Yokohama F. Marinos

Yokohama F. Marinos (横浜F・マリノス, Yokohama Efu Marinosu) is a Japanese professional football club based in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, part of the Greater Tokyo Area. The club competes in the J1 League, which is the top tier of football in the country.[1][2][3]

Yokohama F. Marinos
logo
Full nameYokohama F·Marinos
Nickname(s)Marinos, Tricolor
Founded1972 (1972) as Nissan Motor F.C.
StadiumNissan Stadium
Capacity72,327
OwnerNissan (80%)
City Football Group (20%)
ChairmanAkihiro Takayama
ManagerKevin Muscat
LeagueJ1 League
2022J1 League, 1st of 18 (champions)
WebsiteClub website
Clubs owned by CFG
Listed in order of acquisition/foundation.
Bold indicates the club was founded by CFG.
* indicates the club was acquired by CFG.
§ indicates the club is co-owned.
2008Manchester City F.C.*
2009–2012
2013New York City FC§
2014Melbourne City FC*
Yokohama F. Marinos*§
2015–2016
2017Montevideo City Torque*
Girona FC*§
2018
2019Sichuan Jiuniu F.C.*§
Mumbai City FC*§
2020Lommel S.K.*
ES Troyes AC*
2021
2022Palermo F.C.*§
2023Bahia*§

Having won the J-League title five times and finishing second twice, they are one of the most successful J-League clubs. The team is based in Yokohama and was founded as the company team of Nissan Motor. The club was formed by the merger of Yokohama Marinos and Yokohama Flügels in 1999. The current name is intended to reflect both of the original names. Yokohama F. Marinos is the longest serving team in the top flight of Japanese football, having played at the top level since 1982, also making them, along with Kashima Antlers, one of only two teams to have competed in Japan's top flight of football every year since its inception.

History

Nissan FC

The team traces its origins to 1972 as the Nissan Motor Football Club, based in Yokohama. Nissan FC won promotion to Division 2 Football League in 1976. Under coach Shu Kamo, the team won Japan Soccer League in 1988 and 1989, as well as the JSL Cup in 1988, 1989 and 1990 and the Emperor's Cup in 1983, 1985, 1988, 1989 and 1991. The 1989 team won the "Triple Crown" - all three major tournaments in Japan - with famous players such as Takashi Mizunuma, Kazushi Kimura and Masami Ihara. At the end of the 1991–92 season, the team won the Asian Cup Winners' Cup.

Yokohama Marinos

Nissan Motors obtained registration in the newly formed J-League to acquire professional club status and changed the club's name to Yokohama Marinos, a reference to Yokohama's status as a major port city.[4] In their first seasons as a professional team, Yokohama Marinos continued to win competitions: triumphant in the Emperor's Cup 1992, a second consecutive Asian Cup Winners' Cup, and their first national title in 1995. Matches between Yokohama Marinos and Verdy Kawasaki were known as the National Derby.

Yokohama F. Marinos

In 1999, the club was renamed Yokohama F Marinos after the technical and financial merger with Yokohama Flügels which had declared bankruptcy. Since then, an F has been added to the name to represent the Flügels half of the club. Because of that, many Flügels fans have rejected the new team. Flügels fans felt that their team was dissolved into the F Marinos, rather than being merged with. As a result, they refused to follow F. Marinos and instead created Yokohama FC, the new city-wide rival of F. Marinos, with the help of public donations and an affiliation with IMG, a talent agency company.

In 2000 Marinos was runner-up in the J-League and Shunsuke Nakamura was named the best player of the season.

In 2001, Marinos won the J.League Cup.

In 2003 and 2004 Marinos was a two-time J-League champion with the stars of the team being South Koreans Ahn Jung-hwan, Yoo sang-chul and Japanese players Daisuke Oku, Tatsuhiko Kubo and Yuji Nakazawa (who was the best player of the year in 2004). Their coach was the Japanese Takeshi Okada, who was named the best coach of the Japanese League in the years 2003 and 2004.

