XX Persei

XX Persei (IRC +50052 / HIP 9582 / BD+54°444) is a semiregular variable red supergiant star in the constellation Perseus, between the Double Cluster and the border with Andromeda.

XX Persei
XX Persei (circled) near the Double Cluster and Comet Lovejoy
Credit: Juan lacruz
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Perseus
Right ascension 02h 03m 09.35854s[1]
Declination 55° 13′ 56.6229″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 7.9 - 9.0[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type M4Ib + B7V[3]
Variable type SRc[4]
Astrometry
Proper motion (μ) RA: −1.263[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −1.819[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)0.3980 ± 0.0316 mas[1]
Distance8,200 ± 700 ly
(2,500 ± 200 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)−4.6[5]
Details
Mass16[5] M☉
Radius548[6] - 681[7] R☉
Luminosity42,000[6] L☉
Temperature3,535±170[6] K
Other designations
XX Per, BD+54°444, GSC 03689-01837, HD 12401, HIP 9582, IRC+50052, 2MASS J02030935+5513566, HV 3414, SAO 22875, AAVSO 0156+54
Database references
SIMBADdata

Variability
A visual band light curve for XX Persei, plotted from ASAS-SN data[8]

XX Persei is a semiregular variable star of sub-type SRc, indicating a cool supergiant. The General Catalogue of Variable Stars gives the period as 415 days.[4] It also shows a long secondary period which was originally given at 4,100 days.[5] A more recent study shows only slow variations with a period of 3,150 ± 1,000 days.[2] Another study failed to find any long period up to 10,000 days.[9]

Distance

The most likely distance of XX Per is 2,290 pc, from assumed membership of the Perseus OB1 association.[10] Gaia Data Release 3 includes a parallax of 0.3980±0.0316 mas, corresponding to a distance of around 2,500 pc.[1]

Characteristics

XX Per is a red supergiant of spectral type M4Ib with an effective temperature below 4,000 K. It has a large infrared excess, indicating surrounding dust at a temperature of 900 K, but no masers have been detected.[11][12]

XX Persei has a mass of 16 solar masses, above the limit beyond which stars end their lives as supernovae.[5]

Companions

XX Persei is listed in multiple star catalogues with a companion of magnitude 9.8 223″ away.[13] This star is BD+54°445 and it is an unrelated foreground object. In addition, the spectrum of XX Persei shows absorption lines of a hot companion too close to be resolved. The combined spectral type has been given as M4Ib + B7V,[3] while the UV spectrum of the companion has been used to derive a spectral classification of A.[14]

See also

References
  1. Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, Gy. M.; Bedding, T. R. (2006). "Variability in red supergiant stars: Pulsations, long secondary periods and convection noise". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 372 (4): 1721–1734. arXiv:astro-ph/0608438. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.372.1721K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10973.x. S2CID 5203133.
  3. Proust, D.; Ochsenbein, F.; Pettersen, B. R. (1981). "A catalogue of variable-visual binary stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 44: 179. Bibcode:1981A&AS...44..179P.
  4. Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
  5. Stothers, R.; Leung, K. C. (1971). "Luminosities, masses and periodicities of massive red supergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 10: 290. Bibcode:1971A&A....10..290S.
  6. Messineo, M.; Brown, A. G. A. (2019). "A Catalog of Known Galactic K-M Stars of Class I Candidate Red Supergiants in Gaia DR2". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (1): 20. arXiv:1905.03744. Bibcode:2019AJ....158...20M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab1cbd. S2CID 148571616.
  7. Norris, Ryan P. (2019). Seeing Stars Like Never Before: A Long-term Interferometric Imaging Survey of Red Supergiants (PDF) (PhD). Georgia State University.
  8. "ASAS-SN Variable Stars Database". ASAS-SN Variable Stars Database. ASAS-SN. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  9. Percy, John R.; Sato, Hiromitsu (2009). "Long Secondary Periods in Pulsating Red Supergiant Stars". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 103 (1): 11. Bibcode:2009JRASC.103...11P.
  10. Reiter, Megan; Marengo, Massimo; Hora, Joseph L.; Fazio, Giovanni G. (2015). "A Spitzer/IRAC characterization of Galactic AGB and RSG stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 447 (4): 3909. arXiv:1501.02749. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447.3909R. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2725. S2CID 118515353.
  11. Fok, Thomas K. T.; Nakashima, Jun-Ichi; Yung, Bosco H. K.; Hsia, Chih-Hao; Deguchi, Shuji (2012). "Maser Observations of Westerlund 1 and Comprehensive Considerations on Maser Properties of Red Supergiants Associated with Massive Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 760 (1): 65. arXiv:1209.6427. Bibcode:2012ApJ...760...65F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/65. S2CID 53393926.
  12. Verheyen, L.; Messineo, M.; Menten, K. M. (2012). "SiO maser emission from red supergiants across the Galaxy . I. Targets in massive star clusters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A36. arXiv:1203.4727. Bibcode:2012A&A...541A..36V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118265. S2CID 55630819.
  13. Mason, B. D.; et al. (2014), "The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog", The Astronomical Journal, 122 (6): 3466, Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M, doi:10.1086/323920, retrieved 2016-09-04
  14. Buss, Richard H.; Snow, Theodore P. (1988). "Hot components and circumstellar grains in M supergiant syncretic binaries". Astrophysical Journal. 335: 331. Bibcode:1988ApJ...335..331B. doi:10.1086/166931.
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