violent demonstrations EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
15 Number of jailed persons per 100,000 people World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research at Birkbeck, University of London Total number
16 Number of internal security officers and police per 100,000 people UNODC CTS; EIU estimates Total number; Civil police force distinct from national guards or local militia[lower-alpha 2]
17 Military expenditure as a percentage of GDP The Military Balance and IISS Cash outlays of central or federal government to meet costs of national armed forces, as a percentage of GDP, scores from 1 to 5 based on percentages[lower-alpha 3]
18 Number of armed-services personnel per 100,000 The Military Balance and IISS All full-time active armed-services personnel
19 Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as recipient (imports) per 100,000 people SIPRI Arms Transfers Database Imports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people[lower-alpha 4]
20 Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as supplier (exports) per 100,000 people SIPRI Arms Transfers Database Exports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people
21 Financial contribution to UN peacekeeping missions United Nations Committee on Contributions and IEP Percentage of countries' "outstanding payments versus their annual assessment to the budget of the current peacekeeping missions" over an average of three years, scored from 1–5 scale based on percentage of promised contributions met
22 Nuclear and heavy weapons capability The Military Balance, IISS, SIPRI, UN Register of Conventional Arms and IEP 1–5 scale based on accumulated points; 1 point per armoured vehicle and artillery pieces, 5 points per tank, 20 points per combat aircraft, 100 points per warship, 1000 points for aircraft carrier and nuclear submarine[lower-alpha 5]
23 Ease of access to small arms and light weapons EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

Indicators not already ranked on a 1 to 5 scale were converted by using the following formula: x = [x - min(x)] / [max(x) - min(x)], where max(x) and min(x) are the highest and lowest values for that indicator of the countries ranked in the index. The 0 to 1 scores that resulted were then converted to the 1 to 5 scale. Individual indicators were then weighted according to the expert panel's judgment of their importance. The scores were then tabulated into two weighted sub-indices: internal peace, weighted at 60% of a country's final score, and external peace, weighted at 40% of a country's final score. "Negative Peace", defined as the absence of violence or of the fear of violence, is used as the definition of peace to create the Global Peace Index. An additional aim of the GPI database is to facilitate deeper study of the concept of positive peace, or those attitudes, institutions, and structures that drive peacefulness in society. The GPI also examines relationships between peace and reliable international measures, including democracy and transparency, education and material well-being. As such, it seeks to understand the relative importance of a range of potential determinants, or "drivers", which may influence the nurturing of peaceful societies, both internally and externally.[6]

Statistical analysis is applied to GPI data to uncover specific conditions conducive of peace. Researchers have determined that Positive Peace, which includes the attitudes, institutions, and structures that pre-empt conflict and facilitate functional societies, is the main driver of peace. The eight pillars of positive peace are well-functioning government, sound business environment, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbours, free flow of information, high levels of human capital, low levels of corruption, and equitable distribution of resources. Well-functioning government, low levels of corruption, acceptance of the rights of others, and good relations with neighbours are more important in countries suffering from high levels of violence. Free flow of information and sound business environment become more important when a country is approaching the global average level of peacefulness, also described as the Mid-Peace level. Low levels of corruption is the only Pillar that is strongly significant across all three levels of peacefulness. This suggests it is an important transformational factor at all stages of a nation's development.

