Timeline of the Weimar Republic

This Weimar Timeline charts the chronology of the Weimar Republic, dating the pre-history before the adoption of the actual Weimar Constitution. This timeline stops when Hitler establishes the Third Reich.

The timeline is color-coded:

Black: Normal events of the Weimar Republic and its pre-history.
Red: Events pertaining to Adolf Hitler.
Brown: Events regarding the German Workers' Party and the Nazi Party.
All other events pertaining to the rise of Nazism in Germany are emboldened.

For a chronology focusing on the rise of Nazism see Early Nazi Timeline.

End of the German Empire

28 July 1914 World War I breaks out.

14 April 1917 Government announces reduction in bread rations.
15 April 1917 200,000 Socialists and Communists stage major strikes in Germany
13 July 1917 Dr. Georg Michaelis replaces Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg as Chancellor of Germany.
31 October 1917 Michaelis resigns, replaced by Count Georg von Hertling

1918

4 October 1918 Prince Maximilian of Baden replaces Count Georg von Hertling as Chancellor of Germany
7 October – 3 November 1918 Naval mutinies (see German Revolution of 1918–19)
4–6 November 1918 Establishments of soviets across Germany.
4 November 1918 Sailors and worker's councils declare general strikes.
5 November 1918 3rd Squadron revolts.
7 November 1918 100,000 workers march on the Royal House of Wittelsbach. The King of Bavaria flees.
8 November 1918 All 22 of Germany's lesser kings, princes, grand dukes, and ruling dukes had been deposed.
9 November 1918 Proclamation of the Republic by Philipp Scheidemann, some hours later: proclamation of the Socialist Republic by Karl Liebknecht; also:
- Matthias Erzberger arrives at Allied HQ at Compiegne.
- Kaiser Wilhelm told to abdicate, before he can decide Prince Max formally announces the abdication of Wilhelm.
- Social Democrats demand government from Prince Max.
- Kaiser abdicates
- Friedrich Ebert assumes the chancellery.
- First German Republic established.
11 November 1918 First World War ended.
Armistice signed with Allies.
Mid December, 1918 First Freikorps unit formed; Maercker Volunteer Rifles.
23 December 1918 Volksmarinedivision detained the government, surrounded the chancellery and occupied the phone exchange.
24 December 1918 Skirmish of the Berlin Schloss
30 December 1918 Spartakusbund splits from the Independent Socialists (later becomes the KPD).

1919

January 1919 Independent Socialists and Spartacusbund stage large protests. Large sections of Berlin seized. Also:
- "Free Workers' Committee for a fair Peace" renamed German Workers Party.
6 January 1919 Spartacists launch an armed revolt against the government (known as January uprising / Spartacist uprising) and were crushed
10 January 1919 Battle of Berlin begins; Counter-revolution
13 January 1919 Battle of Berlin finished.
January 1919 Bremen seized. Also:
- German Gov. moved to the city of Weimar.
15 January 1919 Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht murdered by Freikorps
6 February 1919 Fritz Ebert opens the Reichstag in Weimar, Germany.
11 February 1919 Friedrich Ebert (SPD) leaves office. Also:
- Philipp Scheidemann appointed chancellor.
21 February 1919 Kurt Eisner assassinated. Also:
- Attempted assassination of Erhard Auer.
3 March 1919 2nd Battle for Berlin; Communists seize Berlin; Weimar government appoints Gustav Noske as German defense minister.
7 March 1919 Communist Strike Committee withdraws proclamation and makes peace overtures to government.
10 March 1919 Gustav Noske orders Peoples' Naval Division disbanded. Battle for Berlin over.
March 1919 Adolf Hitler finishes job of guarding Russian prisoners.
6–7 April 1919 Bavaria declared a Soviet Republic.
14 April 1919 Freikorps suppress Communists in Dresden.
18 April 1919 Freikorps suppress Communists in Brunswick. Also:
- Battle of the Bavarian governments at Dachau. Communists defeat republican forces.
27 April 1919 Battle for Munich between Communists and Freikorps units.
29 April 1919 German representatives arrive in Paris.
1 May 1919 Communist defences at Munich breached.
2 May 1919 City of Munich taken; not declared secure until May 6; approximately 1200 Communists killed.
7 May 1919 German Delegation presented with the terms of the Treaty Of Versailles
10 May 1919 Freikorps suppress communists in Leipzig.
18 June 1919 Germany given ultimatum to sign Treaty of Versailles
21 June 1919 Philipp Scheidemann (SPD) leaves office
22 June 1919 German Reichstag ratify the Versailles Treaty.
28 June 1919 Versailles Treaty signed in the Hall of Mirrors.

Weimar Republic

11 August 1919 The Weimar Constitution is announced.
11 September 1919 Adolf Hitler sent as Vertrauensmann to infiltrate the German Workers' Party.

