Abortion law in the United States by state

The legality of abortion in the United States and the various restrictions imposed on the procedure vary significantly depending on the laws of each state or other jurisdiction. Some states prohibit abortion at all stages of pregnancy with few exceptions, others permit it up to a certain point in a woman's pregnancy, while others allow abortion throughout a woman's pregnancy. In states where abortion is legal, several classes of restrictions on the procedure may exist, such as parental consent or notification laws, requirements that patients be shown an ultrasound before obtaining an abortion, mandatory waiting periods, and counseling requirements. Abortion laws tend to be the most strict in the Southern United States and the most lenient in the Northeastern and Western United States.

A color-coded map illustrating the current legal status of elective-specific abortion procedures in each of the individual 50 states of the United States of America; plus U.S. territories and federal district[lower-alpha 1]
As of October 8, 2022 (UTC)
  Illegal
  Legally unclear or legal but no providers
  Legal before cardiac-cell activity[lower-alpha 2]
  Legal through 15th week LMP (1st trimester)
  Legal through 18th week LMP
  Legal through 20th week LMP
  Legal through 22nd week LMP (5 months)
  Legal before fetal viability[lower-alpha 3]
  Legal through 24th week LMP (5½ months)
  Legal before third trimester[lower-alpha 4]
  Legal at any stage
A colored border indicates that a more stringent restriction or ban, corresponding to the key, is blocked by the courts.
* LMP is the time since the onset of the last menstrual period.

From 1973 to 2022, Supreme Court rulings in Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), respectively, created and maintained federal protections for a pregnant woman's right to get an abortion, ensuring that states could not ban abortion prior to the point at which a fetus may be deemed viable. However, Roe and Casey were overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022), and states may now impose any regulation on abortion, provided it satisfies rational basis review and does not otherwise conflict with federal law. Prior to the Court’s decision in Dobbs, many states enacted trigger laws to ban abortion should Roe be overturned. Additionally, several states either have enacted or are in the process of enacting stricter abortion laws following Dobbs, and some have resumed enforcement of laws in effect prior to 1973. While such laws are no longer considered to violate the United States Constitution, they continue to face some legal challenges in state courts.

Abortion laws in the US prior to Roe.
  Illegal even at risk of woman's death (1 state).
  Legal for danger to woman's life (29 states).
  Legal in cases of rape (1 state).
  Legal in cases of danger to woman's health (2 states).
  Legal in cases of danger to woman's health, rape or incest, or likely damaged fetus (13 states).
  Legal at doctor's discretion (4 states).
Parental notification and consent laws in the US
  Parental notification or consent not required
  One parent must be informed beforehand1
  Both parents must be informed beforehand
  One parent must consent beforehand2
  Both parents must consent beforehand
  One parent must consent and be informed beforehand
  Parental notification law currently enjoined
  Parental consent law currently enjoined
1 Delaware's parental notification law only applies to minors under the age of 16.
2 Massachusetts' parental consent law only applies to minors under the age of 16. South Carolina's law only apples to minors under 17.
Mandatory waiting period laws in the US
  No mandatory waiting period
  Waiting period of less than 24 hours
  Waiting period of 24 hours or more
  Waiting period law currently enjoined
Abortion counseling laws in the US
  No mandatory counseling
  Counseling in person, by phone, mail, and/or other
  Counseling in person only
  Counseling law enjoined
Mandatory ultrasound laws in the US
  Mandatory. Must display image.
  Mandatory. Must offer to display image.
  Mandatory. Law unenforceable.
  Not mandatory. If ultrasound is performed, must offer to display image.
  Not mandatory. Must offer ultrasound.
  Not mandatory.
Fetal homicide laws in the fifty states. Also applies to certain offenses which the United States government has jurisdiction.
  Homicide or murder.
  Other crime against fetus.
  Depends on age of fetus.
  Assaulting mother.
  No law on feticide.

Individual states have broad discretion to prohibit or regulate abortion and the legal position varies considerably from state to state. The Supreme Court had removed this discretion, and created a federal right to abortion, with the 1973 Roe v. Wade judgement, but this ruling was reversed 49 years later by the Supreme Court's ruling in the 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson case. States have passed laws to restrict late-term abortions, require parental notification for minors, and mandate the disclosure of abortion risk information to patients prior to the procedure. Currently, legislatures in 22 states state they would move to ban or further restrict abortion laws throughout the U.S.

