Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania
The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP) was a Philadelphia medical college founded for women in 1850. It was the second medical institution in the world established to train women in medicine to earn the M.D. degrees after the New England Female Medical College in Boston, which was established two years earlier in 1848.[1]
 An 1850 illustration of the first building at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia | |
Other name | WMCP |
|---|---|
Former name | Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, Medical College of Pennsylvania |
| Active | 1850–1970 (became co-ed Medical College of Pennsylvania) |
| Address | 229 Arch Street (until 1858) and then 627 Arch Street (after Philadelphia's street renumbering) , , , U.S. |
Originally called the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, the college changed its name in 1867 to Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. The associated Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia was founded in 1861. Upon deciding to admit men in 1970, the college was renamed as the Medical College of Pennsylvania (MCP).
In 1930, the college opened its new campus in the East Falls section of Philadelphia, which combined teaching and the clinical care of a hospital in one overall facility. It was the first purpose-built hospital in the nation.
In 1993, the college and hospital merged with Hahnemann Medical School. In 2003, the two colleges were absorbed by Drexel University College of Medicine.
History
R.C. Smedley's History of the Underground Railroad cites Bartholomew Fussell with proposing, in 1846, the idea for a college that would train female doctors. It was a tribute to his departed sister, who Bartholomew believed could have been a doctor if women had been given the opportunity at that time. Her daughter, Graceanna Lewis, was to become one of the first woman scientists in the United States. At a meeting at his house, The Pines, in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, Fussell invited five doctors to carry out his idea. The doctors invited were: Edwin Fussell (Bartholomew's nephew) M.D., Franklin Taylor, M.D., Ellwood Harvey, M.D., Sylvester Birdsall, M.D., and Dr. Ezra Michener. Graceanna also attended. Dr. Fussell would support the college, but had little to do with it after it started in 1850 in Philadelphia.[2]
Ellwood Harvey, who attended the 1846 meeting, but did not start teaching at the college until 1852, helped keep the school alive, along with Edwin Fussell. Dr. Harvey not only taught a full course load but took on a second load when another professor backed out.
Dr. Harvey also continued his medical practice. Among his patients were William Still and his family. Still, a renowned Philadelphia abolitionist, became a historian of the Underground Railroad after keeping extensive records of fugitive slaves aided in Philadelphia rescues.
Harvey was later sued for libel by Dr. Joseph S. Longshore, an instructor at the college who was forced out. Longshore started a rival women's medical college at the Penn Medical University. Using his previous connections from the Female Medical College, Longshore began to raise money for his own college.
Clara Marshall (1847–1931) graduated from the college. She served as dean from 1888 to 1917 and thought of Edwin Fussell as the founder of the school.[3] Other students credited Longshore and William J. Mullen as being primary founders in terms of their contributions.[3] Most considered these three men, whether official founder or not, to be instrumental in the creation of the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania.[3]
The Feminist Movement during the early to mid 19th century generated support for the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania. The Society of Friends in Philadelphia, a large group of Quakers, were supportive of the women's rights movements and the development of the Female MCP.[4]
MCP was initially located in the rear of 229 Arch Street in Philadelphia; it was changed to 627 Arch Street when Philadelphia renumbered streets in 1858.[5] In July 1861, the board of corporators of the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania chose to rent rooms for the college from the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia on North College Avenue.[6]
Deans
The first dean of what was then known as the Female Medical College was Nathaniel R. Mosely, who served in the position from 1850 until 1856.[7] The second dean was also a man, Edwin B. Fussell, who held the position from 1856 to 1866.[8]
From then on, the Woman's College had a long history of female deans, lasting almost 100 years. The first woman to be a dean of this (or any) medical school was Ann Preston.[9] The following women were deans of the college in the years stated:
- 1866–1872, Ann Preston[10]
- 1872–1874, Emeline Horton Cleveland[11]
- 1874–1886, Rachel Bodley[12]
- 1886/1888–1917, Clara Marshall[13]
- 1917–1940, Martha Tracy[14] (Henry Jump served as interim dean during Tracy's sabbatical.)
