Zhongfeng Mingben

In Zhongfeng Mingben's Huanzhu Jiaxun, "Family instructions of Illusory Abiding",[10] he describes himself as "the illusionary man", alluding to the play of Maya and the ability of tricksters to create an illusionary world.[11] Zhongfeng Mingben states that this world is illusory, but that there is no alternative to this illusion. Students have to realize the pervasiveness of this illusion, and learn to act within it.[12] The alternative for this illusionary or relative world, the absolute truth, is not to be regarded as an enduring phenomenon.[13]

Zhongfeng Mingben relies on the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment in his teachings on how to overcome this illusion.[14] This sutra gives metaphors connected to illusion to explain the insubstantial nature of ignorance, such as dreams or flowers in the sky.[14][note 1][note 2] Illusory phenomena emerge from an intrinsically pure ground.[note 3] Since the illusions are not real in themselves, their disappearance will not change this pure ground. But the disappearance itself is also illusionary since the mind is enlightened or pure from the beginning. This makes it impossible to speak of either being enlightened or unenlightened, a position which is clearly at odds with basic Buddhist teachings. This is "cured" by overcoming "the discriminating thought processes that posit terms like illusion and real".[15]

Illusion is also created by relying on words. There are alternative, non-discursive ways of relating to words, one of them being k'an-hua, "observing the key phrase", the method of kōan study introduced by Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163).[16] Insight must be based in bodily experience rather than mere intellectual discrimination.

Another physical practice is calligraphy, the writing of characters. This writing is a bodily act. The writing of a character is not an intellectual inquiry, but "a performance of it".[17] Zhongfeng Mingben was a celebrated calligraphy artist.[18]

Zhongfeng Mingben merged Chán with Pure Land teachings.[19] Together with Yongming Yanshou (904–975), who lived three centuries earlier, he was an influential proponent of this dual practice.[19]

Zhongfeng Mingben lived after the "golden age of Chán" of the Tang and the proliferation of Chán during the Tang. His age was regarded as an age of mofa ("Degenerate age of the Law").[3] Zhongfeng Mingben attributed this to a lack of monastic discipline and a lack of personal dedication by monks,[3] and tried to counter this by writing a monastic code, the Huan-chu ch'ing-kuei (Jpn. Genju shingi), in 1317.[20] This work influenced Musō Soseki, a contemporary of Zhongfeng Mingben, when he wrote his guidelines for monasteries and monks, the Rinsen kakun.[20]

Zhongfeng Mingben was the first to compare the sayings and teachings of the 'masters of the old' with the public cases of the court, the gong-an.

According to Zhongfeng Mingben gōng'àn abbreviates gōngfǔ zhī àndú (公府之案牘, Japanese kōfu no antoku – literally the andu "official correspondence; documents; files" of a gongfu "government post"), which referred to a "public record" or the "case records of a public law court" in Tang-dynasty China.[21][22][note 4] Kōan/gong'an thus serves as a metaphor for principles of reality beyond the private opinion of one person, and a teacher may test the student's ability to recognize and understand that principle.

Epistle to Zhongfeng Mingben (与中峰明本尺牘, yochūhō myōhon sekitoku) One of six letters, ink on paper; Seikadō Bunko Art Museum, Tokyo

Several Japanese Buddhists came to China to study with Zhongfeng Mingben on Mount T'ien-mu. They formed the Genjū line of the Rinka monasteries, the more independent monasteries outside the cities and the Five Mountain System of government-approved temples. Kosen Ingen was the most important of these Japanese students.[9][note 5] Other students include Kohō Kakumyō, a teacher of Bassui Tokushō,[24] and Jakushitsu Genkō (1290–1367), the founder of Eigen-ji.[25]

Although they never met, Zhongfeng Mingben had a close affinity with Musō Soseki, via the Japanese students who studied with him.[7]

Hakuin's warning against "wild fox slobber" can be traced back to Zhongfeng Mingben.[26] The term "wild fox" points to teachers who lead students astray by giving wrong information. The term wild fox is also the name of the Wild fox koan. Whereas Zhongfeng Mingben warns against the impossible attempt of totally silencing the mind,[26] Hakuin uses the term in a more positive sense, to denote the workings of koans, which "possess the power to cause sudden death in students, raising the great doubt in their minds that will lead them to the 'great death' and the rebirth of satori and enlightenment".[26]