The key deliberated article of the US Constitution is the Fourteenth Amendment, which states that:

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.[1]

The official report of the US Senate Judiciary Committee, issued in 1983 after extensive hearings on the Human Life Amendment (proposed by Senators Orrin Hatch and Thomas Eagleton), stated:

Thus, the [Judiciary] Committee observes that no significant legal barriers of any kind whatsoever exist today in the United States for a woman to obtain an abortion for any reason during any stage of her pregnancy.[2]

A number of states limit elective abortions to a maximum number of weeks into pregnancy, usually prior to when the fetus could survive if removed from the womb. For comparative purposes, the youngest child thought to have survived a premature birth in the United States was Amillia Taylor (born on October 24, 2006, in Miami, Florida, at 21 weeks and 6 days gestational age, approx. 153 days vs. possibly expected gestational period of 40 weeks, approx. 280 days).[3]

Compared to other developed countries, the procedure is more available in the United States in terms of how late the abortion can legally be performed. However, in terms of other aspects such as government funding, privacy for non-adults, or geographical access, some US states are far more restrictive. In most European countries abortion-on-demand is allowed only during the first trimester, with abortions during later stages of pregnancy allowed only for specific reasons (e.g. physical or mental health reasons, risk of birth defects, if the woman was raped etc.). The reasons that can be invoked by a woman seeking an abortion after the first trimester vary by country, for instance, some countries, such as Denmark, provide a wide range of reasons, including social and economic ones.[4]

There are no national laws or restrictions regulating abortion in Canada, although each individual province sets its own guidelines. In Australia, the law on abortion varies by state/territory. In many countries, abortion has been legalized by respective parliaments, while in the US abortion has previously been deemed a constitutional right by the Supreme Court, although this was reversed in 2022.

Because of the split between federal and state law, legal access to abortion continues to vary somewhat by state. Geographic availability, however, varies dramatically, with 87 percent of US counties having no abortion provider.[5] Moreover, due to the Hyde Amendment, many state health programs which poor women rely on for their health care do not cover abortions; currently only 17 states (including California, Illinois and New York) offer or require such coverage.[6]

The 1992 case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey overturned Roe's strict trimester formula, but reemphasized the right to abortion as grounded in the general sense of liberty and privacy protected under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution: "If the right of privacy means anything, it is the right of the individual, married or single, to be free from unwarranted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or beget a child." Advancements in medical technology meant that a fetus might be considered viable, and thus have some basis of a right to life, at 22 or 23 weeks rather than at the 28 that was more common at the time Roe was decided. For this reason, the old trimester formula was ruled obsolete, with a new focus on viability of the fetus.

Since 1995, led by Congressional Republicans, the US House of Representatives and US Senate have moved several times to pass measures banning the procedure of intact dilation and extraction, also commonly known as partial birth abortion. After several long and emotional debates on the issue, such measures passed twice by wide margins, but President Bill Clinton vetoed those bills in April 1996 and October 1997 respectively, on the grounds that they did not include health exceptions. Congressional supporters of the bill argued that a health exception would render the bill unenforceable, since the Doe v. Bolton decision defined "health" in vague terms, justifying any motive for obtaining an abortion. Subsequent Congressional attempts at overriding the veto were unsuccessful.

On October 2, 2003, with a vote of 281–142, the House again approved a measure banning the procedure, called the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. Through this legislation, a doctor could face up to two years in prison and face civil lawsuits for performing such an abortion. A woman who undergoes the procedure cannot be prosecuted under the measure. The measure contains an exemption to allow the procedure if the woman's life is threatened.

On October 21, 2003, the United States Senate passed the same bill by a vote of 64–34, with a number of Democrats joining in support. The bill was signed by President George W. Bush on November 5, 2003, but a federal judge blocked its enforcement in several states just a few hours after it became public law. The Supreme Court upheld the nationwide ban on the procedure in the case Gonzales v. Carhart on April 18, 2007. The 5–4 ruling said the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act does not conflict with previous Court decisions regarding abortion.

The decision marked the first time the court allowed a ban on any type of abortion since 1973. The swing vote, which came from moderate justice Anthony Kennedy, was joined by Justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and the two recent appointees, Samuel Alito and Chief Justice John Roberts.

State regulatory initiatives regarding abortion
States with trigger laws or pre-Roe bans on abortion that made abortion illegal in the state following Roe v. Wade being overturned
  Trigger laws in place
  Trigger laws and pre-Roe laws in place
  Pre-Roe laws in place

The following states have or had initiatives regarding abortion. The fetal heartbeat bill legislative approach picked up momentum in 2018 and 2019.