Global Peace Index rankings

2020–present
Country 2023[4] 2022[7] 2021[8] 2020[9]
Rank Score RankScore RankScore RankScore
 Iceland 1 1.124 11.107 11.100 11.078
 Denmark 2 1.310 41.296 31.256 51.283
 Ireland 3 1.312 31.288 81.326 121.375
 New Zealand 4 1.313 21.269 21.253 21.198
 Austria 5 1.316 51.300 61.317 41.275
 Singapore 6 1.332 91.326 111.347 71.321
 Portugal 7 1.333 61.301 41.267 31.247
 Slovenia 8 1.334 71.316 51.315 111.369
 Japan 9 1.336 101.336 121.373 91.360
  Switzerland 10 1.339 111.357 71.323 101.366
 Canada 11 1.350 121.389 101.330 61.298
 Czechia 12 1.379 81.318 91.329 81.337
 Finland 13 1.399 141.439 131.402 141.404
 Croatia 14 1.450 151.440 17=1.480 261.615
 Germany 15 1.456 161.462 17=1.480 161.494
 Netherlands 16 1.490 211.522 211.506 211.528
 Bhutan 17 1.496 191.481 221.510 191.501
 Hungary 18 1.508 131.411 191.494 241.559
 Malaysia 19 1.513 181.471 231.515 201.525
 Belgium 20 1.523 221.526 201.496 17=1.496
 Qatar 21 1.524 231.533 291.605 271.616
 Australia 22 1.525 271.565 161.470 131.386
 Mauritius 23 1.546 281.570 281.592 231.544
 Norway 24 1.550 171.465 141.438 17=1.496
 Estonia 25 1.563 331.662 301.612 301.680
 Slovakia 26 1.578 201.499 261.557 251.568
 Latvia 27 1.582 351.673 351.686 341.700
 Sweden 28 1.625 261.564 151.460 151.479
 Poland 29 1.634 251.552 241.524 291.657
 Bulgaria 30 1.640 241.541 271.577 281.628
 Romania 31= 1.649 311.640 251.530 221.541
 Spain 31= 1.649 291.603 311.621 381.712
 Taiwan 31= 1.649 301.618 341.662 371.707
 Italy 34 1.662 321.643 321.652 311.690
 Kuwait 35 1.669 391.739 361.688 39=1.723
 Lithuania 36 1.671 371.724 371.689 361.705
 United Kingdom 37 1.693 341.667 331.658 421.770
 North Macedonia 38 1.713 361.704 401.744 621.900
 Costa Rica 39 1.731 381.732 391.735 321.691
 Albania 40= 1.745 411.761 481.824 551.872
 Vietnam 40= 1.745 441.786 501.835 64=1.920
 Botswana 42 1.762 48=1.801 411.753 331.693
 South Korea 43 1.763 431.779 571.877 481.829
 Mongolia 44 1.765 421.775 42=1.783 39=1.723
 Montenegro 45 1.772 48=1.801 511.847 691.944
 Laos 46 1.779 511.809 451.809 501.843
 Sierra Leone 47 1.792 501.803 461.813 461.820
 Oman 48 1.794 641.889 731.982 681.941
 Timor-Leste 49 1.796 541.839 561.873 541.863
 Uruguay 50 1.798 461.795 471.817 351.704
 Ghana 51 1.799 401.759 381.715 431.776
 Senegal 52 1.827 701.916 541.864 471.824
 Indonesia 53 1.829 471.800 42=1.783 491.831
 Argentina 54 1.837 691.911 681.945 741.978
 Madagascar 55 1.846 841.995 701.963 631.905
 Namibia 56 1.859 681.908 651.927 531.861
 Moldova 57 1.873 62=1.882 59=1.909 711.950
 Chile 58 1.874 551.840 491.831 451.804
 The Gambia 59 1.888 451.792 531.853 60=1.891
 Greece 60 1.890 531.838 661.932 57=1.877
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 61 1.892 581.850 721.970 792.040
 Jordan 62 1.895 571.849 631.916 721.958
 Zambia 63 1.898 561.841 711.964 441.794
 Cyprus 64 1.904 671.903 611.912 64=1.920
 Serbia 65 1.921 521.832 441.797 511.846
 Armenia 66 1.929 831.992 942.075 99=2.135
 France 67 1.939 65=1.895 551.868 661.930
 Panama 68= 1.942 611.876 641.919 561.875
 Paraguay 68= 1.942 771.976 751.997 751.991
 Trinidad and Tobago 70= 1.946 882.005 842.029 882.078
 Kosovo 70= 1.946 711.938 80=2.017 852.070
 Liberia 70= 1.946 75=1.973 76=1.998 57=1.877
 Cambodia 73 1.947 62=1.882 782.008 782.011
 Malawi 74 1.970 65=1.895 59=1.909 591.885
 United Arab Emirates 75 1.979 601.865 521.848 411.752
 Kazakhstan 76 1.980 972.071 671.936 701.948
 Jamaica 77 1.986 81=1.990 741.992 802.041
 Bolivia 78 2.001 801.989 1052.140 86=2.074
   Nepal 79 2.006 731.947 852.033 731.974
 China 80 2.009 892.010 100=2.114 1042.166
 Tunisia 81 2.010 851.996 982.108 922.090
 Equatorial Guinea 82 2.013 591.863 621.915 60=1.891
 Dominican Republic 83 2.019 81=1.990 822.024 761.992
 Angola 84= 2.020 781.982 80=2.017 912.087
 Morocco 84= 2.020 741.969 792.015 832.057
 Uzbekistan 86 2.033 86=2.001 902.062 1032.158
 Guinea-Bissau 87 2.045 1102.156 992.113 101=2.157
 Bangladesh 88= 2.051 962.067 912.068 972.121
 Rwanda 88= 2.051 721.945 832.028 812.049
 Cote d'Ivoire 90 2.053 1082.144 103=2.123 1052.169
 Tanzania 91 2.058 86=2.001 581.892 521.850
 Thailand 92 2.061 1032.098 1132.205 1142.245
 Gabon 93 2.068 75=1.973 932.074 95=2.116
 Georgia 94 2.071 952.065 892.054 95=2.116
 Azerbaijan 95 2.090 1282.437 1212.334 1202.300
 Algeria 96 2.094 1092.146 1202.310 117=2.287
 Ecuador 97= 2.095 791.988 882.044 902.085
 Papua New Guinea 97= 2.095 942.046 1072.149 101=2.157
 Cuba 99 2.103 982.083 872.042 86=2.074
 Turkmenistan 100 2.107 1042.116 1092.154 1162.276
 Kyrgyz Republic 101 2.110 912.028 76=1.998 932.094
 Tajikistan 102 2.114 922.031 972.095 1072.188
 Guatemala 103= 2.130 1062.139 1112.195 1152.267
 Peru 103= 2.130 1012.091 862.034 842.066
 Togo 103= 2.130 1022.094 1152.239 1082.201
 Guyana 106 2.134 1072.140 100=2.114 822.050
 Sri Lanka 107 2.136 902.020 952.083 772.003
 Bahrain 108 2.145 992.085 1022.121 1102.209
 Eswatini 109 2.168 932.033 691.995 671.934
 Benin 110 2.177 1052.125 962.093 1062.182
 Lesotho 111 2.191 1002.089 1122.202 982.131
 Djibouti 112 2.196 1132.213 1062.146 1122.215
 Republic of the Congo 113 2.210 1112.184 1192.291 1242.343
 Mauritania 114 2.228 1122.193 1182.290 117=2.287
 Philippines 115 2.229 1252.339 1272.417 1292.471
 Belarus 116 2.248 1162.259 1172.285 942.111
 Kenya 117 2.254 1202.303 1162.254 1252.375
 Mozambique 118 2.259 1222.316 103=2.123 99=2.135
 Saudi Arabia 119 2.260 1192.288 1252.376 1282.443
 Honduras 120 2.265 1172.269 1242.371 1192.288
 Egypt 121 2.267 1262.342 1262.397 1302.481
 El Salvador 122 2.279 1142.231 1102.184 1132.243
 Nicaragua 123 2.294 1242.334 1302.445 1352.553
 Zimbabwe 124= 2.300 1272.350 1332.490 1312.485
 Uganda 124= 2.300 1212.309 1142.219 1092.202
 India 126 2.314 1352.578 1352.553 1392.628
 Guinea 127 2.359 1232.332 922.069 892.082
 Burundi 128 2.393 1312.470 1292.434 1322.506
 Haiti 129 2.395 1152.254 1082.151 1112.211
 South Africa 130 2.405 1182.283 1232.344 1232.317
 United States of America 131 2.448 1292.440 1222.337 1212.307
 Brazil 132 2.462 1302.465 1282.430 1262.413
 Eritrea 133 2.505 1322.494 1362.555 1362.567
 Palestine 134 2.538 1332.552 1382.610 1432.699
 Lebanon 135 2.581 1382.615 1472.797 1462.828
 Mexico 136 2.599 1372.612 1402.620 1372.572
 Libya 137 2.605 1512.930 1563.166 1573.258
 Niger 138 2.625 1402.655 1372.589 1382.608
 Cameroon 139 2.660 1422.709 1452.700 1412.650
 Venezuela 140= 2.693 1482.798 1522.934 1492.936
 Colombia 140= 2.693 1442.729 1442.694 1402.646
 Chad 142 2.699 1362.591 1322.489 1342.538
 Israel 143 2.706 1342.576 1432.669 1452.775
 Nigeria 144 2.713 1432.725 1462.712 1472.865
 Myanmar 145 2.741 1392.631 1312.457 1272.424
 Pakistan 146 2.745 1472.789 1502.868 1522.973
 Turkey 147= 2.800 1452.785 1492.843 1502.959
 Iran 147= 2.800 1412.687 1412.637 1422.672
 North Korea 149 2.848 1522.942 1512.923 1512.962
 Burkina Faso 150 2.868 1462.786 1342.527 1222.316
 Ethiopia 151 2.872 1492.806 1392.613 1332.526
 Central African Republic 152 2.934 1553.021 1553.131 1553.237
 Mali 153 2.963 1502.911 1482.813 1442.729
 Iraq 154 3.006 1573.157 1593.257 1613.487
 Sudan 155 3.023 1543.007 1532.936 1533.043
 Somalia 156 3.036 1563.125 1583.211 1583.302
 Ukraine 157 3.043 1532.971 1422.660 1482.927
 Russia 158 3.142 1603.275 1542.993 1543.049
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 159 3.214 1583.166 1573.196 1563.243
 South Sudan 160 3.221 1593.184 1603.363 1603.447
 Syria 161 3.294 1613.356 1613.371 1623.539
 Yemen 162 3.350 1623.394 1623.407 1593.411
 Afghanistan 163 3.448 1633.554 1633.631 1633.644

