White South Africans

White South Africans generally refers to South Africans of European descent. In linguistic, cultural, and historical terms, they are generally divided into the Afrikaans-speaking descendants of the Dutch East India Company's original settlers, known as Afrikaners, and the Anglophone descendants of predominantly British colonists of South Africa. In 2016, 57.9% were native Afrikaans speakers, 40.2% were native English speakers, and 1.9% spoke another language as their mother tongue,[2][3] such as Portuguese, Greek, or German. White South Africans are by far the largest population of White Africans. White was a legally defined racial classification during apartheid.[4]

White South Africans
Total population
2022 estimate: 4,639,268 (7.65% of South Africa's population)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Throughout South Africa, but mostly concentrated in urban areas. Population by provinces, as of the 2011 census:
Gauteng1,914,000
Western Cape915,000
KwaZulu-Natal429,000
Eastern Cape310,000
Mpumalanga303,000
North West255,000
Free State239,000
Limpopo139,000
Northern Cape81,000
Languages
Afrikaans (60%), English (40%)
Religion
Christianity (85.6%), Irreligious (8.9%), Other (4.6%)
Related ethnic groups
White Zimbabweans, White Namibians, Afrikaners, French Huguenots, Germans, Coloureds, British diaspora in Africa, South African diaspora, other White Africans

Most Afrikaners trace their ancestry back to the mid-17th century and have developed a separate cultural identity, including a distinct language. The majority of English-speaking White South Africans trace their ancestry to the 1820 British, Irish, and Dutch settlers. The remainder of the White South African population consists of later immigrants from Europe such as Greeks and Jews from Lithuania and Poland. Portuguese immigrants arrived after the collapse of the Portuguese colonial administrations in Mozambique and Angola, although many also originate from Madeira.[5][6][7]

History

The history of white settlement in South Africa started in 1652 with the settlement of the Cape of Good Hope by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) under Jan van Riebeeck.[8] Despite the preponderance of officials and colonists from the Netherlands, there were also a number of French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution at home and German soldiers or sailors returning from service in Asia.[9] The Cape Colony remained under Dutch rule for two more centuries, after which it was annexed by the United Kingdom around 1806.[10] At that time, South Africa was home to about 26,000 people of European ancestry, a relative majority of whom were still of Dutch origin.[10] However, the Dutch settlers grew into conflict with the British government over the abolition of the slave trade and limits on colonial expansion into African lands. In order to prevent a frontier war, the British Parliament decided to send British settlers to start farms on the eastern frontier.[11] Beginning in 1818 thousands of British settlers arrived in the growing Cape Colony, intending to join the local workforce or settle directly on the frontier.[10] Ironically most of the farms failed due to the difficult terrain, forcing the British settlers to encroach on African land in order to practice pastoralism.[11] About a fifth of the Cape's original Dutch-speaking white population migrated eastwards during the Great Trek in the 1830s and established their own autonomous Boer republics further inland.[12] Nevertheless, the population of white ancestry (mostly European origin) continued increasing in the Cape as a result of settlement, and by 1865 had reached 181,592 people.[13] Between 1880 and 1910, there was an influx of Jews (mainly via Lithuania) and immigrants from Lebanon and Syria arriving in South Africa. Recent immigrants from the Levant region of Western Asia were originally classified as Asian, and thus "non-white", but, in order to have the right to purchase land, they successfully argued that they were "white". The main reason being that they were from the lands where Christianity and Judaism originated from, and that the race laws did not target Jews, who were also a Semitic people. Therefore arguing that if the laws targeted other people from the Levant, it should also affect the Jews.[14][15]

Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War

The first nationwide census in South Africa was held in 1911 and indicated a white population of 1,276,242. By 1936, there were an estimated 2,003,857 white South Africans, and by 1946 the number had reached 2,372,690.[14] The country began receiving tens of thousands of European immigrants, namely from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Greece, and the territories of the Portuguese Empire during the mid- to late twentieth century.[16] South Africa's white population increased to over 3,408,000 by 1965, reached 4,050,000 in 1973, and peaked at 5,044,000 in 1990.[17]

The number of white South Africans resident in their home country began gradually declining between 1990 and the mid-2000s as a result of increased emigration.[17]

Whites continue to play a role in the South African economy and across the political spectrum. The current number of white South Africans is not exactly known, as no recent census has been measured, although the overall percentage of up to 9% of the population represents a decline, both numerically and proportionately, since the country's first non-racial elections in 1994. Just under a million white South Africans are also living as expatriate workers abroad, which forms the majority of South Africa's brain drain.