Alabama

Following the Supreme Court overruling of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion is illegal in Alabama.[7]

A pre-Roe abortion ban, last amended in 1951, remains on the books. The law bans abortions in all cases except to preserve the life of the mother. Those convicted under the statute would face a maximum fine of $1,000 and a maximum jail time of 12 months.

Performing an abortion is a Class A felony with up to 99 years in prison, and attempted abortion is a Class C felony punishable by 1 to 10 years in prison, under a pending law passed in May 2019. The law was enjoined, but now that Roe has been overturned, the law could go into effect.[8]

Abortion is a divisive issue in the state, with 37% of adults believing it should be legal in all or most cases and 58% believing it should be illegal in all or most cases. Alabama's political and overarching religious beliefs has presented Alabama residents with limited access to abortion services. As of 2021, only three clinics remain in Alabama, all of which are located in metropolitan areas of the state.

Alaska

As long as a licensed physician performs the procedure, abortion is legal in Alaska. People under the age of 17 must have parental consent.[9]

In 2019, House Bill 178 was proposed, which would have banned abortion with no exceptions.[9] The Bill was withdrawn.[10]

Arizona

Abortion is legal up to 24 weeks of pregnancy although all healthcare providers have suspended abortion services while they await legal clarification.[11] Patients must meet with a physician at least 24 hours before the procedure, and a licensed physician must perform the procedure. Minors must receive parental consent.[9]

Arkansas

After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, a 2021 trigger law took effect in Arkanas that banned abortions.[12][7] The ban has an exception for abortions performed to save the life of the mother, though it is possible an exception will be made in rape and incest cases in the future.[12] Doctors determined to have performed an abortion face up to 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000.[12]

California

Abortion is legal in California up to the point of fetal viability. Nurse-midwives and other non-physician medical personnel with proper training may perform the procedure. Public universities are required by law to provide Mifepristone at no cost to students.[9]

Colorado

Abortion is legal in Colorado. Minors' parents or legal guardians must receive notice before the procedure.[9]

In 2008, Kristine and Michael Burton of Colorado for Equal Rights proposed Colorado Amendment 48, an initiative to amend the definition of a person to "any human being from the moment of fertilization."[13][14] On November 4, 2008, the initiative was turned down by 73.2 percent of the voters.[15]

The state passed the Reproductive Health Equity Act into law in April 2022, which protects abortion rights and assures "every individual has a fundamental right to make decisions about the individual's reproductive health care, including the fundamental right to use or refuse contraception; a pregnant individual has a fundamental right to continue a pregnancy and give birth or to have an abortion and to make decisions about how to exercise that right; and a fertilized egg, embryo, or fetus does not have independent or derivative rights under the laws of the state."[16]

Connecticut

The 1821 abortion law of Connecticut is the first known law passed in America to restrict abortion.

Although this law did not completely outlaw abortions, it placed heavier restrictions as it prevented women from attempting or receiving abortions, which was generally through the consumption of poison, during the first four months of a woman's pregnancy.

Delaware

Abortion in Delaware is legal up to fetal viability. 55% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. There was a therapeutic exceptions in the state's legislative ban on abortions by 1900. Informed consent laws were on the books by 2007. As of May 14, 2019, the state prohibited abortions after the fetus was viable, generally some point between week 24 and 28. This period uses a standard defined by the US Supreme Court in 1973 with the Roe v. Wade ruling.

Florida

Until 2022, abortion in Florida was legal up to the 24th week of pregnancy. 56% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. An abortion ban with therapeutic exception was in place by 1900. Such laws were in place after the American Medical Association sought to criminalize abortion in 1857. By 2007, the state had a customary informed consent provision for abortions. By 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication induced abortions. Attempts to ban abortion took place in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016. Two fetal heartbeat bills were filed in the Florida Legislature in 2019, and the Florida Legislature outlawed abortion after 15 weeks in 2022.