2010–2019
Country 2019[10] 2018[11] 2017[12] 2016[13] 2015[14] 2014[15] 2013[16] 2012[17] 2011[18] 2010[19]
RankScore RankScore RankScore RankScore RankScore RankScore RankScore RankScore RankScore RankScore
 Luxembourg — — — — — — — — — 7=1.341
 Iceland 11.072 11.096 11.111 11.192 11.148 11.189 11.162 11.113 11.148 21.212
 New Zealand 21.221 21.192 21.241 41.287 41.221 41.236 31.237 2=1.239 21.279 11.188
 Portugal 31.274 41.318 31.258 51.356 111.344 181.425 181.467 161.470 171.453 131.366
 Austria 41.291 31.274 41.265 31.278 31.198 31.200 41.250 6=1.328 61.337 41.290
 Denmark 51.316 51.353 51.337 21.246 21.150 21.193 21.207 2=1.239 41.289 7=1.341
 Canada 61.327 61.372 81.371 81.388 71.287 71.306 81.306 41.317 81.355 141.392
 Singapore 71.347 81.382 211.534 201.535 241.490 251.545 16=1.438 231.521 241.585 301.624
 Slovenia 81.355 111.396 71.364 101.408 151.378 141.398 131.374 81.330 101.358 111.358
 Japan 91.369 91.391 10=1.408 91.395 81.322 81.316 61.293 51.326 31.287 31.247
 Czech Republic 101.375 71.381 61.360 61.360 101.341 11=1.381 141.404 131.396 51.320 121.360
  Switzerland 111.383 121.407 91.373 71.370 51.275 51.258 51.272 101.349 161.421 181.424
 Ireland 121.390 101.393 10=1.408 121.433 121.354 131.384 121.370 6=1.328 111.370 61.337
 Australia 131.419 131.435 121.425 151.465 91.329 151.414 16=1.438 221.494 181.455 191.467
 Finland 141.488 151.506 171.515 111.429 61.277 61.297 71.297 91.348 71.352 91.352
 Bhutan 151.506 191.545 131.474 131.445 181.416 161.422 201.487 191.481 341.693 361.665
 Malaysia 161.529 251.619 291.637 301.648 281.561 331.659 291.574 201.485 191.467 221.539
 Netherlands 171.530 231.574 19=1.525 211.541 201.432 201.475 221.508 281.606 251.628 271.610
 Belgium 18=1.533 211.560 19=1.525 181.528 141.368 91.354 101.339 111.376 141.213 171.400
 Sweden 18=1.533 141.502 181.516 141.461 131.360 11=1.381 91.319 141.419 131.401 101.354
 Norway 201.536 161.519 141.486 171.500 171.393 101.371 111.359 181.480 91.356 51.322
 Hungary 211.540 17=1.531 151.494 191.534 221.463 211.482 231.520 171.476 201.495 201.495
 Germany 221.547 17=1.531 161.500 161.486 161.379 171.423 151.431 151.424 151.416 161.398
 Slovakia 231.550 221.568 261.611 241.603 231.478 191.467 331.622 261.590 231.576 211.536
 Mauritius 241.562 201.548 221.547 231.559 251.503 241.544 211.497 211.487 — —
 Romania 251.606 241.596 251.600 311.649 261.542 351.677 301.584 321.627 401.742 451.749
 Bulgaria 261.607 261.635 281.631 291.646 321.607 321.637 34=1.663 391.699 531.845 501.785
 Chile 271.634 281.649 241.595 271.635 291.563 301.591 311.589 301.616 381.710 281.616
 Croatia 281.645 271.639 311.665 261.633 271.550 26=1.548 281.571 351.648 371.699 411.707
 Poland 291.654 321.727 331.676 221.557 191.430 231.532 251.530 241.524 221.545 291.618
 Botswana 301.676 291.659 271.622 281.639 311.597 361.678 321.598 311.621 351.695 331.641
 Qatar 311.696 561.869 301.664 341.716 301.568 221.491 191.480 121.395 121.398 151.394
 Spain 321.699 301.678 231.568 251.604 211.451 26=1.548 271.563 251.548 281.641 251.588
 Costa Rica 331.706 401.767 341.701 331.699 341.654 421.781 401.755 361.659 311.681 261.590
 Uruguay 341.711 371.761 351.709 351.726 441.721 291.565 241.528 331.628 211.521 241.568
 Latvia 351.718 311.689 321.670 321.680 401.695 391.745 41=1.772 451.774 461.793 541.827
 Taiwan 361.725 341.736 401.782 411.787 351.657 281.558 261.538 271.602 271.637 351.664
 Estonia 371.727 331.732 361.712 361.732 381.677 311.635 381.710 411.715 471.798 461.751
 Lithuania 381.728 361.749 371.732 371.735 371.674 461.797 431.784 431.741 431.760 421.713
 Italy 391.754 38=1.766 381.737 391.774 361.669 341.675 34=[lower-alpha 6]1.663 381.690 451.775 401.701
 Malawi 401.779 441.811 481.825 451.817 511.814 771.995 74=1.984 601.894 391.740 51=1.813
 Indonesia 411.785 551.853 521.850 421.799 46=1.768 541.853 541.879 631.913 681.979 671.946
 Mongolia 421.792 46=1.821 461.801 501.838 431.706 411.778 641.921 581.884 571.880 922.101
 Kuwait 431.794 421.799 581.909 511.842 331.626 371.679 371.705 471.792 291.667 391.693
 Ghana 441.796 411.772 431.793 441.809 541.840 61=1.902 581.899 501.807 421.752 481.781
 Laos 45=1.801 46=1.821 451.800 521.852 411.700 381.723 391.724 371.662 321.687 341.661
 United Kingdom 45=1.801 571.876 41=1.786 471.830 391.685 471.798 441.787 291.609 261.631 311.631
 Panama 471.804 501.826 491.835 491.837 64=1.903 571.877 561.893 611.899 491.812 611.878
 East Timor 48=1.805 591.895 531.866 561.879 581.860 691.947 511.854 — — —
 Zambia 48=1.805 481.822 41=1.786 401.783 551.846 441.791 481.832 511.830 521.833 51=1.813
 Serbia 501.812 541.851 561.888 481.834 46=1.768 52=1.849 621.912 641.920 842.071 902.071
 Albania 511.821 52=1.849 571.908 541.867 521.821 651.939 691.961 66=1.927 631.912 651.925
 Sierra Leone 521.822 351.740 391.760 431.805 591.864 66=1.942 591.904 521.855 611.904 531.818
 United Arab Emirates 531.847 451.820 651.944 611.931 49=1.805 401.748 361.679 461.785 331.690 441.739
 Tanzania 541.860 511.837 541.876 581.899 64=1.903 59=1.889 551.887 551.873 561.858 551.832
 Madagascar 55=1.867 38=1.766 441.797 381.763 671.911 66=1.942 90=2.074 99=2.124 1052.239 77=2.019
 South Korea 55=1.867 491.823 471.823 531.858 421.701 52=1.849 471.822 421.734 501.829 431.715