From 2005 to 2008 with notable players Hayuma Tanaka, Hideo Oshima, Daisuke Sakata and Koji Yamase, Marinos didn't achieve anything. The highest they reached during this period was the 2008 Emperor's Cup semi-final.

In 2010, Shunsuke Nakamura returned to Yokohama F. Marinos.

On August 4, 2011, a year after leaving the club, former Marinos player Naoki Matsuda collapsed during training with Matsumoto Yamaga FC due to cardiac arrest and died at the age of 34. As a result, his former number 3 has been retired.

And after two semi-final defeats in 2011 and 2012 and Marinos won the 2013 Emperor's Cup on New Year's Day 2014, the first after 21 years and in 2013, they were runner-up in the J-League.

On 20 May 2014, it was announced that the City Football Group, a subsidiary of Abu Dhabi United Group, had invested in a minority stake in Yokohama F. Marinos, creating a partnership with the football club and the automaker Nissan.

And after consecutive defeats, such as a loss in the 2017 Emperor's Cup Final and in the 2018 J.League Cup Final, the team managed to get a good shape thanks to the direction of the Australian coach Ange Postecoglou, which ended 15 years of drought by winning the 2019 J1 League title, with emphasis on the participation of Teruhito Nakagawa being the best player of the season and top scorer with 15 goals together with Marcos Júnior.

In 2020, Marinos made it out of the group stage for the first time since the AFC Champions League switched to the current format.

Stadiums

International Stadium Yokohama, one of the two home stadiums of the Yokohama F. Marinos
Mitsuzawa Stadium, one of the two home stadiums of the Yokohama F. Marinos

The team's home stadiums are Nissan Stadium, otherwise known as International Stadium Yokohama, and Mitsuzawa Stadium. The team trained at Marinos Town located in the area of Minato Mirai, but moved to Kozukue Field located next to the home ground in 2016.

Theme song

The club's official theme song is "We Are F. Marinos" by Japanese duo Yuzu. The song was first released in 2005, with the song being used at games up to today, sometimes having mascot Marinos-kun dance to the song on a pedestal on the running track of Nissan Stadium.

Players and staff

Current squad

As of 12 August 2023.[7][8]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
1 GK Japan JPN Jun Ichimori (on loan from Gamba Osaka)
2 DF Japan JPN Katsuya Nagato
4 DF Japan JPN Shinnosuke Hatanaka
5 DF Brazil BRA Eduardo (vice-captain)
6 MF Japan JPN Kota Watanabe
7 MF Brazil BRA Élber
8 MF Japan JPN Takuya Kida (captain)
11 FW Brazil BRA Anderson Lopes
13 DF Japan JPN Ryuta Koike (vice-captain)
14 FW Japan JPN Asahi Uenaka
15 DF Japan JPN Takumi Kamijima
17 MF Japan JPN Kenta Inoue
18 MF Japan JPN Kota Mizunuma (vice-captain)
19 DF Japan JPN Yuki Saneto
20 MF Brazil BRA Yan Matheus
21 GK Japan JPN Hiroki Iikura
23 FW Japan JPN Ryo Miyaichi
24 DF Japan JPN Hijiri Kato
No. Pos. Nation Player
25 MF Japan JPN Kaina Yoshio
26 DF Japan JPN Yuta Koike
27 DF Japan JPN Ken Matsubara
28 MF Japan JPN Riku Yamane
29 MF South Korea KOR Nam Tae-hee
30 FW Japan JPN Takuma Nishimura
31 GK Japan JPN Fuma Shirasaka
33 DF Japan JPN Ryotaro Tsunoda
35 MF Japan JPN Keigo Sakakibara
36 FW Japan JPN Yuhi Murakami
38 DF Japan JPN Manato Yoshida DSP
41 FW Japan JPN Kenyu Sugimoto (on loan from Júbilo Iwata)
42 MF Japan JPN Shunta Ikeda Type 2
43 DF Japan JPN Daisuke Funaki Type 2
44 DF Japan JPN Yuma Hatano Type 2
45 MF Japan JPN Kohei Mochizuki Type 2
46 MF Japan JPN Kento Shirasu Type 2
50 GK Japan JPN Powell Obinna Obi

The official club website lists the club mascot as player #0 and the supporters as player #12.