Georgia

Georgia passed an abortion law on May 7, 2019, which prohibits abortions after a fetal heartbeat is detected, usually six weeks following the last menstrual period.[7] The law makes no exception for cases of rape or incest.[17] The constitutionality of the law was challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union, Planned Parenthood, and the Center for Reproductive Rights. In October 2019, the federal judge overseeing the case blocked enforcement of the ban, which was to take effect in January 2020, stating that the plaintiffs have shown a likelihood of winning the case.[18]

Hawaii

As of 2017, there are 28 clinics in Hawaii that will perform abortions. As of January 2021, an abortion can be performed after viability if the patient's life or overall health is in danger.[19]

Idaho

Abortion is expected to be legal until thirty days following the overruling of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022. After the trigger law goes into effect, doctors who perform abortions will serve at least two years in prison, and up to five years.[12][20] Exceptions to the ban will include saving the life of the mother, as well as lawful evidence that the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest.[12]

Some state leaders, including Lt. Gov. Janice McEachin "are calling for even stricter laws, including eliminating the exceptions for rape, incest and the life of the mother and pushing to classify abortion as felony murder."[12]

Illinois

Abortion is legal in Illinois up to 24 weeks. Parental consent is not required for minors, however a guardian over the age of 21 must be notified unless over turned by a judge in special cases.[21] Illinois has 40 facilities that can perform abortions as of 2017.[22]

Indiana

Abortion in Indiana is currently illegal except in cases of rape or incest before 10 weeks post-fertilization, for fatal fetal abnormalities, or to preserve the life and physical health of the mother.[23] New 2021 laws put in place in the state require an ultrasound be done and shown to the patient 18 plus hours before the procedure as well as state mandated counseling for the patient. If the patient seeking an abortion is a minor, they must receive parental consent before moving forward.[24]

Iowa

Abortion is legal in Iowa up to six weeks following an individual's last menstrual cycle, with exceptions pertaining to the mother's health.[7]

On March 26, 2020, Governor Kim Reynolds expanded upon previous COVID-19 disaster proclamations to halt elective and non-essential surgeries.[25] The following day her office asserted: "[The] Proclamation suspends all nonessential or elective surgeries and procedures until April 16th, that includes surgical abortion procedures".[26]

Kansas

Kansas lawmakers approved sweeping anti-abortion legislation (HB 2253) on April 6, 2013,[27] that says life begins at fertilization, forbids abortion based on gender and bans Planned Parenthood from providing sex education in schools.[28]

In 2015, Kansas became the first state to ban the dilation and evacuation procedure, a common second-trimester abortion procedure.[29] But the new law was later struck down by the Kansas Court of Appeals in January 2016 without ever having gone into effect.[30] In April 2019, the Kansas Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's decision, and ruled that the right to abortion is inherent within the state's constitution and bill of rights, such that even if Roe v. Wade is overturned and the federal protection of abortion rights is withdrawn, the right would still be allowed within Kansas, barring a change in the state constitution.[31] After both Houses of the Kansas State Legislature passed a constitutional amendment to overturn the Kansas Supreme Court's ruling, the proposed amendment was subject to a voter referendum. The referendum resulted in a decisive rejection of the amendment (and thus an affirmation that the Kansas Constitution contains a right to an abortion) on August 2, 2022.[32]

Kentucky

After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, a 2019 trigger law took effect in Kentucky that banned abortions.[33][7] The law makes all abortions illegal except when medically mandatory to prevent the patient from dying or getting a "life-sustaining organ" permanently impaired.[7]

Performing an abortion is now a Class C felony, with imprisonment of 5 to 10 years and fines of $1,000 to $10,000.[34]

The ACLU announced plans to sue the state in court, claiming that the state constitution recognizes abortion as a right.[35][36] On June 30, 2022, Jefferson County Circuit Judge Mitch Perry issued a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the state's abortion ban pending further hearings to determine if the ban violates the Kentucky Constitution. This order temporarily allows both elective abortion providers, which are both located in Louisville, to temporarily resume elective abortions.[37] Both the Kentucky Court of Appeals and the Kentucky Supreme Court refused a request to dissolve the restraining order.[38][39]

Louisiana

On June 19, 2006, Governor Kathleen Blanco signed into law a trigger ban on most forms of abortion (unless the life of the mother was in danger or her health would be permanently damaged) once it passed the state legislature. Although she felt exclusions for rape or incest would have "been reasonable," she felt she should not veto based on those reasons. The trigger law would only go into effect if the United States Supreme Court reversed Roe v. Wade. The law would allow the prosecution of any person who performed or aided in an abortion. The penalties include up to 10 years in prison and a maximum fine of $100,000.[40]

When the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, Louisiana immediately banned all abortions except those performed to save the mother's life or in the case of a fetal anomaly.[12][7] On June 27, in response to a lawsuit by Hope Medical Group for Women and Medical Students for Choice, a judge issued a temporary restraining order which allowed abortions to resume in the state.[41]

Earlier in 2022, "Republicans in the state legislature considered legislation classifying abortion as a homicide," which would mean that women who obtained abortions could be charged with murder.[12]

Maine

Abortion is legal up to the point of fetal viability in Maine. Physicians, physician's assistants, nurse practitioners, and other professional medical providers may perform the procedure.[42]

Michigan

Michigan has a pre-Roe abortion ban on the books, that has an exception to protect the life of the patient.[43] The law could become enforceable again.