 Vietnam 571.877 601.905 591.919 591.906 561.848 451.792 41=1.772 341.641 301.670 381.691
 Senegal 581.883 52=1.849 601.929 701.978 49=1.805 721.974 852.061 781.994 772.047 792.031
 Liberia 591.889 631.931 822.023 72=1.998 781.963 842.014 802.048 1012.131 96=2.159 992.148
 France 60=1.892 611.909 511.839 461.829 451.742 48=1.808 531.863 401.710 361.697 321.636
 Namibia 60=1.892 431.806 501.838 551.873 481.784 48=1.808 461.807 491.804 541.850 591.864
 The Gambia 621.908 761.989 1102.211 92=2.091 992.086 942.085 932.091 741.961 621.910 631.890
 Cyprus 631.914 621.913 641.940 711.994 681.924 511.844 49=1.840 731.957 712.013 762.013
 Kazakhstan 641.932 701.974 721.992 752.019 872.008 1032.150 782.031 1052.151 932.137 95=2.113
 Greece 65=1.933 792.020 731.998 822.044 611.878 862.052 681.957 771.976 651.947 621.887
 North Macedonia 65=1.933 872.058 1022.133 942.092 71=1.944 87=2.056 792.044 681.935 782.048 83=2.048
 Montenegro 671.939 581.893 671.950 571.884 571.854 551.860 731.976 81=2.006 892.113 882.060
 Moldova 681.951 641.939 621.938 651.953 701.942 711.971 74=1.984 66=1.927 591.892 661.938
 Oman 691.953 731.984 701.983 742.016 74=1.947 59=1.889 451.806 591.887 411.743 231.561
 Equatorial Guinea 701.957 651.946 611.930 621.940 811.987 932.079 892.072 872.039 752.041 68=1.948
 Ecuador 711.980 751.987 661.948 762.020 84=1.997 852.042 832.059 85=2.028 902.116 1012.185
 Benin 72=1.986 691.973 792.014 72=1.998 771.958 1002.129 1042.156 1142.231 — —
 Sri Lanka 72=1.986 671.954 802.019 972.133 1142.188 1052.197 1102.230 1032.145 1262.407 1332.621
 Eswatini 72=1.986 721.980 772.010 902.074 1012.102 87=2.056 882.069 85=2.028 69=1.995 731.966
 Argentina 751.989 661.947 551.880 671.957 601.865 431.789 601.907 441.763 551.852 711.962
   Nepal 762.003 84=2.053 932.080 782.026 621.882 761.989 822.058 802.001 952.152 822.044
 Angola 77=2.012 832.048 1002.116 982.140 882.020 1022.143 1022.148 95=2.105 872.109 862.057
 Jordan 77=2.012 98=2.104 952.087 962.127 71=1.944 561.861 521.858 621.905 641.918 68=1.948
 Rwanda 792.014 1032.140 1132.227 1282.323 1392.420 1372.494 1352.444 1192.250 992.185 752.012
 Peru 802.016 741.986 711.986 85=2.057 92=2.029 1192.304 113=2.258 791.995 852.077 892.067
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 812.019 892.065 84=2.035 601.915 531.839 61=1.902 711.967 651.923 601.893 601.873
 Tunisia 822.035 781.998 691.977 641.949 761.952 792.001 772.005 721.955 441.765 371.678
 Jamaica 832.038 902.068 922.072 92=2.091 1092.153 1072.203 1172.274 1132.222 1062.244 982.138
 Dominican Republic 842.041 912.073 992.114 99=2.143 1002.089 95=2.093 942.103 902.068 912.125 932.103
 Bolivia 852.044 942.092 862.045 812.038 902.025 701.969 862.062 842.021 762.045 812.037
 Kosovo 862.049 922.078 762.007 772.022 691.938 641.929 721.969 — — —
 Haiti 872.052 882.064 832.026 892.066 982.074 992.127 922.075 1072.179 1132.288 1142.270
 Paraguay 882.055 771.997 681.961 802.037 892.023 731.976 842.060 761.973 661.954 77=2.019
 Cambodia 892.066 96=2.101 892.065 1042.161 111=2.179 1062.201 1152.263 1082.207 1152.301 1112.252
 Morocco 902.070 711.979 752.004 912.086 862.002 631.915 571.897 541.867 581.887 581.861
 Cuba 912.073 812.037 882.056 85=2.057 821.988 751.986 651.922 701.951 671.964 721.964
 Guyana 922.075 822.043 812.021 952.105 92=2.029 832.003 701.962 691.937 882.112 912.095
 Trinidad and Tobago 932.094 84=2.053 97=2.095 842.056 972.070 892.065 90=2.074 942.082 792.051 942.107
 Mozambique 942.099 862.056 782.013 681.963 801.976 822.004 611.910 481.796 481.809 471.779
 Kyrgyz Republic 952.105 1082.181 1112.216 1242.297 1212.249 1252.382 1312.391 1312.359 1142.296 —
 Gabon 962.112 952.099 872.052 792.033 661.904 681.945 761.995 751.972 812.059 741.981
 Belarus 972.115 1012.112 1032.141 106=2.202 1102.173 922.078 962.117 1092.208 1122.283 1052.204
 Papua New Guinea 982.118 1002.109 97=2.095 99=2.143 962.064 902.066 99=2.126 932.076 942.139 95=2.113
 Georgia 992.122 1022.130 942.084 85=2.057 791.973 111=2.225 1392.511 1412.541 1342.558 1422.970
 Guinea 1002.125 96=2.101 962.089 101=2.148 1172.214 1182.296 1162.272 922.073 922.126 —
 Bangladesh 1012.128 932.084 84=2.035 832.045 84=1.997 982.106 1052.159 912.071 832.070 872.058
 Uzbekistan 1022.166 104=2.144 1012.132 1092.216 1132.187 1042.179 1242.333 1102.219 109=2.260 1102.242
 Lesotho 1032.167 104=2.144 902.066 631.941 631.891 501.839 49=[lower-alpha 7]1.840 531.864 — —
 Burkina Faso 1042.176 802.029 912.070 882.063 831.994 781.998 872.064 56=1.881 511.832 571.852
 Tajikistan 105=2.196 1142.266 1182.263 1222.293 1082.152 126=2.395 1182.282 99=2.124 1032.225 —
 Uganda 105=2.196 1072.168 1052.182 101=2.148 111=2.179 1102.221 1062.180 982.121 96=2.159 1002.165
 Cote d'Ivoire 1072.203 1102.207 1212.307 1182.279 1052.133 1402.520 1512.732 1342.419 1282.417 1182.297
 Togo 1082.205 98=2.104 631.939 661.954 71=1.944 80=2.003 671.954 — — —
 Djibouti 1092.207 1152.269 1072.196 1212.292 1022.113 741.979 631.917 56=1.881 — —
 China 1102.217 1122.243 1162.242 1202.288 1242.267 1082.207 1012.142 892.061 802.054 802.034
 Algeria 1112.219 1092.182 1092.201 1082.213 1042.131 1142.239 1192.284 1212.255 1292.423 1162.277
