Cayambe (volcano)

Cayambe or Volcán Cayambe is a volcano in Ecuador, in the Cordillera Central, a range of the Ecuadorian Andes. It is located in Pichincha Province, some 70 km (43 mi) northeast of Quito. It is the third-highest mountain in Ecuador, at an elevation of 5,790 m (18,996 ft) above sea level.[2]

For other uses of Cayambe, see Cayambe.
Cayambe
North face of the Cayambe volcano
Highest point
Elevation5,790 m (18,996 ft)[1]
Prominence2,075 m (6,808 ft)
ListingUltra
Coordinates0°1′30″N 77°59′20″W
Geography
LocationPichincha, Ecuador
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Mountain typeComplex volcano[1]
Volcanic arc/beltNorth Volcanic Zone
Last eruption1785 to 1786[1]
Climbing
First ascent1880 by Edward Whymper
Easiest routerock/snow climb

Cayambe, which has a permanent snow cap, is a Holocene compound volcano which last erupted in March 1786.[1] At 4,690 metres (15,387 ft), its south slope is the highest point in the world crossed by the Equator, and the only point on the Equator with snow cover. The ice cap covers an area of about 22 km2 (8 sq mi) and there are glaciers on the eastern flank descending to about 4,400 m (14,400 ft), whereas those on the drier western flank reach about 4,700 m (15,400 ft).[2] The volcano and most of its slopes are within the Cayambe Coca Ecological Reserve.[3]

Cayambe was first climbed by British adventurer Edward Whymper and his two Italian guides and companions Jean-Antoine Carrel and Louis Carrel in 1880.[4] They made first ascents of most of the volcanoes in Ecuador. Cayambe remains a favorite of mountaineers today. The main route runs through a much-fissured terrain of moderate inclination, and only in its final part does the slope increase to 45°. There is a formidable bergschrund to cross at about 5,500 m (18,000 ft). On the final stages, there are many cracks and seracs to be overcome, and there are extensive views from the summit.[5]

Cayambe was considered especially beautiful by Alexander von Humboldt, whose writings in turn inspired Frederic Edwin Church to paint the peak, setting the stage for his painting The Heart of the Andes.[6]

While Everest is Earth's highest elevation (green) and Mauna Kea is tallest from its base (orange), Cayambe is farthest from Earth's axis (pink) and Chimborazo is farthest from Earth's centre (blue). Not to scale

Cayambe's peak is the point of Earth's surface farthest from its axis; thus, it rotates the fastest as Earth spins.[7]

Major volcanoes in Ecuador
Cayambe Volcano in 2017
Climbers on Cayambe

See also

References
  1. "Cayambe". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  2. "Cayambe volcano". VolcanoDiscovery. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  3. "General Information on Cayambe Coca" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  4. "Cayambe". Volcano World. Oregon State University. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  5. Lyle, Andrew (3 September 2018). "Climbing Cayambe: Facts & Information. Routes, Climate, Difficulty, Equipment, Cost". Explore-Share. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  6. Kelly, Franklin (1989). Frederic Edwin Church (PDF). Washington: National Gallery of Art. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-89468-136-2.
  7. Klenke, Paul. "Distance to the Center of the Earth". Summit Post. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  • Cayambe, Instituto Geofísico de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional
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