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
GK Japan JPN Riku Terakado (on loan to Renofa Yamaguchi)
GK Japan JPN Tomoki Tagawa (on loan to Kataller Toyama)
DF Japan JPN Yusuke Nishida (on loan to AC Nagano Parceiro)
MF Japan JPN Eitaro Matsuda (on loan to Albirex Niigata)
MF Japan JPN Jun Amano (on loan to Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors)
No. Pos. Nation Player
MF Japan JPN Keita Ueda (on loan to Tochigi SC)
MF Japan JPN Shunsuke Hirai (on loan to Reilac Shiga)
FW Japan JPN Takumi Tsukui (on loan to Azul Claro Numazu)
MF Japan JPN Takuto Minami (on loan to Iwate Grulla Morioka)
MF Japan JPN Takuto Kimura (on loan to Ehime FC)

Retired number

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
3 DF Japan JPN Naoki Matsuda

Yokohama F. Marinos Youth

As of 6 April 2023.

The U-18 team of Yokohama F. Marinos currently plays in the Prince Takamado U-18 Premier League, the top-flight league for U-18 clubs in the country. Only the registered players for the competition will be displayed.[9]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
1 GK Japan JPN Ojiro Fukui
2 DF Japan JPN Takuma Mitsuhashi
3 DF Japan JPN Daisuke Funaki
4 DF Japan JPN Yuma Hatano
5 MF Japan JPN Shunta Ikeda
6 DF Japan JPN Reno Noguchi
7 MF Japan JPN Kenta Shirasu
8 MF Japan JPN Sota Kuwahara
9 FW Japan JPN Dan Nakahara
10 MF Japan JPN Kohei Mochizuki
11 MF Japan JPN Kotaro Hamada
12 FW Japan JPN Atsumu Daito
13 DF Japan JPN Haruto Kajihara
14 MF Japan JPN Yuma Tokuda
15 MF Japan JPN Nobuhide Sasahara
No. Pos. Nation Player
16 GK Japan JPN Takumi Haremaki
17 MF Japan JPN Taiki Iimura
18 FW Japan JPN Mirai Yoshizawa
19 DF Japan JPN Haruki Shimizu
20 GK Japan JPN Shoma Yamashita
22 DF Japan JPN Masaki Furuya
23 FW Japan JPN Haruki Ikawa
24 DF Japan JPN Koki Nakao
26 MF Japan JPN Haru Miyata
27 MF Japan JPN Haruki Uenishi
28 MF Japan JPN Aiki Sekino
30 DF Japan JPN Yusei Wada
31 GK Japan JPN Kai Suzuki
32 MF Japan JPN Kai Elchetabu Bright
33 DF Japan JPN Katsuki Asano

Current staff

For the 2023 season.

PositionName
ManagerAustralia Kevin Muscat
Assistant managerJapan Ryo Adachi
Australia Shaun Ontong
Japan Hideo Oshima
Goalkeeper coachJapan Shigetatsu Matsunaga
Assistant goalkeeper coachJapan Tetsuya Enomoto
Physical coachAustralia Gregory John King
Conditioning coachJapan Yusuke Tanaka
Chief AnalystJapan Satoru Okada
AnalystJapan Jun Yamaguchi
Performance data analystJapan Yuki Masui
Chief trainerJapan Hiroyuki Otahara
DoctorJapan Atsushi Fukai
TrainerJapan Kiyoshi Higure
Japan Nobuyasu Miyauchi
PhysioterapistJapan Daisuke Kikukawa
Interpreter (English)Japan Yutaka Matsuzaki
Japan Shintaro Oda
Interpreter (Portuguese)Japan Shinji Kinoshita
Top team directorJapan Junji Nishizawa
Club co-ordinatorJapan Shin Yamazaki
Side affairs (kit)Japan Hiroyoshi Tokunaga
Side affairs / interpreter (English / Portuguese)Brazil Pedro Sebastian
RoupeiroJapan Keisuke Ogata

International players

This list includes players that were called up to their national teams while playing at Yokohama F. Marinos, either to participate in official or friendly competitions, friendly matches or in training camps.