 Guinea-Bissau 1122.237 116=2.275 1222.309 1162.264 1202.235 1452.591 1322.431 95=2.105 — —
 El Salvador 1132.262 116=2.275 1152.239 111=2.237 1232.263 1162.280 1122.240 111=2.220 1022.215 1032.195
 Guatemala 1142.264 1112.214 1172.245 1172.270 1182.215 1152.248 1092.221 1242.287 1252.405 1122.258
 Turkmenistan 1152.265 1192.283 1192.270 106=2.202 1062.138 95=2.093 1032.154 1172.242 1082.248 1172.295
 Brazil 1162.271 1062.160 1082.199 1052.176 1032.122 912.073 812.051 832.017 742.040 83=2.048
 Thailand 1172.278 1132.259 1202.286 1252.312 1262.303 126=2.395 1302.378 1262.303 1072.247 1242.393
 Armenia 1182.294 1202.287 1122.220 1102.218 912.028 972.097 982.123 1152.238 109=2.260 1132.266
 Kenya 1192.300 1232.315[lower-alpha 8] 1252.336 1312.379 1332.342 1322.452 1362.466 1202.252 1112.276 1202.369
 Nicaragua 1202.312 681.960 742.002 691.975 74=1.947 581.882 661.931 81=2.006 722.021 641.924
 Republic of the Congo 1212.323 1262.343 1242.334 1142.249 1152.196 1092.211 1072.183 1042.148 982.165 1022.192
 Mauritania 1222.333 1272.355 1282.355 1232.295 1222.262 1202.350 1222.326 1252.301 1302.425 1232.389
 Honduras 1232.341 1182.282 1062.185 111=2.237 1162.210 1172.281 1232.332 1292.339 1172.327 1252.395
 Bahrain 1242.357 1302.437 1312.404 1322.398 1072.142 111=2.225 952.109 1182.247 1232.398 701.956
 Myanmar 1252.393 1222.302 1042.179 1152.256 130=2.323 1362.473 1402.528 1392.525 1332.538 1322.580
 Niger 1262.394 1282.359 1262.343 1132.239 1292.320 1212.351 1272.362 1162.241 119=2.356 —
 South Africa 1272.399 1252.328 1232.324 1262.316 1362.376 1222.364 1212.292 1272.321 118[lower-alpha 9]2.35[lower-alpha 9] 1212.380
 United States 1282.401 1212.300 1142.232 1032.154 942.038 1012.137 99=2.126 882.058 822.063 852.056
 Saudi Arabia 1292.409 1292.417 1332.474 1292.338 952.042 80=2.003 972.119 1062.178 1012.192 107=2.216
 Azerbaijan 1302.425 1322.454 1322.426 1342.450 1322.325 1232.365 1262.350 1322.360 1222.379 1192.367
 Ethiopia 1312.434 1392.524 1342.477 1192.284 1192.234 1392.502 1462.630 1372.504 1312.468 1272.444
 Zimbabwe 1322.463 1242.326 1272.352 1272.322 1252.294 1482.662 1492.696 1402.538 1402.722 1352.678
 Eritrea 1332.504 1382.522 1362.505 1352.460 1272.309 1242.377 1202.288 1222.264 1042.227 —
 Philippines 1342.516 1372.512 1382.555 1392.511 1412.462 1342.456 1292.374 1332.415 1362.574 1302.574
 Burundi 1352.520 1342.488 1412.641 1382.500 130=2.323 1302.418 1442.593 1382.524 1322.532 1312.577
 Egypt 1362.521 1422.632 1392.583 1422.574 1372.382 143=2.571 113=2.258 111=2.220 732.023 491.784
 Chad 1372.522 1352.498 1352.495 1362.464 1402.429 1422.558 1382.493 1452.671 1412.740 1412.964
 Cameroon 1382.538 1332.484 1302.390 1302.356 1342.349 1132.235 1082.191 972.113 862.104 1062.210
 Iran 1392.542 1312.439 1292.364 1332.411 1382.409 1312.437 1372.473 1282.324 119=2.356 1042.202
 Mexico 1402.600 1402.583 1422.646 1402.557 1442.530 1382.500 1332.434 1352.445 1212.362 107=2.216
 India 1412.605 1362.504 1372.541 1412.566 1432.504 143=2.571 1412.570 1422.549 1352.570 1282.516
 Palestine 1422.608 1412.621 1452.774 1482.832 — — — — — —
 Colombia 1432.661 1452.729 146=2.777 1472.764 1462.720 1502.701 1472.634 1442.625 1392.700 1382.787
 Venezuela 1442.671 1432.642 1432.652 1432.651 1422.493 1292.410 1282.370 1232.278 1242.403 1222.387
 Mali 1452.710 1442.686 1402.596 1372.489 1282.310 1352.465 1252.346 1022.132 1002.188 1092.240
 Israel 1462.735 1462.764 1442.707 1442.656 1482.781 1492.689 1502.730 1502.842 1452.901 1443.019
 Lebanon 1472.800 1472.778 1482.782 1462.752 1452.623 1462.620 1422.575 1362.459 1372.597 1342.639
 Nigeria 1482.898 1482.873 1492.849 1492.877 1512.910 1512.710 1482.693 1462.801 1422.743 1372.756
 North Korea 1492.921 1502.950 1502.967 1502.944 1532.977 1533.071 1543.044 1522.932 1493.092 1393.855
 Ukraine 1502.950 1523.113 1543.184 1563.287 1502.845 1412.546 1112.238 711.953 69=1.995 972.115
 Sudan 1512.995 1533.155 155=3.213 1553.269 1563.295 1573.362 1583.242 1563.193 1513.223 1463.125
 Turkey 1523.015 1492.898 146=2.777 1452.710 1352.363 1282.402 1342.437 1302.344 1272.411 1262.420
 Pakistan 1533.072 1513.079 1523.058 1533.145 1543.049 1543.107 1573.106 1492.833 1462.905 1453.050
 Russia 1543.093 1543.160 1513.047 1513.079 1522.954 1523.039 1553.060 1532.938 1472.966 1433.013
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1553.218 1563.251 1533.061 1523.112 1553.085 1553.213 1563.085 1543.073 1483.016 1402.925
 Libya 1563.285 1573.262 1573.328 1543.200 1492.819 1332.453 1452.604 147=2.830 1432.816 561.839
 Central African Republic 1573.296 1553.236 155=3.213 1573.354 1583.332 1563.331 1533.031 1512.872 1442.869 1362.753
 Somalia 1583.300 1593.367 1583.387 1593.414 1573.307 1583.368 1613.394 1583.392 1533.379 1483.390
 Iraq 1593.369 1603.425 1613.556 1613.570 1613.444 1593.377 1593.245 1553.192 1523.296 1493.406
 Yemen 1603.412 1583.305 1593.412 1583.399 1472.751 1472.629 1522.747 1432.601 1382.670 1292.573
 South Sudan 1613.526 1613.508 1603.524 1623.593 1593.383 1603.397 1432.576 — — —
 Syria 1623.566 1633.600 1633.814 1633.806 1623.645 1623.650 1603.393 147=2.830 1162.322 1152.274
 Afghanistan 1633.574 1623.585 1623.567 1603.538 1603.427 1613.416 1623.440 1573.252 1503.212 1473.252

