Volvarina

The difference between the genera Volvarina and Prunum is not clearly delineated and is based on morphological differences in the shells. Larger species with a strong callus are classified under Prunum, while the slender species with a thin callus are classified under Volvarina. Many species with characteristics that fall between the two extremes are ambiguous. Until at least 2010 there was no phylogenetic analysis to substantiate this classification.[1] Volvarina is paraphyletic in relation to Prunum and Hyalina. Their status remains uncertain.

The smooth or glossy shells are very small. They have a conical or cylindrical shape. The spire is usually low or sometimes slightly elevated. The anal sinus is absent. The outer lip is smooth or slightly incrassate. The inner lip shows three of four plaits; some species show a weaker fifth or sixth fold. They occupy about half the length of the aperture.

The genus is cosmopolitan with most species in warm and temperate seas.

Species within the genus Volvarina include:[1]

• Volvarina abbotti De Jong & Coomans, 1988: synonym of Plesiocystiscus abbotti (De Jong & Coomans, 1988)
• Volvarina ambigua (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1912): synonym of Volvarina ampelusica Monterosato, 1906
• Volvarina amphorale (de Souza, 1992): synonym of Prunum amphorale de Souza, 1992
• Volvarina amydrozona (Melvill, 1906): synonym of Balanetta amydrozona (Melvill, 1906)
• Volvarina avenacea auct.: synonym of Prunum bellulum (Dall, 1890)
• Volvarina bahiensis (Tomlin, 1917): synonym of Prunum bahiense (Tomlin, 1917)
• Volvarina biannulata auct.: synonym of Volvarina bilineata (Krauss, 1848)
• Volvarina bibalteata Reeve, 1865: synonym of Volvarina gracilis (C. B. Adams, 1851)
• Volvarina bilineata (Krauss, 1848): synonym of Volvarina zonata f. bilineata (F. Krauss, 1848)
• Volvarina blezai Ortea, 2019: sybinym of Mirpurina blezai (Ortea, 2019) (original combination)
• Volvarina bouvieri Jousseaume, 1877: synonym of Volvarina mediocincta (E. A. Smith, 1875)
• Volvarina californica Tomlin, 1916: synonym of Volvarina taeniolata Mörch, 1860
• Volvarina canilla (Dall, 1927): synonym of Prunum canilla (Dall, 1927)
• Volvarina capensis (Krauss, 1848): synonym of Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848)
• Volvarina cessaci Jousseaume, 1881: synonym of Volvarina taeniata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1846)
• Volvarina cleo (Bartsch, 1915): synonym of Volvarina bilineata (Krauss, 1848)
• Volvarina columnaria (Hedley & May, 1908): synonym of Hydroginella columnaria (Hedley & May, 1908)
• Volvarina curta Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Volvarina mitrella (Risso, 1826)
• Volvarina cylindrica (G. B. Sowerby II, 1846): synonym of Hyalina cylindrica (Sowerby II, 1846)
• Volvarina deformis G., H & Nevill, 1874: synonym of Demissa deformis (G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1874) (superseded combination)
• Volvarina discors B. Roth, 1975: synonym of Hyalina discors (B. Roth, 1975) (superseded combination)
• Volvarina elongata Pease, 1868: synonym of Volvarina elliptica (Redfield, 1870)
• Volvarina emiliosoleri Ortea & Moro, 2019: synonym of Mirpurina emiliosoleri (Ortea & Moro, 2019) (original combination)
• Volvarina fulva Bavay, 1913: synonym of Volvarina serrei (Bavay, 1913)
• Volvarina fusca (Sowerby II, 1846): synonym of Volvarina exilis (Gmelin, 1791)
• Volvarina fusiformis Reeve, 1865: synonym of Volvarina unilineata (Jousseaume, 1875)
• Volvarina guttula Reeve, 1865: synonym of Volvarina southwicki (Davis, 1904)
• Volvarina hahni Mabille, 1884: synonym of Volvarina warrenii (Marrat, 1876)
• Volvarina illaqueo Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, 2019: synonym of Mirpurina illaqueo (Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, 2019) (original combination)
• Volvarina inconspicua G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1874: synonym of Volvarina nevilli (Jousseaume, 1875)
• Volvarina inepta (Dall, 1927): synonym of Hyalina discors (Roth, 1974)
• Volvarina infans Reeve, 1865: synonym of Volvarina corusca (Reeve, 1865)
• Volvarina julia Thiele, 1925: synonym of Alaginella atracta (Tomlin, 1918)
• Volvarina kribiensis T. Cossignani & Prelle, 2010: synonym of Prunum mariateresae T. Cossignani, 2009
• Volvarina lactea (Kiener, 1841): synonym of Volvarina abbreviata (C. B. Adams, 1850)
• Volvarina livida Reeve, 1865: synonym of Volvarina avena (Kiener, 1834)
• Volvarina lucida (Marrat, 1877): synonym of Hyalina lucida (Marrat, 1877)
• † Volvarina malakosi Muñiz Solís, 2002: synonym of † Dentimargo malakosi (Muñiz Solís, 2002)
• Volvarina maoriana (Powell, 1932): synonym of Serrata maoriana (Powell, 1932)
• Volvarina mediocincta (E. A. Smith, 1875): synonym of Mirpurina mediocinta (E. A. Smith, 1875)
• Volvarina meta Thiele, 1925: synonym of Alaginella atracta (Tomlin, 1918)
• Volvarina mixta (Petterd, 1884): synonym of Hydroginella mixta (Petterd, 1884)
• Volvarina modulata (Laseron, 1957): synonym of Mesoginella modulata (Laseron, 1957)
• Volvarina morna Ortea, 2019: synonym of Mirpurina morna (Ortea, 2019) (original combination)
• Volvarina mustelina (Angas, 1871): synonym of Serrata mustelina (Angas, 1871)
• Volvarina nevilli (Jousseaume, 1875): synonym of Demissa nevilli (Jousseaume, 1875)
• Volvarina nunoi Moro, Espinosa & Ortea, 2019: synonym of Mirpurina nunoi (Moro, Espinosa & Ortea, 2019) (original combination)
• Volvarina nuriae Moreno & Burnay, 1999: synonym of Mirpurina nuriae (Moreno & Burnay, 1999) (superseded combination)
• Volvarina olivaeformis (Kiener, 1834): synonym of Prunum olivaeforme (Kiener, 1834)
• Volvarina pallida (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Hyalina pallida (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Volvarina parallela Dall, 1918: synonym of Volvarina taeniolata Mörch, 1860
• Volvarina parviginella Espinosa & Ortea, 2006: synonym of Marigordiella parviginella (Espinosa & Ortea, 2006)
• Volvarina parvula (Locard, 1897) : synonym of Volvarina attenuata (Reeve, 1865)
• Volvarina patagonica Martens, 1881: synonym of Volvarina warrenii (Marrat, 1876)
• Volvarina paula Thiele, 1925: synonym of Alaginella atracta (Tomlin, 1918)
• Volvarina paxillus (Reeve, 1865): synonym of Volvarina attenuata (Reeve, 1865)
• Volvarina pellucida Tenison-Woods, 1877: synonym of Serrata mustelina (Angas, 1871)
• Volvarina peregrina Gofas & Fernandes, 1992: synonym of Mirpurina peregrina (Gofas & F. Fernandes, 1992) (original combination)
• Volvarina puella Gould, 1861: synonym of Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848)
• Volvarina quadriplicata Risso, 1826: synonym of Volvarina mitrella (Risso, 1826)
• Volvarina quadripunctata (Locard, 1897): synonym of Volvarina taeniata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1846)
• Volvarina redfieldii (Tryon, 1883): synonym of Prunum redfieldii (Tryon, 1883)
• Volvarina rubrifasciata Jousseaume, 1875: synonym of Serrata fasciata (Sowerby II, 1846)
• Volvarina rufescens Reeve, 1865: synonym of Volvarina exilis (Gmelin, 1791)
• Volvarina serrata (Gaskoin, 1849): synonym of Serrata serrata (Gaskoin, 1849)
• Volvarina simeri Jousseaume, 1875: synonym of Volvarina exilis (Gmelin, 1791)
• Volvarina sordida (Reeve, 1865): synonym of Serrata delessertiana (Récluz, 1841)
• Volvarina stanislas Tenison-Woods, 1877: synonym of Serrata mustelina (Angas, 1871)
• Volvarina superstes (Laseron, 1957): synonym of Hydroginella superstes (Laseron, 1957)
• Volvarina tenuilabra (Tomlin, 1917): synonym of Hyalina pallida (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Volvarina torticulum (Dall, 1881): synonym of Prunum torticulum (Dall, 1881)
• Volvarina trailli (Reeve, 1865): synonym of Cryptospira trailli (Reeve, 1865)
• Volvarina tribalteata Reeve, 1865: synonym of Volvarina exilis (Gmelin, 1791)
• Volvarina tridentata (Tate, 1878): synonym of Hydroginella tridentata (Tate, 1878)
• † Volvarina vaquezi Cossmann, 1906 <ref>: synonym of Volvarina cylindracea (Deshayes, 1865)
• Volvarina veliei (Pilsbry, 1896): synonym of Prunum succineum (Conrad, 1846)
• Volvarina verdensis (E.A.Smith, 1875): synonym of Mirpurina verdensis (E. A. Smith, 1875)
• Volvarina vermiculata Jousseaume, 1875: synonym of Volvarina avena (Kiener, 1834)
• Volvarina vincentiana (Cotton, 1944): synonym of Hydroginella vincentiana (Cotton, 1944)
• Volvarina volunta Laseron, 1957: synonym of Demissa volunta (Laseron, 1957)

