Wilkes County, North Carolina

Wilkes County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is a part of the state's western mountain region. As of the 2020 census the population was 65,969.[1] Its county seat is Wilkesboro,[2] and its largest community is North Wilkesboro. Wilkes County comprises the North Wilkesboro, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area.[3]

Wilkes County
County
Old Wilkes County Courthouse
Old Wilkes County Courthouse
Official seal of Wilkes County
Seal
Motto(s): 
"Imperium Intra Imperio" (Latin)
(Empire Within Empire)
Map of North Carolina highlighting Wilkes County
Location within the U.S. state of North Carolina
Map of the United States highlighting North Carolina
North Carolina's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 36°12′N 81°10′W
Country United States
State North Carolina
Founded1778
Named forJohn Wilkes
SeatWilkesboro
Largest communityNorth Wilkesboro
Area
 • Total756.33 sq mi (1,958.9 km2)
 • Land753.68 sq mi (1,952.0 km2)
 • Water2.65 sq mi (6.9 km2)  0.35%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total65,969
 • Estimate 
(2022)
65,784
 • Density86.38/sq mi (33.35/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district5th
Websitewww.wilkescounty.net

History

The county was formed from parts of Surry County and Washington District (now Washington County, Tennessee) on April 20, 1778, by an act of the North Carolina General Assembly of 1778. The first session of the county court was held in John Brown's house near what is today Brown's Ford. The act creating the county became effective on February 15, 1778, and the county celebrates its anniversary on February 15. Wilkes County was named for the English political radical John Wilkes, who lost his position as Lord Mayor of the City of London due to his support for the colonists during the American Revolution.[4]

In 1799, the northern and western parts of Wilkes County became Ashe County. In 1841, parts of Wilkes County and Burke County were combined to form Caldwell County. In 1847, another part of Wilkes County was combined with parts of Caldwell County and Iredell County to become Alexander County. In 1849, additional parts of Wilkes County and Caldwell County were combined with parts of Ashe County and Yancey County to form Watauga County. Numerous boundary adjustments were made thereafter, but none resulted in new counties.

Moonshine production and the birth of NASCAR
See also: North Wilkesboro Speedway

Wilkes County was once known as the "Moonshine Capital of the World", and was a leading producer of illegal homemade liquor. From the 1920s to the 1950s some young Wilkes County males made their living by delivering moonshine to North Carolina's larger towns and cities. Wilkes County natives also used bootleg liquor as a means for barter far beyond the borders of North Carolina. Many Wilkes County distillers ran white liquor as far as Detroit, New Jersey, and South Florida. Since this often involved outrunning local police and federal agents in auto chases, the county became one of the birthplaces of the sport of stock-car racing.

The North Wilkesboro Speedway was the first NASCAR (National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing) track; it held its first race on May 18, 1947,[5] and the first NASCAR-sanctioned race on October 16, 1949.[6] Wilkes County native and resident Junior Johnson was one of the early superstars of NASCAR, as well as a legendary moonshiner. Johnson was featured by the writer Tom Wolfe in a 1965 Esquire magazine article titled "The Last American Hero Is Junior Johnson. Yes!", which gave him national exposure. Wolfe's vivid article was later adapted as the movie The Last American Hero (1973), starring Jeff Bridges and Valerie Perrine. Benny Parsons and Jimmy Pardue were two other notable NASCAR drivers from Wilkes.

The North Wilkesboro Speedway was closed following the 1996 NASCAR season. Two new owners, Bob Bahre and Bruton Smith, moved North Wilkesboro's NASCAR races to their tracks in Texas and New Hampshire. In 2009, Speedway Associates, Inc., obtained a three-year lease and started running races and other events at the speedway. However, in May 2011, the group announced that funding had fallen through and they were ending their lease prematurely.[7] Following the track's closure in 1996, numerous news media stories and articles were written about the rich history of the speedway, the physical decay of the track and grandstands, and efforts to renovate and save the speedway.[8][9][10][11] In November 2021, the North Carolina state legislature and North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper approved giving $18 million to the North Wilkesboro Speedway for extensive renovations and repairs in an effort to return auto racing to the track.[12] Following the renovation, the Speedway held its first races in a decade in August 2022, drawing a sellout crowd to the CARS Tour's Window World 125.[13][14] In September 2022 it was announced that the 2023 NASCAR All-Star Race would be held at the North Wilkesboro Speedway in May 2023, marking the first NASCAR race to be held at the track since 1996.[15] The All-Star race was held on May 21, 2023, before a sellout crowd at the Speedway, Kyle Larson won the race.[16] The NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series also held a race at the Speedway on May 20, 2023; it was also won by Kyle Larson.[17]