2007–2009
Country 2009[20] 2008[21] 2007[22][23]
RankScore RankScore RankScore
 Hong Kong — 231.608 231.657
 New Zealand 11.202 41.350 21.363
 Denmark 2=1.217 21.333 31.377
 Norway 2=1.217 31.343 11.357
 Iceland 41.225 11.176 —
 Austria 51.252 101.449 101.483
 Sweden 61.269 131.468 71.478
 Japan 71.272 51.358 51.413
 Canada 81.311 111.451 8=1.481
 Finland 9=1.322 81.432 61.447
 Slovenia 9=1.322 161.491 151.539
 Czech Republic 111.328 171.501 131.524
 Ireland 121.333 61.410 41.396
 Luxembourg 131.341 91.446 —
 Portugal 141.348 71.412 8=1.481
 Belgium 151.359 151.485 111.498
 Germany 16=1.392 141.475 121.523
 Qatar 16=1.392 331.694 30=1.702
  Switzerland 181.393 121.465 141.526
 Australia 191.476 271.652 251.664
 Chile 201.481 18=1.576 161.568
 Oman 211.520 251.612 221.641
 Netherlands 221.531 221.607 201.620
 Singapore 231.533 291.673 291.692
 Slovakia 241.539 18=1.576 171.571
 Uruguay 251.557 211.606 241.661
 Malaysia 261.561 381.721 371.744
 Hungary 271.575 18=1.576 181.575
 Spain 281.577 301.683 211.633
 Costa Rica 291.578 341.701 30=1.702
 France 301.579 361.707 34=1.729
 Romania 311.591 241.611 261.682
 Poland 321.599 311.687 271.683
 South Korea 331.627 321.691 321.719
 Botswana 341.643 461.792 421.786
 United Kingdom 351.647 491.801 491.898
 Italy 361.648 281.653 331.724
 Taiwan 371.652 441.779 361.731
 Estonia 381.661 351.702 281.684
 Vietnam 391.664 371.720 34=1.729
 Bhutan 40=1.667 261.616 191.611
 United Arab Emirates 40=1.667 421.745 381.747
 Kuwait 421.680 451.786 461.818
 Lithuania 431.687 39=1.723 431.788
 Tunisia 441.698 47=1.797 391.762
 Laos 451.701 511.810 —
 Libya 461.710 611.927 581.967
 Malawi 471.711 732.024 682.038
 Cyprus 481.737 521.847 511.915
 Croatia 491.741 601.926 672.030
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 501.755 661.974 752.089
 Gabon 511.758 551.878 561.952
 Ghana 521.761 39=1.723 401.765
 Mozambique 531.765 501.803 501.909
 Egypt 54=1.773 691.987 732.068
 Latvia 54=1.773 39=1.723 471.848
 Bulgaria 561.775 571.903 541.936
 Greece 571.778 541.867 441.791
 Zambia 581.779 531.856 531.930
 Panama 59=1.798 47=1.797 451.798
 Tanzania 59=1.798 58=1.919 571.966
 Equatorial Guinea 61=1.801 641.964 71=2.059
 Nicaragua 61=1.801 58=1.919 662.020
 Morocco 631.811 62=1.954 481.893
 Jordan 641.832 651.969 631.997
 Namibia 651.841 772.042 642.003
 Argentina 661.851 561.895 521.923
 Indonesia 671.853 681.983 782.111
 Cuba 681.856 62=1.954 591.968
 Bahrain 691.881 742.025 61=1.995
 Dominican Republic 701.890 822.069 742.071
 Burkina Faso 711.905 812.062 —
 Madagascar 721.912 431.770 411.766
 Paraguay 731.916 701.997 551.946
 China 741.921 671.981 601.980
 Moldova 75=1.925 832.091 71=2.059
 Albania 75=1.925 792.044 —
   Nepal 771.939 — —
 Serbia 781.951 852.110 842.181
 Peru 791.972 802.046 702.056
 Senegal 801.984 712.011 652.017
 Bolivia 811.990 782.043 692.052
 Ukraine 822.010 842.096 802.150
 United States 832.015 972.227 962.317
 Kazakhstan 842.018 722.018 61=1.995
 Brazil 852.022 902.168 832.173
 Rwanda 862.027 762.030 —
 Trinidad and Tobago 872.035 982.230 942.286
 North Macedonia 882.039 872.119 822.170
 Mongolia 892.040 882.155 —
 Bangladesh 902.045 862.118 86=2.219
 Montenegro 912.046 — —
 Syria 922.049 752.027 772.106
 Papua New Guinea 932.059 952.224 882.223
 El Salvador 942.068 892.163 892.244
 Cameroon 952.073 922.182 762.093
 Mali 962.086 992.238 —
 Guyana 972.098 — —
 Belarus 982.103 942.194 —
 Iran 992.104 1052.341 972.320
 Angola 1002.105 1102.364 1122.587
 Turkmenistan 1012.110 1022.302 —
 Jamaica 1022.111 962.226 812.164
 Uganda 1032.140 1142.391 1042.489
 Saudi Arabia 1042.167 1082.357 902.246
 Cambodia 1052.179 912.179 852.197
 Republic of the Congo 106=2.202 1172.417 —
 Uzbekistan 106=2.202 1112.377 1102.542
 Mexico 1082.209 932.191 792.125
 Ecuador 1092.211 1002.274 86=2.219
 Algeria 1102.212 1122.378 1072.503
 Guatemala 1112.218 1032.328 932.285
 Honduras 1122.265 1042.335 982.390
 Kenya 1132.266 1192.429 912.258
 Azerbaijan 114=2.327 1012.287 1012.448
 Philippines 114=2.327 1132.385 1002.428
 Haiti 1162.330 1092.362 —
 Cote d'Ivoire 1172.342 1222.451 1132.638
 Thailand 1182.353 1182.424 1052.491
 Yemen 1192.363 1062.352 952.309
 Venezuela 1202.381 1232.505 1022.453
 Turkey 1212.389 1152.403 922.272
 India 1222.422 1072.355 1092.530
 South Africa 1232.437 1162.412 992.399
 Mauritania 1242.478 1202.435 —
 Sri Lanka 1252.485 1252.584 1112.575
 Myanmar 1262.501 1262.590 1082.524
 Burundi 1272.529 — —
 Ethiopia 1282.551 1212.439 1032.479
 Nigeria 1292.602 1292.724 1172.898
 Colombia 1302.645 1302.757 1162.770
 North Korea 1312.717 1332.850 —
 Lebanon 1322.718 1322.840 1142.662
 Central African Republic 1332.733 1342.857 —
 Georgia 134=2.736 — —
 Zimbabwe 134=2.736 1242.513 1062.495
 Russia 1362.750 1312.777 1182.903
 Pakistan 1372.859 1272.694 1152.697
 Chad 1382.880 1353.007 —
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1392.888 1282.707 —
 Sudan 1402.922 1383.189 1203.182
 Israel 1413.035 1363.052 1193.033
 Somalia 1423.257 1393.293 —
 Afghanistan 1433.285 1373.126 —
 Iraq 1443.341 1403.514 1213.437

