Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet

The Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for Disordered Speech, commonly abbreviated extIPA /ɛkˈstpə/,[1] are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association to augment the International Phonetic Alphabet for the phonetic transcription of disordered speech. Some of the symbols are used for transcribing features of normal speech in IPA transcription, and are accepted as such by the International Phonetic Association.[lower-alpha 1]

Extended IPA Chart for Disordered Speech, as of 2015

Many sounds found only in disordered speech are indicated with diacritics, though an increasing number of dedicated letters are used as well. Special letters are included to transcribe the speech of people with lisps and cleft palates. The extIPA repeats several standard-IPA diacritics that are unfamiliar to most people but transcribe features that are common in disordered speech. These include preaspiration ʰ◌, linguolabial ◌̼, laminal fricatives [s̻, z̻] and * for a sound (segment or feature) with no available symbol (letter or diacritic). The novel transcription ɹ̈ is used for an English molar-r, as opposed to ɹ̺ for an apical r; these articulations are indistinguishable in sound and so are rarely identified in non-disordered speech.

Sounds restricted to disordered speech include velopharyngeals, nasal fricatives (a.k.a. nareal fricatives) and some of the percussive consonants. Sounds sometimes found in the world's languages that do not have symbols in the basic IPA include denasals, the sublaminal percussive, post-alveolar lateral fricatives, and fricatives that are simultaneously lateral and sibilant.

ExtIPA was revised and expanded in 2015; the new symbols were added to Unicode in 2021.[2]

Letters

The non-IPA letters found in the extIPA are listed in the following table. VoQS letters may also be used, as in ↀ͡r̪͆ for a buccal interdental trill (a raspberry).

Several letters were added to Unicode 14 in 2021, and as of 2022 do not have widespread font support. Accessible supporting fonts include the free fonts Gentium Plus and Andika, and the proprietary fonts Brill and Symbola 14.0. For those letters, images are provided below.

CategoryLetter(img)Super-
script
UnicodeDescription
Lateral ʪ 𐞙 U+02AA, U+10799 Voiceless grooved lateral alveolar fricative, [ɬ͡s] (a laterally lisped /s/, with simultaneous airflow through the sibilant groove in the tongue and across the side of the tongue), intended for a lateral lisp
ʫ 𐞚 U+02AB, U+1079A Voiced grooved lateral alveolar fricative, [ɮ͡z] (a laterally lisped /z/)
𐞝 U+A78E, U+1079D Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
𝼅 𐞟 U+1DF05, U+1079F Voiced retroflex lateral fricative
𝼆 𐞡 U+1DF06, U+107A1 Voiceless palatal lateral fricative. The voiced fricative may be 𝼆̬ or, in standard IPA, ʎ̝.
𝼄 𐞜 U+1DF04, U+1079C Voiceless velar lateral fricative. The voiced fricative may be 𝼄̬ or, in standard IPA, ʟ̝.
Velo­pharyngeal ʩ 𐞐 U+02A9, U+10790 Voiceless velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a cleft palate). The voiced fricative is ʩ̬.
𝼀 𐞐𐞪 U+1DF00, (U+10790+107AA) Voiceless velopharyngeal trill or 'snort'. (Velopharyngeal fricative accompanied by uvular trill. May be equivalent to ʩ𐞪 (ʩʀ).)
Velo­dorsal 𝼃 NA U+1DF03 Voiceless velodorsal plosive. (The old IPA letter for a velar click, ʞ, was used for a voiceless velodorsal plosive from 2008 to 2015.)
𝼁 NA U+1DF01 Voiced velodorsal plosive
𝼇 NA U+1DF07 Velodorsal nasal
Pharyn­geal Q NA U+A7AF Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [q˗]
𝼂 NA U+1DF02 Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ɢ̠]
Percussive ʬ NA U+02AC Bilabial percussive (smacking lips)
ʭ NA U+02AD Bidental percussive (gnashing teeth)
¡ U+00A1, U+A71E Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive (tongue slap). This letter is used with the alveolar click for [ǃ¡], an alveolar click with percussive release, a "cluck".

Diacritics

The extIPA has widened the use of some of the regular IPA symbols, such as [ʰp] for pre-aspiration and [tʶ] for uvularization, and has added some new ones. Some of these extIPA diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of Damin.

One modification of regular IPA is the use of parentheses around the phonation diacritics to indicate partial phonation; a single parenthesis at the left or right of the voicing indicates that it is partially phonated at the beginning or end of the segment. These conventions may be convenient for representing various voice onset times. Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed to represent relative timing beyond the segment (pre- and post-voicing etc.). The following are examples; in principle, any IPA or extIPA diacritic may be displaced in this manner.

