White Earth Nation

On March 19, 1867, the US Congress established the White Earth Indian Reservation for the Mississippi Chippewa Indians in Minnesota, following the ratification of a treaty between them and the United States. Congress had several session agreements regarding the White Earth Band of Ojibwe. After hearing many complaints about the Pillagers, who were then landless, Congress authorized the relocation of the western Pillagers to the White Earth Indian Reservation. They had not been included in the 1855 Treaty of Washington (10 Stat. 1165), which was made with the eastern Pillagers at the Mississippi River headwaters. Eventually, the Otter Tail Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians and Wild Rice River Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians also came to settle alongside the Mississippi Chippewa at White Earth Reservation and effectively became part of the White Earth Band.

Historically, the tribe was formed from the unification of Ojibwe bands from the northern part of Minnesota who were displaced by European settlement.

These historic bands were:

• Gull Lake Band of Mississippi River Chippewa
• Removable Mille Lacs Indians
• Rabbit Lake Band of Mississippi River Chippewa
• Rice Lake Band of Mississippi River Chippewa.

Up until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the six historical component bands located on the White Earth Indian Reservation acted independently of each other. Following the Reorganization Act, the six wrote a constitution to form the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe. They divided Minnesota into six Band districts, and unified those scattered Ojibwe bands that were not associated with the Red Lake Band of Chippewa, which did not join the tribe.

The component bands located on the White Earth Indian Reservation were unified into the single White Earth Band of Ojibwe of today. The six Minnesota Chippewa Tribe bands continue to enroll members separately, but also combine their numbers for the entire tribe. According to the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, the White Earth Band had 19,291 enrolled members in July 2007. It is the largest of the six bands in the Tribe, and the largest of any band in the state.

The tribe was involved in a case about how much compensation the descendants of the Pembina Chippewa should receive from the taking of land by the U.S. government during the early 1800s. The third and final settlement payment in 2022 of $59 million was split among the tribe, the Little Shell Chippewa, the Chippewa Cree, and the Turtle Mountain Tribe of North Dakota along with the 39,000 individual beneficiaries. Previous settlements in the case were in 1964 and 1980.[2]

• Kathleen Annette, physician, health administrator
• Clyde Bellecourt (White Earth Ojibwe), social activist
• Vernon Bellecourt, activist and early leader of the American Indian Movement, founded in Minneapolis
• Charles Albert Bender - athlete and baseball pitcher, elected in 1953 to Baseball Hall of Fame
• Peggy Flanagan, lieutenant governor and former Minnesota State Representative (D-46A)
• Joe Guyon - Professional Football Hall of Fame, College Football Hall of Fame
• Gordon Henry Jr., poet, writer
• Clara Sue Kidwell, Director of the American Indian Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill[3]
• Winona LaDuke, founder of the White Earth Land Recovery Project in 1989, to purchase land for the tribe within the reservation boundaries, work for reforestation, and market traditional products, including wild rice; also two-time Green Party vice presidential nominee.
• Robert Lilligren, first American Indian tribal member to serve on the Minneapolis City Council
• Anne McKeig, attorney and judge, appointed in June 2016 as the first Native American on the Minnesota State Supreme Court[4][5]
• Jennifer Niemi, trustee of the Wolf Ridge Environmental Learning Center
• Jean O'Brien, historian who specializes in northeastern Woodlands American Indian history.
• T. J. Oshie, National Hockey League player and member of the 2014 USA Olympic Men's Hockey team[6]

• Charlie Roy, professional baseball player in 1906
• Gerald Vizenor, scholar and writer
• Wabanquot (White Cloud), chief in the 19th century

• Superchief, a film about an election for White Earth tribal chairman

• Treuer, Anton (2011). The Assassination of Hole in the Day. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0873517799.
• Treuer, Anton (2010). Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0873517683.

• White Earth Nation
• Bemaadizing: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Indigenous Life (An online journal)
• Eni–gikendaasoyang "Moving Towards Knowledge Together", Center for Indigenous Knowledge and Language Revitalization
• White Earth Tribal & Community College

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