Ethanolamine

Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol, monoethanolamine, ETA, or MEA) is an organic chemical compound with the formula HOCH
2CH
2NH
2 or C
2H
7NO.[8] The molecule is bifunctional, containing both a primary amine and a primary alcohol. Ethanolamine is a colorless, viscous liquid with an odor reminiscent of ammonia..[9] ETA molecules are a component in the formation of cellular membranes and are thus a molecular building block for life. It was thought to exist only on Earth and on certain asteroids, but in 2021 evidence was found that ETA molecules exist in interstellar space.[10]

Ethanolamine
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Aminoethan-1-ol[1]
Other names
  • 2-Aminoethanol
  • 2-Amino-1-ethanol
  • Ethanolamine (not recommended[1])
  • Monoethanolamine
  • β-Aminoethanol
  • β-hydroxyethylamine
  • β-Aminoethyl alcohol
  • Glycinol
  • Olamine
  • MEA
  • Ethylolamine
  • 2-Hydroxyethylamine
  • Colamine
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.986
EC Number
  • 205-483-3
KEGG
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • KJ5775000
UNII
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C2H7NO/c3-1-2-4/h4H,1-3H2 Y
    Key: HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
  • InChI=1/C2H7NO/c3-1-2-4/h4H,1-3H2
    Key: HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYAD
SMILES
  • NCCO
Properties
Chemical formula
 C2H7NO
Molar mass 61.084 g·mol−1
Appearance Viscous colourless liquid
Odor Unpleasant ammonia-like odour
Density 1.0117 g/cm3
Melting point 10.3 °C (50.5 °F; 283.4 K)
Boiling point 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K)
Solubility in water
 Miscible
Vapor pressure 64 Pa (20 °C)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 9.50[3]
Refractive index (nD)
 1.4539 (20 °C)[4]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
 Danger
Hazard statements
 H302, H312, H314, H332, H335, H412[5]
Precautionary statements
 P261, P273, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338[5]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
3
2
0
Flash point 85 °C (185 °F; 358 K) (closed cup)
Autoignition
temperature
 410 °C (770 °F; 683 K)
Explosive limits 5.5–17%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
  • 3320 mg/kg (rat, oral)
  • 620 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)
  • 2050 mg/kg (rat, oral)
  • 1475 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
  • 1000 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)
  • 700 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
  • 1720–1970 mg/kg (rat, oral)[6]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA: 3 ppm (6 mg/m3)[7]
REL (Recommended)
  • TWA: 3 ppm (8 mg/m3)
  • ST: 6 ppm (15 mg/m3)[7]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 30 ppm[7]
Safety data sheet (SDS) Sigma[5]
Related compounds
Related compounds
  • N-Methylethanolamine
  • Diethanolamine
  • Triethanolamine
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Derivatives of ethanolamine are widespread in nature; e.g., lipids, as precursor of a variety of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), that modulate several animal and plant physiological processes such as seed germination, plant–pathogen interactions, chloroplast development and flowering,[11] as well as precursor, combined with arachidonic acid C
20H
32O
2 20:4, ω-6), to form the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA: C
22H
37NO
2; 20:4, ω-6).[12]

The ethanolamines comprise a group of amino alcohols. A class of antihistamines is identified as ethanolamines, which includes carbinoxamine, clemastine, dimenhydrinate, chlorphenoxamine, diphenhydramine and doxylamine.[13]

Industrial production

Monoethanolamine is produced by treating ethylene oxide with aqueous ammonia; the reaction also produces diethanolamine and triethanolamine. The ratio of the products can be controlled by the stoichiometry of the reactants.[14]

Biochemistry

Ethanolamine is biosynthesized by decarboxylation of serine:[15]

HOCH
2CH(CO
2H)NH
2 → HOCH
2CH
2NH
2 + CO2

Ethanolamine is the second-most-abundant head group for phospholipids, substances found in biological membranes (particularly those of prokaryotes); e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine. It is also used in messenger molecules such as palmitoylethanolamide, which has an effect on CB1 receptors.[16]

Applications

Ethanolamine is commonly called monoethanolamine or MEA in order to be distinguished from diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA). It is used as feedstock in the production of detergents, emulsifiers, polishes, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, and chemical intermediates.[9]

For example, reacting ethanolamine with ammonia gives ethylenediamine, a precursor of the commonly used chelating agent, EDTA.[14]

Gas stream scrubbing

Monoethanolamines can scrub combusted-coal, combusted-methane and combusted-biogas flue emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) very efficiently. MEA carbon dioxide scrubbing is also used to regenerate the air on submarines.

Solutions of MEA in water are used as a gas stream scrubbing liquid in amine treaters. For example, aqueous MEA is used to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from various gas streams; e.g., flue gas and sour natural gas.[17] The MEA ionizes dissolved acidic compounds, making them polar and considerably more soluble.