Geography
W. Kerr Scott Dam and Reservoir

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 756.33 square miles (1,958.9 km2), of which 753.68 square miles (1,952.0 km2) is land and 2.65 square miles (6.9 km2) (0.35%) is water.[18]

Wilkes County is located on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains, a part of the Appalachian Mountains chain. The county's elevation ranges from 900 feet (270 meters) in the east to over 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) in the west. The Blue Ridge Mountains run from the southwest to the northeast, and dominate the county's western and northern horizons. Tomkins Knob, the highest point in the county, rises to 4,079 feet (1,243 meters).[19][20] The Blue Ridge Parkway runs along the crest of the Blue Ridge on the county's northern and western borders. The foothills and valleys of the Blue Ridge form most of the county's midsection, with some elevations exceeding 2,000 feet (610 meters). Stone Mountain State Park, located in the foothills of northern Wilkes County, is one of the most popular state parks in North Carolina, and is noted for its excellent rock climbing and trout fishing. The Brushy Mountains, an isolated spur of the Blue Ridge, form the county's southern border. Wilkes County's terrain gradually becomes more level and less hilly as one moves to the east; the far eastern section of the county lies within the Piedmont region of North Carolina. The largest river in Wilkes is the Yadkin River, which flows through the central part of the county. The county's three other major streams, all of which flow into the Yadkin, are the Reddies River, Roaring River, and Mulberry Creek. Following the devastating floods of 1916 and 1940, the US Army's Corps of Engineers constructed the W. Kerr Scott Dam and Reservoir on the Yadkin River four miles west of Wilkesboro. Opened in 1962, the dam created a lake with a shoreline of 56 miles. The lake is used for boating, swimming, fishing, and waterskiing; it is especially noted for its excellent bass fishing.[21] The W. Kerr Scott lake is the largest body of water in Wilkes.

Climate

Due to its wide range of elevation, Wilkes County's climate varies considerably. In winter, it is not unusual for it to be sunny with the temperature in the forties in the county's eastern section, while at the same time it is snowing or sleeting with the temperature below freezing in the county's mountainous north, west, and south. Generally speaking, Wilkes receives ample amounts of precipitation, with frequent thunderstorms in the spring and summer months; and rain, snow, sleet, and freezing rain all occur at times during the winter, with the frequency increasing with the altitude. Wilkesboro, the county seat, receives an average of 50 inches of rain per year and an average of 10 inches of snow.[22] Severe weather is not common in Wilkes but does occur. Tornadoes are rare, but severe thunderstorms can bring strong winds which can down trees and power lines, as well as cause hail. On October 23, 2017, a rare EF 1 tornado touched down in the community of Moravian Falls, before moving into the towns of Wilkesboro and North Wilkesboro, and then through the Mulberry, Fairplains, and Hays communities, causing significant damage.[23] Wilkes County is far enough inland that hurricanes rarely cause problems, but a strong hurricane which moves inland quickly enough may cause damage, as with Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Due to the numerous creeks and streams which run through its valleys, Wilkes is especially prone to devastating flash floods. The two most memorable floods occurred in 1916 and 1940, killing a number of residents and causing millions of dollars in damages. Since the opening of the W. Kerr Scott Dam in 1962, the Yadkin River has not flooded in the county. Although Wilkes County has never had a severe earthquake, a fault runs through the Brushy Mountains, and mild earth tremors are not uncommon. On August 31, 1861, an earthquake estimated at 5.0 on the Richter magnitude scale hit the southern part of the county and caused minor damage.[24]

National protected areas

State and local protected areas

Major water bodies

Adjacent counties

Major highways

Wilkes County is home to several NC and US Highways, as well as an airport and public transportation. Wilkes is also one of the twenty-seven NC counties which the Blue Ridge Parkway runs through.