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• Jensen, R. H. (1997). A Checklist and Bibliography of the Marine Molluscs of Bermuda. Unp. , 547 pp
• Boyer, Franck
  • 2000. The genus Volvarina (Volutacea : Marginellidae) in Brazil. Part 1 : revision of the species described by A. Bavay, and closely related species. Novapex 1(2):35-55.
  • 2001. Two Volvarina (Marginellidae) from deep waters off Northern Honduras. Novapex 2(1):3-8.
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• Ortea J. (2019). Dos nuevas especies de Sao Vicente, dedicadas a B. Leza y a la morna, refuerzan proponer Mirpurina Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, 2019, como género independiente de Marginellidae. Avicennia. 24: 55-68.
• ORTEA, J., MORO, L. & ESPINOSA, J. 2019. Otra visión de la estructura del género Volvarina Hinds, 1844 (Mollusca: Marginellidae) en las islas de Cabo Verde. I, el caso de Volvarina taeniata (Sowerby, 1846). Avicennia, 24: 9–20.
• Fedosov, Alexander E; Caballer Gutierrez, Manuel; Buge, Barbara; Sorokin, Pavel V; Puillandre, Nicolas; Bouchet, Philippe (2019). "Mapping the missing branch on the neogastropod tree of life: molecular phylogeny of marginelliform gastropods". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 85 (4): 439–451. doi:10.1093/MOLLUS/EYZ028.
• Cossignani T. & Lorenz F. , 2021. - 13 nuove marginelle da Papua Nuova Guinea. Malacologia Mostra Mondiale 110: 10-30

• Coovert, G. A.; Coovert, H. K. (1995). Revision of the supraspecific classification of marginelliform gastropods. The Nautilus. 109(2-3): 43-100
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