- 1940/1943–1943/1946, Margaret Craighill
- 1946–1963, Marion Spencer Fay[15]
No woman was found to replace Marion Fay. After her, the position of dean was held by Glen R. Leymaster from 1964 to 1970,[16] at which time the institution became known as the Medical College of Pennsylvania.[17]
Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia
In part to provide clinical experience for WMC students, a group of Quaker women, particularly Ann Preston, founded the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia in 1861.[18] In 1929, the West Philadelphia Hospital for Women merged with the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia, retaining the latter's name.[19]
Issues in clinical training
The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania faced difficulties in providing clinical training for its students.[20] Almost all medical institutions were confronted with the demand for more clinical practice due to the rise of surgery, physical diagnosis, and clinical specialties.[21] During the 1880s, clinical instruction at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania relied mainly on the demonstration clinics.[20]
In 1887, Anna Broomall, professor of obstetrics for the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, established a maternity outpatient service in a poor area of South Philadelphia for the purpose of student education.[20] By 1895, many students cared for three or four women who were giving birth.[22]
East Falls campus and Drexel University
In the late 1920s, the college raised money to build a new campus. Designed by Ritter & Shay, the most successful of the Philadelphia urban architecture firms in the 1920s, the East Falls Campus was the first purpose-built hospital in the nation. The design allowed both teaching and hospital care to take place in one facility, helping provide for more clinical care. Post-WWII housing shortages in the city were a catalyst for development of additions to the East Falls Campus, the first of which was the Ann Preston Building (designed by Thaddeus Longstreth), which provided housing and classrooms for student nurses.
Today, the building is known as the Falls Center. It is operated by Iron Stone Real Estate Partners as student housing, commercial space, and medical offices.[23]
In 1993, the Medical College of Pennsylvania merged with Hahnemann Medical College, retaining its Queen Lane campus. In 2003, the two medical colleges were absorbed as a part of Drexel University College of Medicine, creating new opportunities for the large student body for clinical practice in settings ranging from urban hospitals to small rural practices.
Notable alumnae
The following is a list of Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania alumni (by century of graduation and in alphabetical order by last name) who are notable for their medical career.
19th century
- Caroline Still Anderson (class of 1878), one of the first African American female physicians
- Saleni Armstrong-Hopkins (class of 1885), medical missionary in India
- Anandibai Gopal Joshi (class of 1886), first female doctor from India
- Alice Bennett (class of 1880), chief physician and first woman superintendent of the women's department of the State Hospital for the Insane in Norristown, Pennsylvania.[24]
- Anna Broomall (class of 1871), professor of obstetrics and founder of the first outpatient maternity and prenatal care clinic in the United States
- Margaret F. Butler (class of 1894), professor of otorhinolaryngology and first woman to preside over an international congress of physicians
- Lucilla Green Cheney (class of 1875), medical missionary in India
- Louise M. Harvey Clarke (class of 1892), writer, speaker, and clubwoman in Los Angeles and Riverside counties, California
- Isabel Cobb (class of 1892), first woman physician in Indian territory
- Elizabeth D. A. Cohen (class of 1857), first woman licensed to practice medicine in the state of Louisiana.[25]
- Rebecca Cole (class of 1867), the second African-American female physician in the United States
- Lucinda L. Combs (class of 1870), first female medical missionary in China, started first Women's Hospital in Peking
- Katherine Neel Dale. medical missionary
- Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, first female African American doctor in Alabama
- Mary J. Scarlett Dixon (class of 1857), physician
- Caroline Matilda Dodson (class of 1874), physician
- Jane Lord Hersom (class of 1896), physician and suffragist
- Matilda Evans (class of 1897), first African American female physician licensed to practice in South Carolina[26]
- Louise Celia Fleming (class of 1895), first African American woman to attend and graduate[27]
- Elizabeth Follansbee (class of 1877), first female medical school faculty member in California and first female member of the Los Angeles County Medical Association
- Marie K. Formad (class of 1886), born in Russia, served in France during World War I
- Anna Martha Fullerton (class of 1882), born in India, later taught at the WMC
- Cordelia A. Greene (1831–1905), physician, social reformer
- Eliza Ann Grier (class of 1897),[28] the first African-American female physician licensed to practice in Georgia[26]
- Mary Wade Griscom (class of 1891), obstetrician in Philadelphia, and overseas in China, India, and Persia
- Rosetta Sherwood Hall, (class of 1889) American-born Canadian medical missionary and educator in Korea.[29]
- Susan Hayhurst, (class of 1857) the first woman to receive a pharmacy degree in the United States[30]
- Ida Heiberger (class of 1885), one of the first women physicians practicing in Washington, D.C.