Mississippi

In 2007, Mississippi implemented a trigger law that would ban abortions within 10 days following the overruling of Roe v. Wade, which occurred on June 24, 2022.[12] The laws provides exceptions when the mother's life is in danger, as well as in rape cases.[12] Attempted or completed abortion is punishable with a maximum of 10 years imprisonment.[20]

Missouri

After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, Missouri banned abortions.[44][7] The ban has no exceptions, including for rape or incest, unless the life of the mother is severely at risk.[44][7] Those who induce an abortion will face felony charges with up to 15 years in prison.[44] While doctors are prohibited from performing abortions except in cases of medical emergency under Missouri law, Section 188.017, the law "protects any woman who receives an illegal abortion from being prosecuted in violation of the Act."[45] In addition, providers who perform or induce "an abortion because of a medical emergency . . . shall have the burden of persuasion that the defense is more probably true than not."[46]

New York

New York is known in the U.S. as a reproductive sanctuary state. This means that abortion is legal and seen as health care provided by the state. There are approximately 252 facilities in New York that perform abortions.[47] In 2019 New York codified abortions laws and protection in state law. New York state Senator Alessandra Biaggi has proposed a bill that allows the option for taxpayers in New York to contribute to the abortion access fund on their tax forms. This essentially helps create more access to reproductive health care in the state.[48]

North Dakota

After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, North Dakota moved to ban "almost all abortions except in the case of rape, incest or where the mother’s life is at risk."[12] The ban will take 30 days to go into effect.[49] Performing an abortion will be a Class C felony,[20] punishable by up to five years in prison and up to a $10,000 fine.[50]

Ohio

Ohio has multiple layers of law which makes abortion illegal, resulting from multiple passed laws over the decades. The list below ranges from most strict to least.

ORC 2919.198 went into effect July 2019 that made abortion illegal after a "fetal heartbeat" can be detected, which is usually between five or six weeks after the first day of the woman's last menstrual period. No exceptions are made for rape, incest, or a fetus determined to have down syndrome. However, an exception is made for medical emergencies, defined as a "serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman."[51]

Included in this law is a section called "immunity of pregnant woman," which overrides penalties for pregnant women who undertake an abortion after a "fetal heartbeat" has been detected.[52] This release of penalties does not extend to physicians or doctors who administers the abortion past a detectable heartbeat.

According to ORC 2919.17, abortion may not be performed after viability,[53] which, per ORC 2919.16, "means the stage of development of a human fetus at which in the determination of a physician, based on the particular facts of a woman's pregnancy that are known to the physician and in light of medical technology and information reasonably available to the physician, there is a realistic possibility of the maintaining and nourishing of a life outside of the womb with or without temporary artificial life-sustaining support."[54] Viability tends to occur in the 24th week of pregnancy.

According to ORC 2919.201, abortion may not be performed if "the probable post-fertilization age of the unborn child is twenty weeks or greater."[55] Immunity is not provided in a separate section similar to ORC 2919.198.

Oklahoma

In 2016, Oklahoma state legislators passed a bill to criminalize abortion for providers, potentially charging them with up to three years in prison.[56] On May 20, 2016, Governor Mary Fallin vetoed the bill before it could become law, citing its wording as too vague to withstand a legal challenge.[57]

Governor Kevin Stitt signed three bills in 2021 that introduced new restrictions on abortion. One bill would revoke a medical license for people who perform abortions, another would ban abortions if a heartbeat is detected, and the third would require board-certified OB-GYN doctors be the only ones who can perform abortions.[58]

As of 2022, abortion is currently illegal in most cases in Oklahoma. Oklahoma's abortion ban took effect on May 25, 2022, when Governor Kevin Stitt signed HB 4327 into law, and abortion providers have ceased offering services in Oklahoma as of that date.[59][60] HB 4327 is modeled after the Texas Heartbeat Act and is enforced solely through civil lawsuits brought by private citizens, making it exceedingly difficult for abortion providers to challenge the constitutionality of the statute in court.[61][62]