1920

January 1920 The DAP grew to 190 members.
4 February 1920 Allies demand 900 Germans be handed over for war crimes.
20 February 1920 DAP changes name to National Socialist German Workers’ Party.
February 1920 Inter-Allied Control Commission order 2/3 of Freikorps disbanded.
24 February 1920 First public meeting of the NSDAP.
13 March 1920 Kapp Putsch
14 March 1920 Communists seize demilitarized Ruhr; Dortmund, Remscheid, Hagen, Mülheim, Düsseldorf; 300 people killed (mostly policemen).
17 March 1920 Kapp Putsch ends.
27 March 1920 Gustav Bauer (SPD) leaves office
31 March 1920 Adolf Hitler mustered out of the military.
3 April 1920 21 different Freikorps units, under the command of General Baron Oskar von Watter, annihilate the Ruhr Communist uprising in five days; thousands killed.
April 1920 Government stops paying Freikorps units.
10 May 1920 Dr. Joseph Wirth and Walther Rathenau announce their "Policy of Fulfillment"; not received well by nationalist groups.
21 June 1920 Hermann Mueller (SPD) leaves office
11 August 1920 National Disarmament Law takes effect; disbanded civil guards
17 December 1920 NSDAP buys its first paper, the Voelkischer Beobachter.
December 1920 NSDAP total party membership comes to 2,000.

1921

21 March 1921 Plebiscite in Upper Silesia. They vote to remain part of Germany.
March, 1921 Allied Plebiscite Commission draws boundary based on plebiscite results, giving about 30% (1255/4265 square miles) of Upper Silesia to Poland. Large minority populations exist on both side of the boundary.
27 April 1921 Allied Reparations Committee levels 33 billion dollars worth of war reparations debt onto Germany; commands the handing over of 26% of all exports for 42 years and puts the Germans immediately into 12 billion in arrears.
3 May 1921 Polish insurgents under Wojciech Korfanty rise up in Upper Silesia.
5 May 1921 London Ultimatum which set the total sum of the war indemnity at 132 billion marks.
10 May 1921 Constantin Fehrenbach (Center) leaves office
23 May 1921 German Freikorps smash Polish forces at St. Annaberg.
24 May 1921 Under Allied pressure, all Freikorps units outlawed.
11 July 1921 Adolf Hitler resigns from the party to force the hand of Anton Drexler not to unite with the DSP.
25 July 1921 Adolf Hitler rejoins the party.
29 July 1921 Adolf Hitler assumes leadership of the NSDAP. He becomes "Der Fuehrer".
26 August 1921 Matthias Erzberger, (finance minister of 1920) gunned down by OC killers
17 September 1921 Hitler and SA disrupt speech by Otto Ballestedt of the Bayernbund; beaten badly; Hitler with others arrested.
26 October 1921 Dr. Joseph Wirth (Center) forms 2nd cabinet

1922

12 January 1922 Adolf Hitler sentenced to eight months.
24 June 1922 Hitler Incarcerated. Also:
- Walther Rathenau assassinated.
- German mark was 272 to 1 American dollar
27 July 1922 Hitler released.
July 1922 670 marks = 1 US dollar
August 1922 2,000 marks = 1 US dollar
27 October 1922 Benito Mussolini establishes his Fascist dictatorship in Italy.
October 1922 45,000 marks = 1 US dollar
22 November 1922 Dr. Wirth leaves office
November 1922 100,000 marks = 1 US dollar
27 December 1922 France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr to ensure payment of war reparations in kind. The Weimar government responds by funding 'passive resistance' of the workers through printing Papiermarks, further fueling hyperinflation.
30 December 1922 500,000 marks = 1 US dollar

1923

February 1923 Reichsbank buys back Papiermark; stabilizes value at 20,000 to 1 US dollar
May 4, 1923 ℳ 40,000 = 1 US dollar
May 27, 1923 Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, was executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr. Hitler declared him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess.
June 1, 1923 ℳ 70,000 =1 US dollar
June 30, 1923 ℳ 150,000 = 1 US dollar
August 1-August 7, 1923 ℳ 3,500,000 = 1 US Dollar
August 13, 1923 Dr. Wilhelm Cuno (No party affiliation) Leaves office
August 15, 1923 ℳ 4,000,000 = 1 US Dollar
September 1, 1923 ℳ 10,000,000 = 1 US Dollar
Around September 10 to September 25, 1923 Prices reportedly rise hourly in several German cities.
September 24, 1923 Chancellor Stresemann ends the passive resistance in the Ruhr; infuriates the nationalists.
September 30, 1923 Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr. Also:
- ℳ 60,000,000 = 1 US Dollar
October 6, 1923 Dr. Gustav Stresemann (People's) forms 2nd cabinet
October 20, 1923 General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover. Also:
- General Otto von Lossow in Bavaria is relieved of command by Berlin; he refuses.
October 23, 1923 Communist takeover of Hamburg
October 25, 1923 Hamburg Uprising suppressed
November 8, 1923 Beer Hall Putsch
November 9, 1923 Beer Hall Putsch quelled.
November 12, 1923 Dr. Hjalmar Schacht was named Reichswaehrungskommissar.
November 15, 1923 Rentenmark issued, with value backed by mortgage payments on state property; Rentenmark 4.2 = 1 US dollar; at this time:
- Papiermark 4,200,000,000 = 1 US dollar
November 30, 1923 Dr. Stresemann leaves office.