Apartheid era
See also: Population Registration Act, 1950

Under the Population Registration Act of 1950, each inhabitant of South Africa was classified into one of several different race groups, of which White was one. The Office for Race Classification defined a white person as one who "in appearance obviously is, or who is generally accepted as a white person, but does not include a person who, although in appearance obviously a white person, is generally accepted as a coloured person." Many criteria, both physical (e.g. examination of head and body hair) and social (e.g. eating and drinking habits, a native speaker of English, Afrikaans or another European language) were used when the board decided to classify someone as white or coloured.[4] This was virtually extended to all those considered the children of two white persons, regardless of appearance. The Act was repealed on 17 June 1991.

Post-apartheid era

In an attempt at post-Apartheid redress, the Employment Equity Act of 1994, legislation promotes employment of people (Black Africans, Indian, Chinese, Coloured and White population groups, as well as disabled people) according to the representation of their racial group as a proportion of the total South African population. Black Economic Empowerment legislation further empowers blacks as the government considers ownership, employment, training and social responsibility initiatives, which empower black South Africans, as important criteria when awarding tenders; private enterprises also must adhere to this legislation.[18] Some reports indicate a growing number of whites in poverty compared to the pre-apartheid years and attribute this to such laws – a 2006 article in The Guardian stated that over 350,000 Afrikaners may be classified as poor, and alluded to research claiming that up to 150,000 were struggling for survival.[19][20]

As a consequence of Apartheid policies, Whites are still widely regarded as being one of 4 defined race groups in South Africa. These groups (blacks, whites, Coloureds and Indians) still tend to have strong racial identities, and to identify themselves, and others, as members of these race groups[21][4] and the classification continues to persist in government policy due to attempts at redress like Black Economic Empowerment and Employment Equity.[4]

Diaspora and emigration
See also: Brain drain of South Africa

Since the 1990s, there has been a significant emigration of whites from South Africa. Between 1995 and 2005, more than one million South Africans emigrated, citing violence as the main reason, as well as the lack of employment opportunities for whites.[22]

Graeme Smith, former test captain of the South Africa national cricket team.

In recent decades, there has been a steady proportional decline in South Africa's white community, due to higher birthrates among other South African ethnic groups, as well as a high rate of emigration. In 1977, there were 4.3 million whites, constituting 16.4% of the population at the time. As of 2016, it is estimated that at least 800,000 white South Africans have emigrated since 1995.[23]

Like many other communities strongly affiliated with the West and Europe's colonial legacy in Africa, white South Africans were in the past often economically better off than their black African neighbours and have surrendered political dominance to majority rule. There were also some white Africans in South Africa who lived in poverty—especially during the 1930s and increasingly since the end of minority rule. Current estimates of white poverty in South Africa run as high as 12%, though fact-checking website Africa Check described these figures as "grossly inflated" and suggested that a more accurate estimate was that "only a tiny fraction of the white population – as few as 7,754 households – are affected."[24]

Lara Logan is a television and radio journalist and war correspondent.

The new phenomenon of white poverty is mostly blamed on the government's affirmative action employment legislation, which reserves 80% of new jobs for black people[25] and favours companies owned by black people (see Black Economic Empowerment). In 2010, Reuters stated that 450,000 whites live below the poverty line according to Solidarity and civil organisations,[26] with some research saying that up to 150,000 are struggling for survival.[27] However, the proportion of white South Africans living in poverty is still much lower than for other groups in the country, since approximately 50% of the general population fall below the upper-bound poverty line.[28]

A further concern has been crime. Some white South Africans living in affluent white suburbs, such as Sandton, have been affected by the 2008 13.5% rise in house robberies and associated crime.[29] In a study, Johan Burger, senior researcher at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), said that criminals were specifically targeting wealthier suburbs. Burger explained that several affluent suburbs are surrounded by poorer residential areas and that inhabitants in the latter often target inhabitants in the former. The report also found that residents in wealthy suburbs in Gauteng were not only at more risk of being targeted but also faced an inflated chance of being murdered during the robbery.[30]

The global financial crisis slowed the high rates of white people emigrating overseas and has led to increasing numbers of white emigrants returning to live in South Africa. Charles Luyckx, CEO of Elliot International and a board member of the Professional Movers Association, stated in December 2008 that emigration numbers had dropped by 10% in the six months prior. Meanwhile, "people imports" had increased by 50%.[31]

Afrikaners in Pretoria

In May 2014, Homecoming Revolution estimated that around 340,000 white South Africans had returned to South Africa in the preceding decade.[32]

Furthermore, immigration from Europe has also supplemented the white population. The 2011 census found that 63,479 white people living in South Africa were born in Europe; of these, 28,653 had moved to South Africa since 2001.[33]