- Amanda Hickey (class of 1870), surgeon
- Sabat Islambouli, first licensed female doctor in Syria[31]
- Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, (class of 1891) the first woman to become a doctor in Alabama.[26]
- Verina M. Harris Morton Jones (class of 1888), the first woman licensed to practice in Mississippi.[26]
- Gurubai Karmarkar (class of 1886), second woman from India to graduate from the college.
- Agnes Kemp (1823–1908), (class of 1879) the first woman to practice medicine in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania[32]
- Anna Sarah Kugler (class of 1879) was the first medical missionary of the Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of North America and served in India for 47 years.
- Ruth Webster Lathrop (class of 1891), taught at the WMC from 1904 to 1923
- Clara Marshall (class of 1875), dean of Woman's Medical College from 1888 to 1917[33]
- Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill, (class of 1899) the second Native American woman to earn a medical degree.[26]
- Amanda Taylor Norris (class of 1880), the first woman physician in Maryland[34]
- Keiko Okami, one of the earliest licensed female doctors in Japan, the first being Ogino Ginko[31]
- Romania B. Pratt Penrose (class of 1877), first woman to obtain her M.D. in Utah
- Susan La Flesche Picotte, (class of 1889) the first Native American female physician[26]
- Anna M. Longshore Potts (1829–1912), one of eight women in the school's first graduating class[35]
- Margaret C. Roberts (class of 1883), obstetrician from Utah who taught at the Relief Society Nursing School[36]
- Jeannette Judson Sumner (class of 1883), one of the first two women to study at Georgetown University, or at any Jesuit university for that matter. She transferred to WMCP after her first year at Georgetown.
- Clara Swain, (class of 1869) the first female medical missionary to India from the United States[37]
- Jennie Kidd Trout, (class of 1875) first female licensed medical doctor in Canada[26]
- Charlotte Whitehead Ross, a Canadian female physician who practiced in Montreal and Manitoba in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
- Harriot Kezia Hunt, Honorable MD recipient, women's rights activist, teacher.
- Elizabeth Reifsnyder, (class of 1881) opened first woman's hospital in Shanghai
- Lilian Welsh (class of 1889), physician and educator, advocate for public health and preventative medicine[38]
- Mary Holloway Wilhite (class of 1856), physician and philanthropist
- Charlotte Yhlen (1839–1920), first Swedish female physician
- Bertha Lund Glaeser (1862–1939), physician[39]
20th century
- Ora Kress Mason (class of 1911, summa cum laude)
- Virginia M. Alexander (class of 1925), obstetrics and gynecology, Founder of Aspiranto Health Home to serve low income African American communities
- Eleanor Jane Taylor Calverley (1908), medical missionary to Kuwait
- Myrtelle Canavan (class of 1905), early neuropathologist who first described a form of leukodystrophy that would eventually be named after her, Canavan's disease.