On April 12, 2022, Governor Kevin Stitt signed into law a bill that banned abortion indefinitely, unless the life of the mother was at stake, with no exceptions to rape and incest.[7][63] The penalty for performing an abortion is two to five years imprisonment.[64]

Oregon

Abortion is fully legal in Oregon. In 2017 there were 20 facilities providing abortions in Oregon. As of January 2021, they do not have any major restriction on abortion, including no waiting period or parental consent.[65]

Rhode Island

Abortion is legal in Rhode Island. 71% of residents reported support of passing laws to protect safe abortion in 2018. There are restrictions in Rhode Island such as parental consent and clinic regulations in order to perform the precedure.[66]

South Dakota

After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, South Dakota banned abortions.[33][7] The trigger law for the ban had been enacted in 2005.[67] Under the new law, anyone who induces an abortion is "guilty of a Class 6 felony,"[67] with a maximum of two years imprisonment and $4,000 in fines.[68] An exception is included to "preserve the life of the pregnant female," given "appropriate and reasonable medical judgment."[67]

Tennessee

In 2019, Tennessee enacted a trigger law that would ban abortions 30 days after the overruling of Roe v. Wade.[12] The law includes an exception to save the life of the mother.[12] Anyone determined to have induced an abortion could face 3–15 years in prison, as well as up to $10,000 in fines.[12]

Texas

The Roe v. Wade case, tried in Texas, stands at the center of years of national debate about the issue of abortion.[69] Henry Wade was serving as District Attorney of Dallas County at the time.

On August 29, 2014, US District Judge Lee Yeakel struck down as unconstitutional two provisions of Texas' omnibus anti-abortion bill, House Bill 2 that was to come into effect on September 1. The regulation would have closed about a dozen abortion clinics, leaving only eight places in Texas to get a legal abortion, all located in major cities. Judge Lee Yeakel ruled that the state's regulation was unconstitutional and would have placed an undue burden on women, particularly on poor and rural women living in west Texas and the Rio Grande Valley.[70] The legal challenge to the law eventually reached the Supreme Court in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016) which ruled that the law was unconstitutional, its burden of requiring abortion doctors to have admission privileges at a local hospital within 30 miles of the center to interfere with a woman's right to an abortion from Roe v. Wade.

In May 2021, Texas lawmakers passed the Texas Heartbeat Act, banning abortions as soon cardiac activity can be detected, typically as early as six weeks into pregnancy and often before women know they are pregnant. In order to avoid traditional constitutional challenges based on Roe v. Wade, the law provides that any non-government employee or official, excepting sexual perpetrators who conceived the fetus, may sue anyone that performs or induces an abortion in violation of the statute, as well as anyone who "aids or abets the performance or inducement of an abortion, including paying for or reimbursing the costs of an abortion through insurance or otherwise." The lawsuit may be filed by people either with or without any vested interest. The law contains an exception for abortions performed to save the mother's life.[71] The law was challenged in courts, though had yet to have a full formal hearing as its September 1, 2021, enactment date came due. Plaintiffs sought an order from the U.S. Supreme Court to stop the law from coming into effect, but the Court issued a denial of the order late on September 1, 2021, allowing the law to remain in effect. While unsigned, Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Stephen Breyer wrote dissenting opinions joined by Justices Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor that they would have granted an injunction on the law until a proper judicial review.[72][73]

On September 9, 2021, Attorney General Merrick Garland, the United States Department of Justice sued the State of Texas over the Texas Act on the basis that "the law is invalid under the Supremacy Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment, is preempted by federal law, and violates the doctrine of intergovernmental immunity".[74] Garland further noted that the United States government has “an obligation to ensure that no state can deprive individuals of their constitutional rights.”[75] The Complaint avers that Texas enacted the law "in open defiance of the Constitution".[76] The relief requested from the U.S. District Court in Austin, Texas includes a declaration that the Texas Act is unconstitutional, and an injunction against state actors as well as any and all private individuals who may bring a SB 8 action.[76][75] The suit was met with controversy, with critics citing concerns over the suit's politicized nature and the possible infringements on civilian rights.[77][78]

After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, Texas banned abortions except when the mother's life is at risk.[7][44] Completed or attempted providing of abortion "will be charged with a first- or second-degree felony, and will be subject to a civil penalty of at least $100,000" for each abortion.[20] A first degree felony in Texas is punishable by 5 to 99 years in prison, while a second degree felony is punishable by 2 to 20 years in prison, with "fines of up to $10,000" being possible.[79][80]