Note: The GPI's methodology is updated regularly and is improved to reflect the most up-to-date datasets. Each year's GPI report includes a detailed description of the methodology used. Also, the data is revised periodically and so values from previous years may change accordingly.
These tables contain the scores and ranking published in the official annual reports, for the latest revised data please visit the Interactive world map of the Global Peace Index.

International response

The Index has received endorsements as a political project from a number of major international figures, including the former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan; former President of Finland and 2008 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari; the Dalai Lama; Archbishop Desmond Tutu; Muhammad Yunus; and former United States President Jimmy Carter.[24] Steve Killelea, A.M., the Australian philanthropist who conceived the idea of the Index, argues that the Index is "a wake-up call for leaders around the globe".[25]

The Index has been widely recognized. Professor Jeffrey Sachs, director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, said: "The GPI continues its pioneering work in drawing the world's attention to the massive resources we are squandering in violence and conflict. The lives and money wasted in wars, incarcerations, weapons systems, weapons trade, and more could be directed to ending poverty, promoting education, and protecting the environment. The GPI will not only draw attention to these crucial issues but help us understand them and to invest productively in a more peaceful world."[26]

Following the release of the 2015 GPI, Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman of King's College in London called the Index "an extraordinarily useful body of information", declaring of its analysis: "The best indicator of future conflict is past conflict. The challenge is how we break that cycle."[27]

The Economist, in publishing the first edition of the index in 2007, admitted: "The index will run into some flak." Specifically, according to The Economist, the weighting of military expenditure "may seem to give heart to freeloaders: countries that enjoy peace precisely because others (often the USA) care for their defence," and said the true utility of the index may lie not in its specific current rankings of countries but in how those rankings change over time, thus tracking when and how countries become more or less peaceful.[28] In 2012, The Economist suggested: "Quantifying peace is a bit like trying to describe how happiness smells." The publication admitted that the GPI has produced some "surprising results" and argued that "part of the appeal of the index is that readers can examine each of the variables in turn and think about how much weight to add to each."[29]

The Australian National University says that the GPI report presents "the latest and most comprehensive global data on trends in peace, violence and war" and "provides the world's best analysis of the statistical factors associated with long-term peace, as well as economic analysis on the macroeconomic impacts of everyday violence and war on the global economy."[30]

The GPI has been criticized for not including indicators specifically relating to violence against women and children. In 2007 Riane Eisler, writing in the Christian Science Monitor, argued: "To put it mildly, this blind spot makes the index very inaccurate." She mentions a number of specific cases, including Egypt, where she claims 90% of women are subject to genital mutilation, and China, where, she says, "female infanticide is still a problem", according to a 2000 UNICEF study.[31]

World leaders talking about the GPI

During a Peace Forum in August 2017, Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernandez said that "receiving such high praise from an institute that once named this country the most violent in the world is extremely significant... My administration will keep fighting to protect all Honduran citizens." The President has recently launched an initiative to build a series of safe parks across Honduras and hopes to see further improvement reflected in future GPI rankings.[32]

Malaysia ranked 29th in the 2017 GPI. The country's Communications and Multimedia Minister, Datuk Seri Salleh Said Keruak said that this ranking along with Malaysia's high place in the 2017 World Happiness Report was proof that the "government's efforts have made Malaysia a safe and prosperous country." He also admitted, "there's still much room for improvement to make Malaysia the best among the better countries and that's what we're doing now."[33]

After the release of the 2016 GPI, the Botswanan Office of the President released a proud statement, "in this year's Index, Botswana was ranked as 28 out of 163 countries, up 3 places from last year. This continues to place Botswana above over half of the European region countries surveyed as well as all five of the Permanent Members of the United Nations Security Council... in addition Botswana was one of only five countries, to achieve a perfect score in the domestic and international conflict domain."[34]

Navid Hanif, director of the United Nations Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination said, "it's intuitive that peace is useful and peacefulness is a reward in itself, but the IEP is trying to make the conclusion more evidence-based. Now that the index covers 99% of the population, it has come a long way. The report systemically measures peacefulness and identifies the determinants of peace."[35]

Reacting to the 2017 results of the GPI, which ranked the Philippines 138 out of 163 countries, mainly because of poor scores in societal safety and security due to President Duterte's war on drugs, Philippine Presidential spokesman Ernesto Abella countered, "We're not entirely sure where the GPI, Global Peace Index analyst... who apparently is supposed to be a local, is really coming from. Maybe there's a political slant somewhere... based on survey results, the net satisfaction of Filipino people is quite high."[36]

Sierra Leone ranked 39th in the 2017 Global Peace Index. Former Chief of Staff and Office of National Security (ONS) adviser, Dr. Jonathan PJ Sandy, "welcomed the 2017 Global Peace Index report released recently which ranked Sierra Leone in first position, as the most peaceful country in West Africa and third in the African continent... He observed that going by the report itself, [future] elections might be successfully held." Presidential Spokesman, Abdulai Bayraytay "said the favourable Global Peace rating of Sierra Leone would serve as an impetus for the country to do more."[37]

Media coverage

The Independent: Global Peace Index: US Facing New Era of Instability as Middle East Sinks Further into Turmoil: "An annual global peace index has concluded that US political turmoil had pushed North America into deep instability in 2016 while the Middle East sank deeper into turmoil. Despite depicting tumult across continents, the 2017 Global Peace Index said the world had overall become more peaceful in the past year when measured against a range of indicators."[38]

BBC: Global Peace Index 2017: World 0.28% more peaceful than last year: "Levels of peace around the world have improved slightly for the first time since the Syrian war began, but harmony has decreased in the US and terrorism records have increased, a Sydney-based think-tank has found."[39]

Forbes: "The Global Peace Index, which the Institute compiles annually, paints a sombre picture: The world has become even less peaceful in 2016, continuing a decade-long trend of increased violence and strife. Published every year since 2008, the Index ranks 163 independent states and territories by their level of peacefulness."[3]

Forbes: The World's Most and Least Peaceful Countries [Infographic]: "The 2017 Global Peace Index has found that the world has become a slightly safer place over the past year. However, the political fallout and deep rooted division brought on by the US presidential election campaign has led to a deterioration of peace levels in North America."[40]

The Guardian: Fraught White House Campaign Blamed as US Bucks Global Trend Towards Peace: "The divisive nature of Donald Trump's rise to the White House has increased mistrust of the US government and means social problems are likely to become more entrenched, said the authors of the annual Global Peace Index, in which 163 countries and territories are analysed."[41]