- Emmy Behn (class 1908), Dr. med., early German-born physician, gynecologist and publicist in Friedensau (Sanatorium), Berlin (Krankenhaus Waldfriede) and Kassel in Germany[40]
- Ruth Bleier, (class of 1949) neurophysiologist, and one of the first feminist scholars to explore how gender biases have shaped biology.
- Rita Sapiro Finkler, (class of 1915) Ukrainian-born endocrinologist, gynecologist and pediatrician
- Lucille C. Gunning, (b. 1921), African American pediatrician and medical services administrator who became a specialist in the treatment of children's cancer, the director of pediatric rehabilitation at Harlem Hospital and, later, deputy director of medical services of the Westchester Developmental Disabilities Service
- Saniya Habboub, (class of 1931) Lebanese medical doctor
- Eleanor Montague (1950) American radiologist and educator who advanced breast cancer radiation therapies
- Joanne Overleese, general surgeon, as well as one of the few doctors to have played in All-American Girls Professional Baseball League history
- Ellen Culver Potter (class of 1903), physician and public health official
- Renate L. Soulen (class of 1957), physician and co-founder of Society of Interventional Radiology
- Ingeborg Syllm Rapoport (1912–2017), pediatrician & neonatologist and at age 102, the oldest person to receive a doctorate.[41][42]
- Eva Reich, Austrian-born pediatrician and internationally known lecturer, daughter of controversial psychoanalyst Dr. Wilhelm Reich.[43]
- Patricia Robertson, a NASA astronaut and physician.
- Kazue Togasaki, (class of 1933) one of the earliest women of Japanese ancestry to earn a medical degree in the United States.
- Martha Tracy (class of 1904), dean of Woman's Medical College from 1917 to 1940
- Gisela von Poswik (class of 1911), German-born hospital administrator, specialist in radiology
- Mildred Mitchell-Bateman (class of 1946) first African American woman to hold an office in the American Psychiatric Association as vice president. Founded the Marshall University Department of Psychiatry and namesake of Mildred Mitchell-Bateman Hospital, West Virginia's state psychiatric hospital.
- Patricia Flint Borns (class of 1948),[44] prior acting director of the Department of Radiology at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, head the radiology departments at Hahnemann University Hospital, and Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children[45]
See also
References
- Peitzman, Steven J. (2000). A new and untried course : Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1850 – 1998. New Brunswick, N.J [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8135-2815-1.
- Smedley, Dr. Robert C. (1883). History of the Underground Railroad. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 268. OCLC 186383647.
- Peitzman, Steven J. (2000). 'A new and untried course': Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1850 – 1998. New Brunswick, N.J [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8135-2815-1.
- Peitzman, Steven J. (2000). A new and untried course : Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1850 – 1998. New Brunswick, N.J [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8135-2815-1.
- Peitzman, Steven J. (2000). A new and untried course : Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1850 – 1998. New Brunswick, N.J [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8135-2815-1.
- Peitzman, Steven J. (2000). A new and untried course : Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1850 – 1998. New Brunswick, N.J [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8135-2815-1.
- "Female physicians and female medical college". Ohio Cultivator. No. VIII. 1852. p. 28. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
- Kelly, Howard Atwood (1920). American Medical Biographies. Baltimore, M.D.: The Norman, Remington Company. pp. 418–419. ISBN 9781235663499. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
- Mandell, Melissa M. "Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania". The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
- Fay, MS (July 1965). "Ann Preston: Dean of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1866–1872". Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 33: 43–8. PMID 14344617.
- "Dr. Emeline Horton Cleveland". Changing the face of medicine. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
- "Rachel L. Bodley papers 291". PACSCL Finding Aids. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
- "Dr. Clara Marshall". Changing the face of medicine. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
- Rogers, Fred B. (December 1964). "Martha Tracy (1876–1942): Exceptional Woman of Public Health". Archives of Environmental Health. 9 (6): 819–821. doi:10.1080/00039896.1964.10663931. PMID 14203108.