At the end of apartheid in 1994, 85% of South Africa's arable land was owned by whites.[34] The land reform program introduced after the end of apartheid intended that, within 20 years, 30% of white-owned commercial farm land should be transferred to black owners. Thus, in 2011, the farmers' association, Agri South Africa, coordinated efforts to resettle farmers throughout the African continent. The initiative offered millions of hectares from 22 African countries that hoped to spur development of efficient commercial farming.[35] The 30 percent target was not close to being met by the 2014 deadline.[36] According to a 2017 government audit, 72% of the nation's private farmland is owned by white people.[37] In February 2018, the Parliament of South Africa passed a motion to review the property ownership clause of the constitution, to allow for the expropriation of land, in the public interest, without compensation,[38] which was supported within South Africa's ruling African National Congress on the grounds that the land was originally seized by whites without just compensation.[39] In August 2018, the South African government began the process of taking two white-owned farmlands.[40] Western Cape ANC secretary Faiez Jacobs referred to the property clause amendment as a "stick" to force dialogue about the transfer of land ownership, with the hope of accomplishing the transfer "in a way that is orderly and doesn't create a 'them' and 'us' [situation]."[41]

Demographics
See also: Distribution of white South Africans
White South Africans as a proportion of the total population
  •   0–20%
  •   20–40%
  •   40–60%
  •   60–80%
  •   80–100%
White South Africans by their native tongue[42]
Language Percent
Afrikaans
 
 61%
English
 
 36%

The Statistics South Africa Census 2011 showed that there were about 4,586,838 white people in South Africa, amounting to 8.9% of the country's population.[43] This was a 6.8% increase since the 2001 census. According to the Census 2011, Afrikaans was the first language of 61% of White South Africans, while English was the first language of 36%.[3] The majority of white South Africans identify themselves as primarily South African, regardless of their first language or ancestry.[44][45]

Religion
Religion among White South Africans
Religion Percent
Christianity
 
 87%
Irreligious
 
 9%
Other
 
 3%
Judaism
 
 1%

Approximately 87% of white South Africans are Christian, 9% are irreligious, and 1% are Jewish. The largest Christian denomination is the Dutch Reformed Church (NGK), with 23% of the white population being members. Other significant denominations are the Methodist Church (8%), the Roman Catholic Church (7%), and the Anglican Church (6%).[46]

Migrations

Many white Africans of European ancestry have migrated to South Africa from other parts of the continent due to political or economic turmoil in their respective homelands. Thousands of Portuguese Mozambicans, Portuguese Angolans, and white Zimbabweans emigrated to South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s. However, the overwhelming majority of European migration correlated with the historic colonization of the region (some migrating for the purpose of extraction of resources, minerals and other lucrative elements found in South Africa, others for a better life and farming opportunities without many restrictions in newly colonised lands).

Meanwhile, many white South Africans have also emigrated to Western countries over the past two decades, mainly to English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. However, the financial crisis has slowed the rate of emigration and in May 2014, the Homecoming Revolution estimated that around 340,000 white South Africans had returned in the preceding decade.[32]

Distribution
Density of the White South African population.
  •   <1 /km²
  •   1–3 /km²
  •   3–10 /km²
  •   10–30 /km²
  •   30–100 /km²
  •   100–300 /km²
  •   300–1000 /km²
  •   1000–3000 /km²
  •   >3000 /km²
South Africa 2001 linguistic distribution of white people map

According to Statistics South Africa, white South Africans comprised 7.7% of the total population of South Africa in 2022. Their proportional share in municipalities may be higher than census figures indicate, given an undercount in the 2001 census.[47]

The following table shows the distribution of white people by province, according to the 2011 census:[3]

Province White pop. (2001) White pop. (2011) White pop. (2016) % province (2001) % province (2011) % province (2016) change 2001–2011 change 2011–2016 % total whites (2011) % total whites (2016)
Eastern Cape 305,837 310,450 320,174 4.9 4.7 4.6 -0.2 Decrease -0.1 Decrease 6.8 7.08
Free State 238,789 239,026 240,333 8.8 8.7 8.5 -0.1 Decrease -0.2 Decrease 5.2 5.32
Gauteng 1,768,041 1,913,884 1,828,849 18.8 15.6 13.6 -3.2 Decrease -2.0 Decrease 41.7 40.49
KwaZulu-Natal 482,115 428,842 432,056 5.0 4.2 3.9 -0.8 Decrease -0.3 Decrease 9.3 9.57
Limpopo 132,420 139,359 135,003 2.7 2.6 2.3 -0.1 Decrease -0.3 Decrease 3.0 2.99
Mpumalanga 197,079 303,595 225,558 5.9 7.5 5.2 +1.6 Increase -2.3 Decrease 6.6 5.0
North West 233,935 255,385 238,360 7.8 7.3 6.4 -0.5 Decrease -0.9 Decrease 5.6 5.28
Northern Cape 102,519 81,246 91,787 10.3 7.1 7.7 -3.2 Decrease +0.6 Increase 1.8 2.03
Western Cape 832,902 915,053 1,004,571 18.4 15.7 16.0 -2.7 Decrease +0.3 Increase 19.9 22.24
Total 4,293,640 4,586,838 4,516,691 9.6 8.9 8.1 -0.7 Decrease -0.8 Decrease 100.0 100.0