HuffingtonPost: Global Peace Index 2017: Donald Trump Fallout Causes North America To Plummet Down Ranking: "While the world became a safer place to live overall, the 2017 Global Peace Index found disruption caused by the perception of corruption and attacks on media in the US led to its deterioration."[42]

The Washington Times: U.S. Ranked the 114th Most Peaceful Nation on Earth says Annual Global Ranking: "The index is produced by the Australia-based Institute for Economics and Peace, which figures that the impact of strife worldwide is $14.3 trillion. News is not all bad, though. In a nutshell, the index found that 93 nations became 'more peaceful' in the last year, 68 were 'less peaceful.'"[43]

Business Insider: The 12 Safest Countries in the World: "The think tank Institute for Economics and Peace recently published the Global Peace Index 2017, which reveals the safest — as well as the most dangerous — countries in the world. The report ranked 163 countries based on how peaceful they are. The rankings were determined by 23 factors, which included homicide rate, political terror, and deaths from internal conflict."[44]

Indian news websites, ZeeNews, HindustanTimes, and Jagran Josh: The three Indian news agencies described the GPI's ranking system, global peace trends, highlights from that year's GPI and India's own placement in the GPI. The Hindustan Times quoted the GPI and emphasized that "violence impacted India's economy by USD 679.80 billion in 2016, 9 % of India's GDP, or USD 525 per person"[45][46][47]

Philstar, Filipino newspaper: "Among all the 163 countries, the Philippines is ranked 138. For perspective, India is ranked just one notch above, at 137. Despite this low ranking, however, it has remained relatively stable in this low rank over time a long time. Though the raw score has worsened over the previous year, the country's rank has not been far off from this rank in previous years...Though the point of view of the report deserves respect concerning societal safety, another side of the story needs more hearing internationally."[48]

World Economic Forum: These are the Most Peaceful Countries in the World: "The Global Peace Index ranks 163 countries according to their domestic and international conflicts, safety and security and degree of militarization. It found 93 had improved, while 68 had deteriorated, and overall peace levels had inched up 0.28%."[49]

Academic references

The International Journal of Press/Politics: "Social Media and the Arab Spring: Politics comes first": This article utilized the findings of the 2010 GPI to construct a human rights index, which was used in their overall study on the use of social media in political uprisings, and in the Arab Spring context in particular.[50]

Contemporary Security Policy: "Failed states and international order: constructing a post-Westphalian world": The Global Peace Index, along with four other global indices, is used in this study's ranking of 'state failure'. "Although this index focuses primarily on trends of armed conflict and violence it is relevant to state weakness and failure as the indicators measured for the assessment of 'peace' in this context are also indicative of state capacity."[51]

Biological Reviews: "Does Infectious Disease cause Global Variation in the Frequency of Intrastate Armed Conflict and Civil War?": This study used the 2008 Global Peace Index to build what they call a 'path analysis,' in which they sought to uncover "whether infectious disease causes the emergence of a collectivist culture."[52]

Political Research Quarterly: "Measuring the Rule of Law": This article attempts to measure the rule of law, and in doing so "correlated the rule of law indices with a measure of violent crime (for 2007) included in the Global Peace Index."[53]

Applied Energy: "The Analysis of Security Cost for Different Energy Sources": This study utilized the Global Peace Index in calculating a disruption probability from geopolitical instability, with the overall aim of analysing security costs for different sources of energy.[54]

International Political Science Review: "Measuring Effective Democracy: A Defence": In the construction of an effective democracy index (EDI), the authors built a table that includes 2008 GPI scores as a dependent variable in a regression analysis of economic development and various indices of democracy.[55]

Institute for Security Studies: "African Futures 2050- The Next Forty Years": The African human security research institution utilized the findings of the Global Peace Index of 2010 to emphasize trends in drug crime and violence on the African continent.[56][57]

Nature Communications: "Global Priorities for an Effective Information Basis of Biodiversity Distributions": In their article about insufficient digital accessible information about ecosystems and biodiversity, the authors utilized the GPI to model the "effects of secure conditions" based on the index as a measure of political stability, armed conflict, and public safety levels.[58]

Nordic Journal of Religion and Society: "Why are Danes and Swedes so Irreligious": This article uses the Global Peace Index, and its very high rankings of Denmark (3rd in 2008) and Sweden (13th in 2008) to support claims that the countries' lack of religiosity can be linked to prosperous societal structures.[59]

Food Security: "Tracking phosphorus security: indicators of phosphorus vulnerability in the global food system": Along with eleven other indicators, the GPI was used as a measure of political instability for the development of a utilized in the development of a phosphorus vulnerability analysis, aimed at formulating food production methods and government policy.[60]

World Politics: "The System Worked: Global Economic Governance During the Great Recession": Drezner uses GPI measurements, particularly the fact that interstate violence and military expenditures have decreased in the years studied, to bolster an argument suggesting that the Great Recession has not led to an increase in global violence and conflict.[61]

Journal of Sustainable Development Studies: "Insecurity and Socio-economic Development in Nigeria": This sustainable development study utilized the GPI, in conjunction with the Human Development Index and the Corruption Perception Index to track fluctuations in Nigeria's socio-economic climate and insecurity issues over the past decade.[62]

Harvard Educational Review: "Peace Education in a Violent Culture": In criticizing the United States' culture of violence, the author refers to the developed country's remarkably low ranking on the Global Peace Index as evidence of violence's effect on societal peacefulness.[63]

International Security: "The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States": In this piece, the authors use the Global Peace Index as one of three measures of state security; the GPI is specifically used as a "general measure of state peacefulness". The report concludes that higher levels of women's physical security correlates positively with the GPI.[64]

The Equal Rights Review: "The Mental Health Gap in South Africa: A Human Rights Issue": South Africa's poor GPI ranking, among other measures is cited by the authors as part of their overall argument that the national government is not implementing promises made towards the achievement of equality, as signatories of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).[65]

Environment, Development and Sustainability: "Creating a 'Values' Chain for Sustainable Development in Developing Nations: Where Maslow meets Porter": This study uses the 'safety and security' measures of the GPI, including political instability, level of violent crime, and likelihood of violent demonstrations, for supporting an argument that renders societal safety and security necessary for sustainable development.[66]

See also

Notes
  1. In this case, a conflict is defined as, "a contested incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in a year."
  2. Excludes militia and national guard forces.
  3. This includes, "cash outlays of central or federal government to meet the costs of national armed forces—including strategic, land, naval, air, command, administration and support forces as well as paramilitary forces, customs forces and border guards if these are trained and equipped as a military force."
  4. This includes transfers, purchases, or gifts of aircraft, armoured vehicles, artillery, radar systems, missiles, ships, engines
  5. Rates the destructive capability of a country's stock of heavy weapons via a categorized system. As of 2013, countries with nuclear capabilities receive a score of five, the highest possible score.
  6. Ranking error in the report's main table, please refer to pg. 7.
  7. Ranking error in the report's main table, please refer to pg. 12.
  8. Wrong value in the report's main table, please refer to pg. 18.
  9. Omitted in the report's main table, please refer to pg. 14.

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