1924

February 26, 1924 Hitlerputsch trial begins.
June 3, 1924 Dr. Wilhelm Marx (Center) forms 2nd cabinet
August 29, 1924 Dawes Plan agreed by Reichstag.
December 20, 1924 Hitler released from Landsberg Prison.

1925

January 4. 1925 Hitler begins his political comeback by meeting with new ministers and President of Bavaria.
January 15, 1925 Dr. Marx leaves office.
February 27, 1925 Nazi party refounded; Hitler gives his first speech since release from prison.
February 28, 1925 Reichspresident Friedrich Ebert dies.
March 29, 1925 First round of presidential elections: no candidate receives absolute majority.
April 25, 1925 Second round of presidential elections: Paul von Hindenburg, the candidate of the right wing parties, wins over Wilhelm Marx, candidate of the Centre party
July 1925 French and Belgian troops evacuate the Ruhr completely.
November 22, 1925 Strasser wing of Nazi party goes into rebellion.
October 5–16, 1925 Locarno Treaties negotiated.
December 1, 1925 Locarno Treaties signed.

1926

January 20, 1926 Dr. Hans Luther (No party affiliation) forms 2nd cabinet
February 14, 1926 Bamberg conference begins.
April 24, 1926 Germany and Soviet Union sign Berlin Treaty.
May 12, 1926 Dr. Luther leaves office over flag dispute
May 16, 1926 Marx cabinet of the Center, BVP, DDP, DVP.
June 20, 1926 Referendum on expropriation of princely families.
September 8, 1926 Germany admitted to the League of Nations

1927

January 29, 1927 Marx's 3rd cabinet leaves office
July 16, 1927 Unemployment Insurance Law passed.

1928

May 1928 Adolf Hitler speaking ban lifted in Bavaria.
29 June 1928 Marx's 4th cabinet leaves office
27 August 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact signed
20 October 1928 Alfred Hugenberg becomes head of DNVP
8 December 1928 Prelate Kaas becomes head of Center party.

1929

7 June 1929 Young Plan resets reparations amount, and allows it to be paid in installations over a period of 58.5 years.
3 October 1929 Foreign minister Gustav Stresemann dies.
24 October 1929 Black Tuesday stock market crash, start of world economic collapse.
22 December 1929 Liberty Law referendum to reject Young Plan fails due to extremely low turnout (14.9–50% was required for it to be valid.)

1930

30 March 1930 Hermann Mueller's (SPD) 2nd cabinet leaves office
30 June 1930 French troops leave the Rhineland ahead of schedule.
16 July 1930 Reichstag dissolved; first emergency decree by Reichspresident.
August 1930 SA commander in Berlin Walter Stennes calls for SA general strike against Nazi Party.
14 September 1930 Reichstag elections; gains by NSDAP who become the second-largest party (behind the SPD.)
September 1930 Hitler at trial of 3 SA Lieutenants disavows the SA goals of replacing the army and hence appeases the German army.

1931

11 May 1931 Austrian Kreditanstalt collapses
May 1931 Four million unemployed in Germany.
20 June 1931 Herbert Hoover puts moratorium on reparations.
13 July 1931 German bank crisis.
11 October 1931 Harzburg Front formed of coalition between DNVP, Stahlhelm, and Nazi Party

1932

10 April 1932 Paul von Hindenburg reelected President of Germany.
30 May 1932 Henrich Bruening (Center) leaves office.
1 June 1932 Franz von Papen cabinet
16 June – 9 July 1932 Lausanne conference
20 July 1932 Von Papen dissolves Prussian government.
31 July 1932 Reichstag elections where Nazi party becomes the largest party.
6 November 1932 Reichstag elections; Nazis lose votes.
17 November 1932 Franz von Papen (Center) leaves office
3 December 1932 Kurt von Schleicher cabinet

1933

28 January 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (no party affiliation) leaves office
30 January 1933 Adolf Hitler is sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.
23 March 1933 Adolf Hitler establishes the Third Reich (Enabling Act of 1933).

References

Halperin, S. William. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933 (1946) online.

Why Hitler, The Genesis of the Nazi Reich, Samuel W. Mitcham, Praeger, Westport, CT, 1996. pg 28.
The Logic of Evil, The Social Origins of the Nazi Party, 1925-1933, William Brustein, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. 1996. pp 191–193.

Related media

Audio: Educational rapsong about The Weimar Republic by Johnathan Pagel, OGG format (2,14Mb) MP3 (4.33Mb)

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