Caseous necrosis

Caseous necrosis or caseous degeneration[1] (/ˈkeɪsiəs/)[2] is a unique form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance.[3] It is also a distinctive form of coagulative necrosis.[4] The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass.

Micrograph showing caseous necrosis of a tuberculous lymph node. H&E stain. Histological specimens are normally obtained from supraclavicular lymph nodes to demonstrate caseous necrosis.

Etymology

The word caseous means 'pertaining or related to cheese',[5] and comes from the Latin word caseus 'cheese'.[2] Necrosis refers to the fact that cells do not die in a programmed and orderly way as in apoptosis.

Causes

Frequently, caseous necrosis is encountered in the foci of tuberculosis infections.[3] It can also be caused by syphilis and certain fungi.

A similar appearance can be associated with histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and coccidioidomycosis.[6]

Pathophysiology

This begins as infection is recognized by the body and macrophages begin walling off the microorganisms or pathogens.[7] As macrophages release chemicals that digest cells, the cells begin to die. As the cells die they disintegrate but are not completely digested and the debris of the disintegrated cells clump together creating soft granular mass that has the appearance of cheese.[7] As cell death begins, the granuloma forms and cell death continues the inflammatory response is mediated by a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.[8]

Some data suggests that the epithelioid morphology and associated barrier function of host macrophages associated with granulomas may prevent effective immune clearance of mycobacteria.[9]

Appearance

In caseous necrosis no histological architecture is preserved. On microscopic examination with H&E staining, it is characterized by acellular pink areas of necrosis surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory process.

When the hilar lymph node for instance is infected with tuberculosis and leads to caseous necrosis, its gross appearance can be a cheesy tan to white, which is why this type of necrosis is often depicted as a combination of both coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.

However, in the lung, extensive caseous necrosis with confluent cheesy tan granulomas is typical. The tissue destruction is so extensive that there are areas of cavitation (also known as cystic spaces). See Ghon's complex.

  • Caseous necrosis in the pleura
  • Caseous necrosis in the kidney

References
  1. "caseous degeneration". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  2. "Caseous | Meaning of Caseous by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021.
  3. Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th Ed. 2010. Pg. 16
  4. "caseous necrosis - Humpath.com - Human pathology". www.humpath.com. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  5. "caseous - WordReference.com Dictionary of English". www.wordreference.com.
  6. "Pulmonary Pathology". Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  7. "Cellular changes and adaptive responses – Knowledge for medical students and physicians". www.amboss.com. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  8. "Tuberculosis". webpath.med.utah.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  9. Bhattacharya, Mallar (2016-11-09). "Macrophages build a wall and the host pays for it". Science Translational Medicine. 8 (364): 364ec178. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aal0066. ISSN 1946-6234. S2CID 51606274.
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