Utah

Following the Supreme Court overruling of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion is illegal in Utah, though the state includes exceptions if the mother's life is at risk, as well as in cases of lethal fetal anomalies, severe brain anomalies, rape, or incest.[7] It is a second-degree felony to perform it,[20] punishable by 1 to 15 years in prison, and a maximum possible fine of $10,000.[81] On June 27, a Utah judge issued a 14-day restraining order to block enforcement of the law.[41]

Virginia

Abortion is legal up to 25 weeks. Some limitations include insurance coverage depending in cases of sexual assault or serious health conditions. Parental consent is also required for minors in Virginia. In 2020, Virginia governor, Ralph Northam signed laws that removed many of the restrictions on abortion that had been in place for decades. Virginia became the first state to codify new protections for abortion in 2020.[82]

West Virginia

West Virginia has a pre-Roe abortion ban, with an exception for protecting the life of the patient, which could become enforceable again.[43]

Wisconsin

In 2013, Act 37 was passed into law, necessitating admitting privileges for all abortion providers within the state. Admitting privileges allow physicians the right to directly admit a patient to a nearby hospital. The state maintained this was necessary for women's health and safety, however, public health officials and the medical community – including the American College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, Wisconsin Medical Society, and American Public Health Association – oppose these requirements as unnecessary and are not grounded in evidence-based practice.[83] Not only are these privileges difficult for abortion physicians to obtain given the controversial nature of abortion, the Wisconsin law required admitting privileges to be obtained within one day of the law's passage. After Governor Walker signed the bill into law, a federal district court judge in the Western District of Wisconsin immediately granted a preliminary injunction, preventing its implementation. A trial was held, and the court imposed a permanent injunction against the law, with the Judge noting that clinic closure was clearly the purpose of the law as there was only one day granted for physicians to obtain compliance. Further, the ruling found that abortion complications "are rare and are rarely dangerous", thus it seems to undermine the argument that this law is needed for women's health and safety.[84]

The case was appealed by the state's attorney, yet the US Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the earlier ruling, and the permanent injunction. The appeals court declared, as did the trial court judge, that the state had failed to demonstrate any obvious need for this legislation.[85] The state further appealed to the Supreme Court, however, this appeal was rejected, maintaining the permanent injunction of the law. The rejection by the Supreme Court to hear the case came rather quickly after the ruling in the state of Texas' case also involving admitting privileges. The Supreme Court's ruling in Whole Women's Health v. Hellerstedt found that the admitting privileges requirement created an undue burden for women, and thus interfered with the rights established in Roe v. Wade.

Wyoming

Wyoming has a trigger law, which will take effect upon certification by the Governor, who is advised by the Attorney General by July 24, 2022 (within 30 days of the Supreme Court ruling).[20] Performing an abortion will be punishable by up to 14 years in prison.[20]

Other polities

District of Columbia

The District of Columbia has no law with respect to abortion. The previous statute making abortion a criminal offense was repealed in 2004. The consequence of this repeal is that abortion is completely unregulated in the District throughout the period of pregnancy.

American Samoa
Main article: Abortion in American Samoa

Abortion was effectively illegal in American Samoa before Roe was overturned.

Guam

Abortion is legal in Guam, despite several attempts at restriction, but hasn't been available since 2016 when the last provider retired.

Northern Mariana Islands

Abortion was illegal in the Northern Mariana Islands since before Roe was overturned.

Puerto Rico

Abortion is legal in Puerto Rico without a gestational limit. A bill limiting abortions to 22 weeks passed the Senate in June 2022 and was sent to the House.

United States Virgin Islands

Abortion is legal to 24 weeks. Residents of the British Virgin Islands often travel to the United States Virgin Islands for abortions.

State table

Limits on abortion

Abortion is illegal at any gestational age in states displayed with a pink background. Additional limitations are given regardless, as the legality of abortion may change.