- "Marion Spencer Fay Award". Institute for Women's Health and Leadership. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
- "News and Comment". Archives of Environmental Health. 8 (4): 625–628. April 1964. doi:10.1080/00039896.1964.10663727.
- Dixon, Mark (2011). The hidden history of Chester County : lost tales from the Delaware and Brandywine Valleys. Charleston, SC: History Press. ISBN 978-1609490737.
- Peitzman, Steven J. (2000). A new and untried course : Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1850 – 1998. New Brunswick, N.J [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8135-2815-1.
- "Dr. Ann Preston". National Library of Medicine. 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
- Peitzman (2000), A New and Untried Course, p. 78
- Edward Atwater, "'Making Fewer Mistakes': A History of Students and Patients," pp. 165–187, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 57, 1983
- Peitzman (2000), A New and Untried Course, p. 79
- Mastrull, Diane. "Falls Center is still evolving/ The historic location of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania is now becoming a medical and educational complex. The center continues to attract new tenants". Philly.com. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
- "Dr. (Mary) Alice Bennett". Changing the Face of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
- "Elizabeth D.A. Magnus Cohen". JewishVirtualLibrary.org. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
- Falcone, Alissa (March 27, 2017). "Remembering the Pioneering Women From One of Drexel's Legacy Medical Colleges". DrexelNow. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
- "Fleming, Louise Celia "Lulu" (1862–1899)". BlackPast.org. February 10, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
- "Drexel University School of Medicine". Our Diverse History. August 31, 2022.
- Sicherman, Barbara; Hurd Green, Carol (1980). Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary. Harvard University Press. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-0674627338.
- "Susan Hayhurst". American Journal of Pharmacy. 83: 32–39. 1911. Retrieved November 29, 2016 – via Google Books.
- Rao, Mallika (September 16, 2014). "Meet The Three Female Medical Students Who Destroyed Gender Norms A Century Ago". The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
- Abram Ruth J. Send Us a Lady Physician: Women Doctors in America, 1835–1920. WW Norton & Company, 1985, pp. 218–220.
- Ohles, Frederik; Ohles, Shirley M.; Ramsay, John G. (1997). "Marshall, Clara". Biographical Dictionary of Modern American Educators. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 216. ISBN 9780313291333. Retrieved December 1, 2016 – via Google Books.
- "Amanda Taylor Norris". Maryland Women's Hall of Fame. 2001. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
- Willard, Frances Elizabeth; Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice (1893). "WOODWARD, Mrs. Caroline M. Clark". A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life (Public domain ed.). Charles Wells Moulton. pp. 586–87.
- Plenk, Henry P. (1994). "Medicine in Utah". University of Utah Press.
- "Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania | Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
- "Lilian Welsh, M.D., Maryland Women's Hall of Fame". Maryland State Archives, Maryland Commission for Women. 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
- Goss, Charles Frederic (1912). Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788–1912. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. pp. 924–28. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. - Institut für Geschichte der Medizin und Ethik in der Medizin, Charité, Berlin. "Ärztinnen im Kaiserreich – Dr. med. Emmy Behn". geschichte.charite.de. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Graff, James (May 14, 2015). "Ingeborg Rapoport to Become Oldest Recipient of Doctorate After Nazi Injustice is Righted". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
- Misslbeck, Angela (March 30, 2017). "Charité-Legende mit 104 gestorben". Retrieved August 15, 2021.
- "Dr. Eva Reich, 84; lectured on father's controversial work," Boston Globe (from the Associated Press), August 13, 2008.
- Schrager, Gloria O. M. D. (2009). Complex Life of A Woman Doctor. Bertrams Print On Demand. ISBN 978-1441569530.
- Mahboubi, Soroosh (September 2009). "Patricia Flint Borns: (17 February 1922 – 15 April 2009)". Pediatric Radiology. 39 (9): 1025–1026. doi:10.1007/s00247-009-1352-0. S2CID 41616207.