Major infrastructure

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
17908,157—
18007,247−11.2%
18109,05424.9%
18209,96710.1%
183011,96820.1%
184012,5775.1%
185012,099−3.8%
186014,74921.9%
187015,5395.4%
188019,18123.4%
189022,67518.2%
190026,87218.5%
191030,28212.7%
192032,6447.8%
193036,16210.8%
194043,00318.9%
195045,2435.2%
196045,2690.1%
197049,5249.4%
198058,65718.4%
199059,3931.3%
200065,35210.0%
201069,3406.1%
202065,969−4.9%
2022 (est.)65,784[1]−0.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[28]
1790–1960[29] 1900–1990[30]
1990–2000[31] 2010[32] 2020[1]

2020 census
Wilkes County racial composition[33]
Race Number Percentage
White (non-Hispanic) 56,316 85.37%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 2,580 3.91%
Native American 86 0.13%
Asian 324 0.49%
Pacific Islander 5 0.01%
Other/Mixed 2,004 3.04%
Hispanic or Latino 4,654 7.05%

As of the 2020 census, there were 65,969 people, 28,376 households, and 17,409 families residing in the county.

2010 census

At the 2010 census,[34] there were 69,340 people, 28,360 households, and 19,683 families residing in the county. The population density was 91.91 people per square mile (35.49 people/km2). There were 33,065 housing units at an average density of 43.84 units per square mile (16.93 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 90.60% White or European American, 4.08% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.33% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Of all races, 5.44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino.

There were 28,360 households, out of which 26.76% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.03% were married couples living together, 10.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.60% were non-families. Of all households, 26.69% were made up of individuals, and 11.59% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the county, the population breakdown by age is: 22.41% under the age of 18, 7.16% from 18 to 24, 23.96% from 25 to 44, 29.49% from 45 to 64, and 16.99% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.4 years. For every 100 females there were 97.69 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.42 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,668, and the median income for a family was $39,670. Males had a median income of $30,917 versus $26,182 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,319. About 17.60% of families and 21.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.60% of those under age 18 and 13.40% of those age 65 or over.

Religion

Since colonial times Wilkes County has been overwhelmingly Protestant Christian. The two earliest churches to be established in Wilkes were the Episcopalian and Presbyterian. However, by the 1850s the Southern Baptists had eclipsed them, and the Baptists have remained the dominant church in Wilkes.[35] The county also contains a significant number of Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant congregations.[35] Historically, few Roman Catholics lived in Wilkes, but recent immigration from other U.S. States and especially by people of Hispanic descent has increased their numbers. Wilkes County has a single Catholic parish, Saint John Baptist de LaSalle Catholic Church in North Wilkesboro, which serves all the Catholics of Wilkes County.[36] In contrast, relatively few Jews or members of other non-Christian faiths have settled in the county.[36]