Japan
AFC/OFC/CAF
CONMEBOL
UEFA
CONCACAF

Club captains

Kits and crests

Yokohama F. Marinos utilizes a three colour system composed of blue, white and red.

In 2012, Yokohama F. Marinos have unveiled a special edition 20th Anniversary jersey

Slogan

AnoSlogan
2009Enjoy・Growing・Victory
2010ACTIVE
2011ACTIVE 2011
2012All for Win
2013All for Win -Realize
2014All For Win -Fight it out!
2015Integral Goal - All for Win
2016Integral Goal - All for Win
2017Integral Goal - All for Win
2018Brave and Challenging
2019URBAN ELEGANCE TRICOLORE
2020Brave and Challenging BRAVE BLUE
2021Brave and Challenging
2022Brave and Challenging

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

PeriodKit supplierShirt sponsorNotes
1992–1996 Mizuno (J-League) and Adidas (Emperor's Cup) Nissan Kodak
1997–2007 Adidas ANA
2008–2011 Nike
2012– Adidas SANEI ARCHITECTURE
MUGEN ESTATE
NISSHIN OILLIO

Uniforms

FP 1st
1993 - 1994
1995 - 1996
1997 - 1998
1999 - 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004 - 2005
2006
2007
2008 - 2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023 -
FP 2nd
1993 - 1996
1997 - 1998
1999 - 2000
2001 - 2002
2003 - 2004
2005 - 2006
2007
2008 - 2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023 -
FP Other
1993 3rd
2001 - 2002 3rd
2004
ACL 1st
2009
yokohama port 150th anniversary
2012
20 year anniversary
2013
PSM Memorial
2014
ACL 1st
2014
ACL 2nd
2014
commemoration of the 2014 emperor's cup victory
2015
Cup 1st
2015
CUP 2nd
2016
Cup 1st
2016
CUP 2nd
2016
Yokohama Port Opening Commemorative
2017
CUP 1st
2017
Cup 2nd
2017 SP
2018 SP
2019 SP
Yokohama
160th
Anniversary
2020 SP
2021 SP
2022 SP

Players who played in the World Cup

The list includes players who were called up to their national teams while playing at Yokohama F. Marinos, to represent their country in the FIFA World Cup .

Record

Champions Runners-up Third place Promoted Relegated
SeasonDiv.TeamsPos.Attendance/GJ.League CupEmperor's CupAsia
1992 Group stageChampionsCWCChampions
1993 J1104th16,781Group stageQuarter-finalsCWCWithdrew
1994 126th19,801Semi-finalsSemi-finals
1995| 141st18,3262nd round
1996 168th14,589Group stage3rd roundCCGroup stage
1997 173rd9,211Group stageRound of 16
1998 184th19,165Group stage3rd round
1999 164th20,095Quarter-finalsQuarter-finals
2000 162nd16,644Quarter-finalsQuarter-finals
2001 1613th20,595Champions3rd round
2002 162nd24,108Group stageRound of 16
2003 161st24,957Quarter-finalsQuarter-finals
2004 161st24,818Quarter-finalsRound of 16CLGroup stage
2005 189th25,713Semi-finalsRound of 16CLGroup stage
2006 189th23,663Semi-finalsQuarter-finals
2007 187th24,039Semi-finalsRound of 16
2008 189th23,682Quarter-finalsSemi-finals
2009 1810th22,057Semi-finalsRound of 16
2010 188th25,684Group stageRound of 16
2011 185th21,038Quarter-finalsSemi-finals
2012 184th22,946Group stageSemi-finals
2013 182nd27,496Semi-finalsChampions
2014 187th23,088Quarter-finals3rd roundCLGroup stage
2015 187th24,221Group stageRound of 16
2016 1810th24,004Semi-finalsSemi-finals
2017 185th24,180Group stageRunners-up
2018 1812th21,788Runners-upRound of 16
2019 181st27,010Group stageRound of 16
2020 189th7,968Semi-finalsDid not qualifyCLRound of 16
2021 202nd8,991Play-off2nd round
2022 181st19,811Quarter-finals3rd roundCLRound of 16
2023 18TBDTBD3rd roundCLTBD
Key
  • Pos. = Position
  • Attendance/G = Average home league attendance
  • 2020 & 2021 seasons attendances reduced by COVID-19 worldwide pandemic
  • Source: J.League Data Site