State On-demand gestational limit[86] Waiting period Mandatory ultrasound[87] Counseling  % of counties without provider[88] Parental notification for minors Parental consent for minors[89]
 Alabama Fertilization Yes Yes Yes 59% No One
 Alaska None None No Yes 37% No No
 Arizona 15 weeks Yes 24 hours Yes 19% No One
 Arkansas Fertilization Yes No Yes 77% No One
 California Viability None No None 5% No No
 Colorado None None No None 27% Yes[90] No
 Connecticut Viability None No None 5% No No
 Delaware Viability None No Yes 33% Yes No
 Florida 15 weeks None Yes None 20% Yes No
 Georgia 6 weeks Yes No Yes 58% Yes No
 Hawaii Viability None No None 5% No No
 Idaho Fertilization Yes No Yes 68% No One [91]
 Illinois Viability None No None 40% No[92] No
 Indiana 22 weeks Yes No Yes 66% No One
 Iowa 22 weeks None No None 42% Yes No
 Kansas 22 weeks Yes Yes Yes 56% No One
 Kentucky Fertilization[93][94] Yes Yes Yes 74% No One
 Louisiana Fertilization[95] Yes 24 hours[96] Yes 63% No One
 Maine Viability None No None 55% No No
 Maryland Viability None No None 24% Yes No
 Massachusetts 27 weeks None No Yes 14% No One
 Michigan Viability Yes No Yes 40% No One
 Minnesota Viability Yes No Yes 59% Yes No
 Mississippi Fertilization Yes Yes Yes 91% No Both
 Missouri Fertilization Yes No Yes 94% No Both
 Montana Viability None No None 55% No No
 Nebraska 22 weeks Yes No Yes 41% No One
 Nevada 24 weeks None No None 9% No No
 New Hampshire 24 weeks None No None 30% Yes No
 New Jersey None None No None 23% No No
 New Mexico None None No None 48% No No
 New York Viability[97] None No None 10% No No
 North Carolina 20 weeks None No None 53% No One
 North Dakota 22 weeks Yes No Yes 73% Yes Both
 Ohio 22 weeks Yes No Yes 56% No One
 Oklahoma Fertilization Yes No Yes 54% Yes One
 Oregon None None No None 30% No No
 Pennsylvania 24 weeks Yes No Yes 48% No One
 Rhode Island 24 weeks None No Yes 36% No One
 South Carolina 22 weeks Yes No Yes 71% No One
 South Dakota Fertilization None No None 77% Yes No
 Tennessee Fertilization None No None 63% No One
 Texas Fertilization[98][99] Yes 24 hours Yes 43% Yes One
 Utah 18 weeks Yes No Yes 62% Yes One
 Vermont None None No None 38% No No
 Virginia 25 weeks Yes 24 hours Yes 78% Yes One
 Washington Viability None No None 15% No No
 West Virginia Fertilization Yes No Yes 90% Yes No
 Wisconsin Fertilization Yes 24 hours[100] Yes 67% No One
 Wyoming Viability None No None 96% Yes One

Protections of abortion
State Freedom Act[101] State constitutional protection[102]
 Alabama No No
 Alaska No Yes
 Arizona No Yes
 Arkansas No No
 California Yes Yes
 Colorado Yes No
 Connecticut Yes Yes
 Delaware Yes No
 Florida No Yes
 Georgia No No
 Hawaii Yes No
 Idaho No No
 Illinois Yes Yes
 Indiana No Yes
 Iowa No No
 Kansas No Yes
 Kentucky No No
 Louisiana No No
 Maine Yes No
 Maryland Yes No
 Massachusetts No Yes
 Michigan No No
 Minnesota No Yes
 Mississippi No No
 Missouri No No
 Montana No Yes
 Nebraska No No
 Nevada Yes No
 New Hampshire No No
 New Jersey No Yes
 New Mexico No No
 New York Yes[103][104] No
 North Carolina No No
 North Dakota No No
 Ohio No No
 Oklahoma No No
 Oregon No Yes
 Pennsylvania No No
 Rhode Island Yes No
 South Carolina No No
 South Dakota No No
 Tennessee No No[105]
 Texas No No
 Utah No No
 Vermont Yes Yes
 Virginia No No
 Washington Yes No
 West Virginia No No
 Wisconsin No No
 Wyoming No No

See also

Notes
  1. All states but the state of Tennessee (which has an affirmative defense instead) make exceptions if the mother’s life is in danger.
    Exceptions for risk to mother's physical health: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
    Exceptions for risk to mother's general health: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington.
    Exception for pregnancy due to rape and/or incest: Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Carolina, West Virginia, Utah, and Wyoming.
    Exception for lethal fetal anomaly: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Utah.
  2. This generally happens in the 6th week LMP.
  3. Typically, it is between the 23rd or 24th week LMP.
  4. Variously defined as after 27th or 28th week LMP; in Massachusetts, 24 weeks from implantation ≈ 27 weeks LMP.

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