Government and politics
United States presidential election results for Wilkes County, North Carolina[37]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No. %No. %No. %
2020 27,592 77.80% 7,511 21.18% 363 1.02%
2016 23,752 75.89% 6,638 21.21% 906 2.89%
2012 20,515 70.39% 8,148 27.96% 482 1.65%
2008 20,288 68.25% 8,934 30.06% 502 1.69%
2004 19,197 70.70% 7,862 28.95% 95 0.35%
2000 16,826 69.18% 7,226 29.71% 271 1.11%
1996 12,395 58.39% 6,793 32.00% 2,040 9.61%
1992 12,547 52.57% 7,991 33.48% 3,330 13.95%
1988 15,231 67.65% 7,230 32.11% 53 0.24%
1984 18,670 73.03% 6,852 26.80% 42 0.16%
1980 14,462 62.74% 8,184 35.51% 403 1.75%
1976 11,768 53.43% 10,176 46.20% 80 0.36%
1972 13,015 72.69% 4,634 25.88% 255 1.42%
1968 11,195 60.29% 4,497 24.22% 2,876 15.49%
1964 11,014 54.55% 9,176 45.45% 0 0.00%
1960 13,016 61.98% 7,986 38.02% 0 0.00%
1956 11,544 66.29% 5,870 33.71% 0 0.00%
1952 11,446 61.57% 7,143 38.43% 0 0.00%
1948 8,234 57.18% 5,784 40.17% 382 2.65%
1944 9,121 62.01% 5,587 37.99% 0 0.00%
1940 8,446 53.64% 7,299 46.36% 0 0.00%
1936 8,358 56.23% 6,506 43.77% 0 0.00%
1932 6,522 53.64% 5,598 46.04% 39 0.32%
1928 7,808 73.59% 2,802 26.41% 0 0.00%
1924 6,131 63.02% 3,586 36.86% 11 0.11%
1920 6,451 69.41% 2,843 30.59% 0 0.00%
1916 3,470 68.01% 1,632 31.99% 0 0.00%
1912 331 7.29% 1,636 36.05% 2,571 56.65%
1908 3,382 68.34% 1,559 31.50% 8 0.16%
1904 2,470 65.21% 1,318 34.79% 0 0.00%
1900 2,840 62.47% 1,704 37.48% 2 0.04%
1896 2,835 61.07% 1,801 38.80% 6 0.13%
1892 1,895 49.74% 1,770 46.46% 145 3.81%
1888 2,292 57.31% 1,691 42.29% 16 0.40%
1884 2,028 60.20% 1,341 39.80% 0 0.00%
1880 1,583 51.18% 1,510 48.82% 0 0.00%

Since the American Civil War, Wilkes County has been heavily Republican, owing to its strong Unionist sentiment during the war,[38] which partly stemmed from its rocky and infertile soil unsuited for plantation farming.[39] The last Democratic presidential candidate to carry Wilkes County was Andrew Jackson in 1832. The Whig Party dominated politics in the county from 1836 until its dissolution in the middle 1850s. Since the formation of the Republican Party in 1854, Wilkes County has voted Republican in every election bar three: in 1856 it voted for "Know-Nothing" Millard Fillmore, in 1860 for Constitutional Unionist John Bell, and in 1912 for Progressive Theodore Roosevelt.

The primary governing body of Wilkes County follows a council–manager government format with a five-member Board of Commissioners and the County Manager. The current County Manager is John Yates.[40] The current Commissioners are: Keith Elmore (chairman), Stoney Greene (Vice-chairman), Bill Sexton, Greg Minton, Cassie Joe Johnson and.[41]

Wilkes County is a member of the regional High Country Council of Governments.[42]

In the North Carolina General Assembly, Wilkes is represented by Eddie Settle in North Carolina Senate's 36th district, and by Sarah Stevens in the 90th district and Jeffery Elmore in the 94th district of the North Carolina House of Representatives.[43][44]

In the US Senate, the county is represented by Ted Budd and Thom Tillis. Wilkes is entirely in North Carolina's 5th congressional district of the United States House of Representatives,[45] represented by Virginia Foxx.[46]

Wilkes County's economic struggles since 2000, and the county's strong support for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election and after, has led to Wilkes being prominently featured in numerous stories and articles by national news media outlets such as The New York Times, NBC News, PBS NewsHour, U.S. News & World Report, and MSNBC.[47][48][49][50][51]

Economy

Despite its rural character and relatively small population, Wilkes County has been the birthplace of numerous large industries. Lowe's, the second-largest chain of home-improvement stores in the nation (after The Home Depot) was started in Wilkes County in 1946. Until 2003, Lowe's had its corporate headquarters in Wilkes County, but the company has since relocated most of its corporate functions to Mooresville, North Carolina, a fast-growing suburb of Charlotte. However, Lowe's large office in Wilkesboro still houses many corporate departments, and Lowe's remains the county's second-largest employer.[52] A telecommunications firm, Carolina West Wireless, was started in Wilkesboro in 1991 and is also headquartered in the county.