MEA scrubbing solutions can be recycled through a regeneration unit. When heated, MEA, being a rather weak base, will release dissolved H2S or CO2 gas resulting in a pure MEA solution.[14][18]

Other uses

In pharmaceutical formulations, MEA is used primarily for buffering or preparation of emulsions. MEA can be used as pH regulator in cosmetics.[19]

It is an injectable sclerosant as a treatment option of symptomatic hemorrhoids. 2–5 ml of ethanolamine oleate can be injected into the mucosa just above the hemorrhoids to cause ulceration and mucosal fixation thus preventing hemorrhoids from descending out of the anal canal.

It is also an ingredient in cleaning fluid for automobile windshields. [20]

pH-control amine

Ethanolamine is often used for alkalinization of water in steam cycles of power plants, including nuclear power plants with pressurized water reactors. This alkalinization is performed to control corrosion of metal components. ETA (or sometimes a similar organic amine; e.g., morpholine) is selected because it does not accumulate in steam generators (boilers) and crevices due to its volatility, but rather distributes relatively uniformly throughout the entire steam cycle. In such application, ETA is a key ingredient of so-called "all-volatile treatment" of water (AVT).

Reactions

Upon reaction with carbon dioxide, 2 equivalents of ethanolamine react through the intermediacy of carbonic acid to form a carbamate salt,[21] which when heated reforms ethanolamine and carbon dioxide.

References
  1. Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. pp. 649, 717. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. For example, the name ‘ethanolamine’, which is still widely used, is badly constructed because of the presence of two suffixes; it is not an alternative to the preferred IUPAC name, ‘2-aminoethan-1-ol’.
  2. "Ethanolamine MSDS" (PDF). Acros Organics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-15.
  3. Hall, H.K. (1957). "Correlation of the Base Strengths of Amines". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (20): 5441–4. doi:10.1021/ja01577a030.
  4. Reitmeier, R.E.; Sivertz, V.; Tartar, H.V. (1940). "Some Properties of Monoethanolamine and its Aqueous Solutions". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (8): 1943–44. doi:10.1021/ja01865a009.
  5. Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ethanolamine. Retrieved on 2018-05-24.
  6. "Ethanolamine". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  7. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0256". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  8. "National Library of Medicine. PubChem. Ethanolomine". NIH, National Library of Medicine. Retrieved September 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. Martin Ernst; Johann-Peter Melder; Franz Ingo Berger; Christian Koch (2022). "Ethanolamines and Propanolamines". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_001.pub2.
  10. "First evidence of cell membrane molecules in space". Astronomy Magazine. May 28, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. Coutinho, Bruna G.; Mevers, Emily; Schaefer, Amy L.; Pelletier, Dale A.; Harwood, Caroline S.; Clardy, Jon; Greenberg, E. Peter (2018-09-25). "A plant-responsive bacterial-signaling system senses an ethanolamine derivative". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (39): 9785–9790. doi:10.1073/pnas.1809611115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6166808. PMID 30190434.
  12. Marzo, V. Di; Petrocellis, L. De; Sepe, N.; Buono, A. (1996-06-15). "Biosynthesis of anandamide and related acylethanolamides in mouse J774 macrophages and N18 neuroblastoma cells". Biochemical Journal. 316 (Pt 3): 977–84. doi:10.1042/bj3160977. PMC 1217444. PMID 8670178.
  13. Cough, Cold, and Allergy Preparation Toxicity at eMedicine
  14. Weissermel, Klaus; Arpe, Hans-Jürgen; Lindley, Charlet R.; Hawkins, Stephen (2003). "Chap. 7. Oxidation Products of Ethylene". Industrial Organic Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. pp. 159–161. ISBN 3-527-30578-5.
  15. "Phosphatidylethanolamine and related lipids". AOCS. Archived from the original on 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  16. Calignano, A; La Rana, G; Piomelli, D (2001). "Antinociceptive activity of the endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitylethanolamide". European Journal of Pharmacology. 419 (2–3): 191–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(01)00988-8. PMID 11426841.
  17. Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants. 2007. doi:10.17226/11170. ISBN 978-0-309-09225-8.
  18. "Ethanolamine". Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-05-03. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
  19. Carrasco, F. (2009). "Ingredientes Cosméticos". Diccionario de Ingredientes Cosméticos 4ª Ed. www.imagenpersonal.net. p. 306. ISBN 978-84-613-4979-1.
  20. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1994. p. Part 571; S 108—PRE 128.
  21. Lu, Yanyue; Liao, Anping; Yun, Zhuge; Liang, Yanqing; Yao, Qinmei (2014). "Absorption of Carbon Dioxide in Ethanolamine Solutions". Asian Journal of Chemistry. 26 (1): 39–42. doi:10.14233/ajchem.2014.15301.
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