Politics
Romanticised painting of an account of the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck, founder of Cape Town.

White South Africans have a presence across the whole political spectrum from left to right.

Former South African President Jacob Zuma commented in 2009 on Afrikaners being "the only white tribe in a black continent or outside of Europe which is truly African", and said that "of all the white groups that are in South Africa, it is only the Afrikaners that are truly South Africans in the true sense of the word."[48] These remarks have led to the Centre for Constitutional Rights (CCR) laying a complaint with the Human Rights Commission against Zuma. According to the CCR's spokesman, Zuma's remarks constituted "unfair discrimination against non-Afrikaans-speaking, white South Africans....."[49]

In 2015, a complaint was investigated for hate speech against Jacob Zuma who said "You must remember that a man called Jan van Riebeeck arrived here on 6 April 1652, and that was the start of the trouble in this country."[50]

Former South African President Thabo Mbeki stated in one of his speeches to the nation that: "South Africa belongs to everyone who lives in it. Black and White."[51]

Prior to 1994, a white minority held complete political power under a system of racial segregation called apartheid. During apartheid, immigrants from Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan were considered honorary whites in the country, as the government had maintained diplomatic relations with these countries. These were granted the same privileges as white people, at least for purposes of residence.[52] Some African Americans such as Max Yergan were granted an "honorary white" status as well.[53]

Statistics

Historical population

Statistics for the white population in South Africa vary greatly. Most sources show that the white population peaked in the period between 1989 and 1995 at around 5.2 to 5.6 million. Up to that point, the white population largely increased due to high birth rates and immigration. Subsequently, between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s, the white population decreased overall. However, from 2006 to 2013, the white population increased.

YearWhite population % of total populationSource
19041,116,80521.6%1904 Census
19111,270,000 Increase22.7% Increase1911 Census[14]
19603,088,492 Increase19.3% Decrease1960 Census
19613,117,000 Increase19.1% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1961
19623,170,000 Increase19.0% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1962
19633,238,000 Increase19.0% SteadyStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1963
19643,323,000 Increase19.0% SteadyStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1964
19653,398,000 Increase19.0% SteadyStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1965
19663,481,000 Increase19.0% SteadyStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1966
19673,563,000 Increase19.0% SteadyStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1967
19683,639,000 Increase19.0% SteadyStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1968
19693,728,000 Increase19.0% SteadyStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1969
19703,792,848 Increase17.1% Decrease1970 Census
19713,920,000 Increase17.0% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1971
19724,005,000 Increase16.9% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1972
19734,082,000 Increase16.8% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1973
19744,160,000 Increase16.7% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1974
19754,256,000 Increase16.8% IncreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1975
19764,337,000 Increase18.2% IncreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1976
19774,396,000 Increase17.9% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1977
19784,442,000 Increase18.5% IncreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1978
19794,485,000 Increase18.4% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1979
19804,522,000 Increase18.1% Decrease1980 Census[17]
19814,603,000 Increase18.0% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1981
19824,674,000 Increase18.3% IncreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1982
19834,748,000 Increase18.2% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1983
19844,809,000 Increase17.7% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1984
19854,867,000 Increase17.5% Decrease1985 Census[17]
19864,900,000 Increase17.3% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1986
19915,068,300 Increase13.4% Decrease1991 Census
19925,121,000 Increase13.2% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1992
19935,156,000 Increase13.0% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1993
19945,191,000 Increase12.8% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1994
19955,224,000 Increase12.7% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1995
19964,434,697 Decrease10.9% DecreaseSouth African National Census of 1996
19974,462,200 Increase10.8% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1997
19984,500,400 Increase10.7% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1998
19994,538,727 Increase10.5% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1999
20004,521,664 Decrease10.4% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2000
20014,293,640 Decrease9.6% DecreaseSouth African National Census of 2001
20024,555,289 Increase10.0% IncreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2002
20034,244,346 Decrease9.1% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2003
20044,434,294 Increase9.5% IncreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2004
20054,379,800 Decrease9.3% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2005
20064,365,300 Decrease9.2% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2006
20074,352,100 Decrease9.1% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2007
20084,499,200 Increase9.2% IncreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2008
20094,472,100 Decrease9.1% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2009
20104,584,700 Increase9.2% IncreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2010
20114,586,838 Increase8.9% DecreaseSouth African National Census of 2011
20134,602,400 Increase8.7% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2013
20144,554,800 Decrease8.4% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2014
20154,534,000 Decrease8.3% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2015
20164,515,800 Decrease8.1% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2016
20174,493,500 Decrease8.0% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2017
20184,520,100 Increase7.8% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2018
20194,652,006 Increase7.9% IncreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2019
20204,679,770 Increase7.8% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2020
20214,662,459 Decrease7.8% SteadyStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2021
20224,639,268 Decrease7.7% DecreaseStats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2022

