Welfare chauvinism
Welfare chauvinism or welfare state nationalism is the political notion that welfare benefits should be restricted to certain groups, particularly to the natives of a country as opposed to immigrants. It is used as an argumentation strategy by right-wing populist parties, which describes a claimed connection between the problems of the welfare state and, in essence, immigration, but also other social groups such as welfare recipients and the unemployed. The focus is placed on categorizing state residents in two extremes: the "nourishing" and "debilitating" and the contradiction between them in the competition for the society's scarce resources.[1][2][3]
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Background
The term welfare chauvinism was first used in social science in the 1990 paper "Structural changes and new cleavages: The progress parties in Denmark and Norway" by Jørgen Goul Andersen and Tor Bjørklund. The authors described it as the notion that "welfare services should be restricted to our own".[4][5]
"Nourishing" and "debilitating"
In the description of society and the problems of the welfare state, populists, especially right-wing populists and welfare chauvinists, use a line of argument based on two extremes in which citizens are divided into 'nourishing' and 'debilitating' groups. The nourishing group consists of those who are a part of society's welfare and the country's prosperity: community builders; "the people"; the ordinary honest working man. The second group as standing outside of "the people" are the debilitating group, believed to be promoting or utilizing welfare without adding any value to society. The debilitating group consists of bureaucrats, academics, immigrants, the unemployed, welfare recipients and others. As such, welfare is seen as a system with embedded exclusion mechanisms.[2][3]
Right-wing populists and welfare chauvinism
According to welfare chauvinists, the safety nets of the welfare state are for those whom they believe belong in the community. By the right-wing populist standard, affiliations with society are based in national, cultural and ethnic or racial aspects. Considered to be included in the category are those that are regarded as nourishing. The debilitating group (primarily immigrants) is considered to be outside of society and to be unjustly utilizing the welfare system.[3][6] In essence, welfare chauvinists consider immigration to be a drain on societal scarce resources. They believe these resources should be used for the ethnically homogeneous native population,[1] preferably children and the elderly.[7]
The same principle of argument is, according to the academics Peer Scheepers, Mérove Gijsberts and Marcel Coenders, transferred to the labor market, where the competition for jobs is made out to be an ethnic conflict between immigrants and the native population. In times of high unemployment this rhetorical coupling amplifies and enhances the legitimacy of the welfare chauvinist and other xenophobic arguments.[8][9]
Political parties and welfare chauvinism
Examples of contemporary political parties and groups that use, or used, a welfare chauvinist argumentation strategy: the Progress Party and Danish People's Party in Denmark, Finns Party in Finland, Freedom Party of Austria in Austria, Alternative for Germany in Germany,[10] National Rally in France, Sweden Democrats and Alternative for Sweden[1] in Sweden, Golden Dawn in Greece, Patrotic Front in Argentina, One Nation in Australia, Lega Nord in Italy, the Coalition Avenir Québec in Canada, the Party for Freedom in The Netherlands, and some branches/factions of the Republican Party in the United States.
See also
References
Footnotes
- Rydgren 2005
- Mény & Surel 2002
- Rydgren & Widfeldt 2004
- Linda Besner (7 February 2013): Why the Dutch Vote for Geert Wilders Randomhouse.ca, retrieved 31 July 2013
- Jørgen Gold Andersen and Tor Bjørklund (1990): Structural changes and new cleavages: The progress parties in Denmark and Norway Acta Sociologica, JStor, retrieved 31 July 2013
- Kitschelt 1997
- Lodenius 2010
- Scheepers, Gijsberts & Coenders 2002
- Oesch 2008
- Jefferson Chase (2017-09-24). "Everything you need to Know about Alternative for Germany". DeutscheWelle.
Literature list
- Kiiskinen, Jenny; Saveljeff, Sigrid (2010), "Att dansa i otakt med väljarna: Socialdemokraternas och Moderaternas strategiska bedömning av Sverigedemokraterna", Malmö Studies in International Migration and Ethnic Relations (in Swedish), Malmö: Malmö högskola, ISSN 1652-3997
- Kitschelt, Herbert (1997), The radical right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08441-8, LIBRIS 8883465
- Lodenius, Anna-Lena (2010), Sverigedemokraterna, så funkar dom (in Swedish), Ordfront magasin, retrieved 2011-08-14
- Mény, Yves; Surel, Yves (2002), Democracies and the Populist Challenge, Basingstoke: Palgrave, ISBN 978-0-333-97004-1, LIBRIS 8284093
- Oesch, Daniel (2008), "Explaining Workers' Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland", International Political Science Review, 29 (3): 349–373, doi:10.1177/0192512107088390
- Rydgren, Jens; Widfeldt, Anders (2004), Från Le Pen till Pim Fortuyn – Populism och Parlamentarisk Högerextremism i dagens Europa (in Swedish), Malmö: Liber, ISBN 978-0-333-97004-1, LIBRIS 8284093
- Rydgren, Jens (2005), Från skattemissnöje till etnisk nationalism: Högerpopulism och parlamentarisk högerextremism i Sverige (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 978-91-44-04307-4, LIBRIS 9840294
- Scheepers, Peer; Gijsberts, Mérove; Coenders, Marcel (2002), "Ethnic Exclusionism in European Countries: Public Opposition to Civil Rights for Legal Migrants as a Response to Perceived Ethnic Threat", European Sociological Review, 18: 17–34, doi:10.1093/esr/18.1.17, hdl:11370/37c6a351-6033-45a1-a8da-8a4e9bfb9243