Honours

League

Cups

International

Continental record

Season Competition Round Club Home Away Aggregate
1989–90 Asian Club Championship Group 6 China Liaoning 0–1 2nd
Macau Hap Kuan 9–0
North Korea Chadongcha 2–0
Group A Malaysia Kuala Lumpur City 2–1 1st
Oman Fanja 1–0
Final China Liaoning 1–2 1–1 2–3
1990–91 Asian Club Championship Group 7 North Korea April 25 0–1 3rd
China Liaoning 2–3
1991–92 Asian Cup Winners' Cup Quarter-finals India East Bengal 4–0 3–1 4–1
Semi-finals Indonesia Pupuk Kaltim 2–0 0–0 2–0
Final Saudi Arabia Al-Nassr 5–0 1–1 6–1
1992–93 Asian Cup Winners' Cup Second round Indonesia Pupuk Kaltim 3–1 1–1 4–2
Semi-finals Vietnam SHB Đà Nẵng 3–0 1–1 4–1
Final Iran Persepolis 1–1 1–0 2–1
1993–94 Asian Cup Winners' Cup First round Philippines Philippine Air Force 5–0 1–0 6–0
Quarter-finals Indonesia Semen Padang 11–0 1–2 12–2
Semi-finals Hong Kong South China w/o
1996–97 Asian Club Championship First round Macau GD Artilheiros w/o
Second round Malaysia Johor Darul Ta'zim 2–0 1–1 3–1
Quarter-finals South Korea Pohang Steelers 2–2 3rd
South Korea Seongnam FC 2–3
Maldives New Radiant 10–0
2004 AFC Champions League Group G Vietnam Bình Định 6–0 3–0 2nd
Indonesia Persik Kediri 4–0 4–1
South Korea Seongnam FC 1–2 1–0
2005 AFC Champions League Group F China Shandong Taishan 0–1 1–2 2nd
Indonesia PSM Makassar 3–0 2–0
Thailand Police Tero 2–0 2–1
2014 AFC Champions League Group G South Korea Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors 2–1 0–3 4th
China Guangzhou 1–1 1–2
Australia Melbourne Victory 3–2 0–1
2020 AFC Champions League Group H South Korea Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors 4–1 2–1 1st
Australia Sydney FC 4–0 1–1
China Shanghai Port 1–2 1–0
Round of 16 South Korea Suwon Samsung Bluewings 2–3
2022 AFC Champions League Group H South Korea Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors 0–1 1–1 1st
Vietnam Hoàng Anh Gia Lai 2–0 2–1
Australia Sydney FC 3–0 1–0
Round of 16 Japan Vissel Kobe 2–3
2023–24 AFC Champions League Group G South Korea Incheon United 2–4
China Shandong Taishan 1–0
Philippines Kaya-Iloilo 3–0

Performance in AFC competitions

Awards

J.League MVP Award:

J.League Top Scorer:

J.League Rookie of the Year:

J.League Manager of the Year:

J.League Fair Play Award:

J.League Monthly MVP :

J.League Best XI:

AFC Champions League Best XI:

J.League Cup MVP:

J.League Cup New Hero:

Manager history

ManagerNationalityTenure
StartFinish
Hidehiko Shimizu Japan19931994
Jorge Solari Argentina1995
Hiroshi Hayano Japan19951996
Xabier Azkargorta Spain1997August 1998
Antonio de la Cruz SpainAugust 19981999
Osvaldo Ardiles ArgentinaJan 1, 2000Dec 31, 2000
Yoshiaki Shimojo Japan2001
Sebastião Lazaroni Brazil20012002
Yoshiaki Shimojo Japan2002
Takeshi Okada JapanJan 1, 2003Aug 24, 2006
Takashi Mizunuma JapanAug 25, 2006Dec 31, 2006
Hiroshi Hayano JapanJan 1, 2007Dec 31, 2007
Takashi Kuwahara JapanJan 1, 2008July 17, 2008
Kokichi Kimura JapanJuly 18, 2008Dec 31, 2009
Kazushi Kimura JapanFeb 16, 2010Dec 31, 2011
Yasuhiro Higuchi JapanDec 30, 2011Dec 7, 2014
Erick Mombaerts FranceDec 16, 2014Jan 1, 2018
Ange Postecoglou AustraliaJan 1, 2018June 10, 2021
Hideki Matsunaga (caretaker) JapanJune 10, 2021July 18, 2021
Kevin Muscat AustraliaJuly 18, 2021Present

In the manga series – Captain Tsubasa, one of the characters was Yokohama Marinos midfielder Mamoru Izawa.

Notes

Rivalries

National Derby

  • During the late 80's and early 90's, the matches between the two most winning teams of the time, Yokohama Marinos and Verdy Kawasaki, were earlier as a National Derby. However, in the following years this classic gradually ceased to be the center of consideration, especially after Verdy moved to Toques and was no longer part of Yomiuri in 1997.

Kanagawa Derby

Previously, Verdy Kawasaki and the extinct Yokohama Flügels were Kanagawa Derby rivals. With Verdy moving to Tokyo from Kawasaki, matches between the two clubs are no longer considered Kanagawa derbies.

Yokohama Derby

  • The classic among the most representative teams in the city of Yokohama, Yokohama F. Marinos, Yokohama FC and YSCC Yokohama. Between 1993 and 1998, the Yokohama derby corresponded only to the departure between the late Yokohama Flügels and Yokohama F. Marinos.

Base categories

The base category of Yokohama F. Marinos started in 1986, before the opening of the J-League, and it is divided into 3 categories U-12, U-15 and U-18 and these are some of the best players formed at the base of Marinos, Shunsuke Nakamura, Manabu Saito, Jungo Fujimoto, Mike Havenaar, Hiroki Iikura, Takashi Amano, Hiroyuki Taniguchi, Tetsuya Enomoto, Yuzo Kurihara, Hayuma Tanaka, Yuki Kaneko, Daisuke Sakata, Naohiro Ishikawa, Rikizo Matsuhashi, Eitaro Matsuda, Kota Yamada, Keita Endo, Ryo Takano, Takuya Kida, Andrew Kumagai, Yuji Ono, Jun Amano, Sho Matsumoto, Jin Hanato, Kota Mizunuma, Takashi Kanai, Masakazu Tashiro, Yota Akimoto etc. ... .[10]

  • All Japan Club Youth Soccer Tournament
  • JFA Prince League Kanto
  • Prince Takamado Trophy
  • J-Youth Cup
  • JFA Championship
  • Danone Nations Cup

Notes

    References

    1. "Sanfrecce players shoulder blame for Moriyasu's surprise resignation". The Japan Times. 9 July 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
    2. "Sanfrecce salvage point against in-form Marinos". The Japan Times. 8 July 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
    3. "Amano's timely strike leads Marinos past FC Tokyo". The Japan Times. 18 June 2017. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
    4. "Club: Team name". f-marinos.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
    5. "2019 Marinos tactics analyze ポステコグルー・横浜Fマリノスの戦術分析". Archived from the original on 2021-06-26. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
    6. "Yokohama F. Marinos 2019 match results". Archived from the original on 2021-06-26. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
    7. "2023シーズン ユニフォーム発表!". 横浜F・マリノス 公式サイト (in Japanese). Retrieved 15 January 2023.
    8. "選手・スタッフ". 横浜F・マリノス 公式サイト (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
    9. "アカデミー選手・スタッフ". Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
    10. "アカデミーについて". Archived from the original on 2021-01-19. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.