Other industries which started in Wilkes County are Lowes Foods (now headquartered in Winston-Salem) and The Northwestern Bank, which was once North Carolina's fourth-largest banking chain until it was merged with First Union Bank in 1986. The Carolina Mirror Company in North Wilkesboro, founded in the 1930s, was for many years the largest mirror factory in America. Today Gardner Glass Products Inc. still produces mirrors in North Wilkesboro. Holly Farms, in Wilkesboro, was the largest poultry producer in the Southeastern United States until it was bought by Tyson Foods in 1989. Wilkes County remains one of the largest producers of poultry in the Eastern United States, and many of the county's farmers are poultry farmers for Tyson Foods. Tyson is the largest employer in Wilkes.[52]

Like many rural areas in North Carolina, Wilkes County has suffered since 2000 from the closing of nearly all of its textile and furniture factories, which formed a major part of its economic base.[53] Most of these factories have moved to low-wage locations in Latin America and Asia, especially China and Vietnam. According to Stateline, the number of Wilkes County residents employed in manufacturing dropped from 8,548 in 2000 to approximately 4,000 as of 2015, a reduction of over 53%.[54] From 2000 to 2014, the median household income in Wilkes declined by over 30%.[54] However, from 2014 to 2017 the median household income increased by nearly 22%, and in 2017 Wilkes was ranked 47th out of 100 counties for "economic distress" by the North Carolina Department of Commerce.[55]

Wine region

Wilkes County is part of the Yadkin Valley AVA, an American Viticultural Area. Wines made from grapes grown in Wilkes County may use the appellation Yadkin Valley on their labels. With the decline of tobacco farming, some Wilkes County farmers have switched to wine-making, and have hired experts from Europe and California for assistance. As a result, wine-making is growing in popularity in both Wilkes and surrounding counties.

In May of each year, Wilkes county celebrates the new wine industry with the Shine to Wine Festival, held in downtown North Wilkesboro.

Education

The Wilkes County Schools system has 22 schools ranging from pre-kindergarten to twelfth grade, including an early college high school. Those 22 schools are separated into 5 high schools, 4 middle schools and 13 elementary schools.[56] There is only one charter school in Wilkes County: Bridges Charter School in State Road, North Carolina.[57] The Elkin City Schools district also covers parts of Wilkes. Wilkes County has three private schools, all three are associated with one of the larger Protestant Christian churches in the county.[58] The largest private school in Wilkes is Millers Creek Christian School.[59] In recent years, the number of students being home schooled in Wilkes has steadily increased, while public school enrollment has decreased.[58] The only college in Wilkes is Wilkes Community College (WCC), a public two-year college within the North Carolina Community College System.

Wilkes County is served by the Appalachian Regional Library.[60]

Media

Wilkes County has two local newspapers:

  • Wilkes Journal-Patriot – Founded in 1906, the Journal-Patriot is published one time per week.
  • The Record of Wilkes – Published once per week on the internet, it usually focuses on the local arts scene in Wilkes.

The county has three radio stations:

Most of the county can pick up the Television Stations broadcasting from Winston-Salem

Wilkes County is also home to GoWilkes.com, an internet media source that allows residents to discuss current events and local happenings in real time. GoWilkes.com was voted the 2004 Small Business of the Year by the North Carolina Chamber of Commerce.[61]

Hospitals

Wilkes Medical Center was opened in 1952 as Wilkes General Hospital.[62] In 2017, Wake Forest Baptist Health brought the hospital, at the time known as Wilkes Regional Medical Center, into their system. WMC is the largest hospital in northwestern North Carolina[63] and is Wilkes County's fourth largest employer.[64] West Park, formerly a large shopping center built in the 1970s, was, starting in 2000, transformed into a large medical park with numerous offices for physicians, medical specialists, pharmacies, physical therapists, and other medical and health-related fields.

Events and festivals

Wilkes County has strong musical roots, and those roots are displayed at:

It hosts the annual Shine to Wine Festival, in downtown North Wilkesboro. Held on the first Saturday of May, the Shine to Wine festival pays tribute to the county's heritage of growing from the Moonshine Capital of the World to what is now recognized as a strong viticultural industry.