Fertility rates

Contraception among white South Africans is stable or slightly falling: 80% used contraception in 1990, and 79% used it in 1998.[54] The following data shows some fertility rates recorded during South Africa's history. However, there are varied sources showing that the white fertility rate reached below replacement (2.1) by 1980. Likewise, recent studies show a range of fertility rates, ranging from 1.3 to 2.4. The Afrikaners tend to have a higher birthrate than that of other white people.

YearTotal fertility rate[55]Source
19603.5 DecreaseSARPN
19703.1 DecreaseSARPN
19802.4 DecreaseSARPN
19891.9 DecreaseUN.org
19902.1 IncreaseSARPN
19961.9 DecreaseSARPN
19981.9 SteadySARPN
2001[56]1.8 Decreasehst.org.za
2006[56]1.8 Steadyhst.org.za
20111.7 DecreaseCensus 2011

Life expectancy

The average life expectancy at birth for males and females

YearAverage life expectancyMale life expectancyFemale life expectancy
1980[57]70.366.873.8
1985[58]71 ? ?
199773.57077
2009[59][60]71 ? ?

Unemployment
ProvinceWhite unemployment rate (strict)
Eastern Cape[61]4.5%
Free State
Gauteng[62]8.7%
KwaZulu-Natal[63]8.0%
Limpopo[64]8.0%
Mpumalanga[63]7.5%
North West
Northern Cape[65]4.5%
Western Cape2.0%
Total

Income

Average annual household income by population group of the household head.[66][67]

Population groupAverage income (2015)Average income (2011)Average income (2001)
WhiteR 444 446 (321.7%)R 365 134 (353.8%)R 193 820 (400.6%)
Indian/AsianR 271 621 (196.6%)R 251 541 (243.7%)R 102 606 (212.1%)
ColouredR 172 765 (125.0%)R 112 172 (108.7%)R 51 440 (106.3%)
BlackR 92 983 (67.3%)R 60 613 (58.7%)R 22 522 (46.5%)
TotalR 138 168 (100%)R 103 204 (100%)R 48 385 (100%)

Percentage of workforce
ProvinceWhites % of the workforceWhites % of population
Eastern Cape[61]10%4%
Free State
Gauteng[68]25%18%
KwaZulu-Natal[63]11%6%
Limpopo[64]5%2%
Mpumalanga
North West
Northern Cape[65]19%12%
Western Cape[69]22%18%
Total

Languages
Language 2016 2011 2001 1996
Afrikaans57.9%60.8%59.1%57.7%
English40.2%35.9%39.3%38.6%
Other languages1.9%3.3%1.6%3.7%
Total100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%

Religion

Religion among white South Africans remains high compared to other white ethnic groups, but likewise it has shown a steady proportional drop in both membership and church attendance with until recently the majority of white South Africans attending regular church services.

Religious affiliation of white South Africans (2001 census)[70]
ReligionNumberPercentage (%)
– Christianity3,726,26686.8%
– Dutch Reformed churches1,450,86133.8%
– Pentecostal/Charismatic/Apostolic churches578,09213.5%
– Methodist Church343,1678.0%
– Catholic Church282,0076.6%
– Anglican Church250,2135.8%
– Other Reformed churches143,4383.3%
– Baptist churches78,3021.8%
– Presbyterian churches74,1581.7%
– Lutheran churches25,9720.6%
– Other Christian churches500,05611.6%
Judaism61,6731.4%
Islam8,4090.2%
Hinduism2,5610.1%
No religion377,0078.8%
Other or undetermined117,7212.7%
Total4,293,637100%

Notable White South Africans

Science and technology

Military

Royalty and aristocracy

Arts and media

Business

Politics

Sport

Other

See also

References
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