Wilkes County is also home to the annual Brushy Mountain Apple Festival, which is held in downtown North Wilkesboro the first weekend in October. The festival, which attracts over 160,000 visitors each year, is one of the largest single-day arts and crafts fairs in the Southern United States.

Carolina in the Fall is another music festival each September in the Historic Downtown Wilkesboro and is hosted by the Heart of Folk and the Kruger Brothers. The festival and venue won an award at the IBMA and features music, wine and beer garden and food truck competition. It continues to grow in popularity.

The Carolina West Wireless Community Commons and Wilkes Communications Pavilion has "Concerts on the Commons," a live music concert series held from May through October annually.

Main article: MerleFest

In 1988 legendary, Grammy-winning folk music guitarist Doc Watson and Bill Young started the Doc Watson Festival (later renamed the MerleFest music festival) in Wilkesboro. Held on the campus of Wilkes Community College, and named in honor of Doc's late son Merle Watson, MerleFest has grown into one of the largest folk and bluegrass music festivals in the United States, drawing an average of over 75,000 music fans each year.[65] The festival has become the main fundraiser for the college, and brings over $10 million in estimated business and tourist revenues to Wilkes County and surrounding areas each year.[66]

Communities
Map of Wilkes County with municipal and township labels

Towns

Census-designated places

Unincorporated communities

Townships
  • Antioch
  • Beaver Creek
  • Boomer
  • Brushy Mountains
  • Edwards
  • Elk
  • Jobs Cabin
  • Lewis Fork
  • Lovelace
  • Moravian Falls
  • Mulberry
  • New Castle
  • North Wilkesboro
  • Rock Creek
  • Reddies River
  • Somers
  • Stanton
  • Traphill
  • Union
  • Walnut Grove
  • Wilkesboro

Notable people

Tom Dooley

Wilkes County native Tom Dula (Dooley), a Confederate veteran of the American Civil War who was tried and hanged shortly after the war for the murder of his fiancée, Laura Foster. To this day many people believe that one of Dula's jealous ex-girlfriends murdered Laura Foster, that Dula was innocent of the crime, and that he accepted blame only to protect his former lover.[67]

The case was given nationwide publicity by newspapers such as The New York Times and the New York Herald, and thus became a folk legend in the rural South. Dula's legend was popularized in 1958 by the top-selling Kingston Trio song "Hang Down Your Head, Tom Dooley." Dula's story was also turned into a 1959 movie starring Michael Landon as Dula, and each summer Bleu Moon Productions presents an outdoor drama based on the story.

In 2001, Tom Dula was ceremonially acquitted of all charges by the county.[67]

See also

References
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  2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
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  4. Laws of North Carolina by the General Assembly of 1778–1779, Chapter 22 (PDF). 1779. p. 178.
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  6. "49 Wilkes". savethespeedway. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  7. Long, Dustin (May 9, 2011). "North Wilkesboro closing again". HamptonRoads.com. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  8. "North Wilkesboro Speedway eroding with passage of time". Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  9. "A Beloved NASCAR Racetrack might not provide a sentimental Journey". forbes.com. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  10. "North Wilkesboro Speedway Cars". Sportingnews.com. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
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  12. "North Wilkesboro and Rockingham Speedway to receive millions from North Carolina state budget". CBSSports.com. November 19, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  13. "'There's a reverence': Racing makes triumphant return to North Wilkesboro". wcnc.com. August 12, 2022. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
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  15. "North Wilkesboro to host 2023 NASCAR All-Star Race". NBC Sports. September 8, 2022. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
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  17. "North Wilkesboro Truck results: Kyle Larson wins in overtime". NBC Sports. May 20, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
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  28. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
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  30. Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
  31. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
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  34. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  35. "The Association of Religion Data Archives | Maps & Reports". www.thearda.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  36. "The Association of Religion Data Archives | Maps & Reports". www.thearda.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
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  38. Nash, Steven E.; Reconstruction's Ragged Edge: The Politics of Postwar Life in the Southern Mountains pp. 22, 64 ISBN 146962625X
  39. Auman, William T.; Civil War in the North Carolina Quaker Belt: The Confederate Campaign Against Peace Agitators, Deserters and Draft Dodgers, p. 30 ISBN 078647663X
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