Partial (de)voicing, &c.
partial/central voicing of [s] ʒ̊   partial/central devoicing of [z], [ʒ] subscript: U+1ABD; superscript: 1ABB
initial voicing initial devoicing subscript: U+1AC3; superscript: 1AC1
final voicing final devoicing subscript: U+1AC4; superscript: 1AC2
partial murmuring of [z] n͊᪻ partially denasalized [n]
Timing (e.g.)
ˬz pre-voiced [z] post-voiced [z] U+02EC
[a] with a creaky offglide [p] with extended voicelessness U+02F7, U+02F3

The transcriptions for partial voicing and devoicing may be used in either the sense of degrees of voicing or in the sense that the voicing is discontinuous. For the former, both parentheses indicate the sound is mildly (partially) voiced throughout, and single parentheses mean a partial degree of voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. For the latter, both parentheses mean the sound is (de)voiced in the middle, while the single parentheses mean complete (de)voicing at the beginning or end of the sound. The implication is that such voicing or devoicing is atypical of the language being spoken. For example, would be used for the usual devoicing or partial devoicing of the language, while would indicate that the transcriber found the devoicing to be atypical, as in pathological speech. Similarly, would indicate atypical devoicing at the beginning of the segment.[3]

Altering the position of a diacritic relative to the letter indicates that the phonation begins before the consonant or vowel does or continues beyond it. The voiceless ring and other phonation diacritics can be used in the same way if needed. For example, p˳a indicates that voicelessness continues past the [p], equivalent to pʰa.

Other extIPA diacritics are:

Airstream mechanism
s↓, U+2193 (after a letter) Ingressive airstream ʘ↑, U+2191 (after a letter) Egressive airstream[lower-alpha 2]
(in isolation) inhalation[3] (in isolation) exhalation[3]
Phonation
U+02ED[lower-alpha 3] Unaspirated ʰp U+02B0 Pre-aspiration
Nasalization
     U+034B (on a nasal letter) Nareal fricative     s𐞐 U+034C,[lower-alpha 4]
U+10790
Velopharyngeal friction (especially noisy nasal airstream caused by turbulent airflow through the velopharyngeal port)
(on an oral letter) nasal fricative escape (audible turbulent airflow through the nostrils, as with a nasal lisp) U+034A Denasal (as with a headcold; complements the nasal diacritic)
Articulatory strength
U+0348 Strong articulation (not necessarily fortis) U+0349 Weak articulation (not necessarily lenis)
Articulation
     U+0346 (on a labial letter) Dentolabial n̪͆    h̪͆ U+0346
 +032A
(on a coronal letter) interdental
(on a coronal letter) class-3 occlusion (tongue protrudes past upper teeth, as with a severe underbite) (on a glottal letter) bidental
     U+0347[lower-alpha 5] (on a coronal letter) Alveolar[lower-alpha 6] U+034D Labial spreading (complements the diacritics for rounding see rounded vowel)
(on a labial letter) labioalveolar (class-2 occlusion, as with a severe overbite)
U+034E Whistled s̻ z̻ U+033B laminal fricatives (including lowered tongue tip)[lower-alpha 7]
ɹ̈    ɹ̺ (as IPA) bunched-r (molar-r) and apical-r, respectively      U+0355,
U+0354
Offset to the left and right, respectively[lower-alpha 8]
Timing
s͢θ  x͢ɕ U+0362 Slurred/sliding articulation (a consonantal diphthong, moving from one articulation to another within the time of a single segment) p\p\p U+005C Stutter (reiterated articulation)[lower-alpha 9]

Diacritics may be placed within parentheses as the voicing diacritics are above. For example, m͊᪻ indicates a partially denasalized [m].

Following a longstanding tradition of the IPA not specified on the regular IPA chart, any IPA or extIPA letter may be used in superscript form as a diacritic, to indicate the onset, release or 'flavor' of another letter. In extIPA, this is provided specifically for the fricative release of a plosive. For example, k𐞜 is [k] with a lateral-fricative release (similar to the velar lateral affricate [k͜𝼄], but with less frication); d𐞚 is [d] with lateral-plus-central release. Combining diacritics can be added to superscript diacritics, such as tʰ̪͆ for [t] with bidental aspiration.

The VoQS (voice-quality symbols) take IPA and extended-IPA diacritics, as well as several additional diacritics that are potentially available for extIPA transcription. The subscript dot for 'whisper' is sometimes found in IPA transcription,[6] though that diacritic is also commonly used for apical-retroflex articulation.

Prosodic notation and indeterminate sounds

The Extended IPA has adopted bracket notation from conventions transcribing discourse. Parentheses are used to indicate mouthing (silent articulation), as in the common silent sign to hush (ʃːː). Parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...); the length of the pause may be indicated, as in (2.3 sec). A very short (.) may be used to indicate an absence of co-articulation between adjacent segments, for instance [t(.)weɫv̥] rather than [tʷw̥eɫv̥].[7]

Double parentheses indicate that transcription is uncertain because of extraneous noise or speech, as when one person talks over another. As much detail as possible may be included, as in ⸨2 syll.⸩ or ⸨2σ⸩ for two obscured syllables.[8] This is also IPA usage.[9] Sometimes the obscuring noise will be indicated instead, as in ⸨cough⸩ or ⸨knock⸩, as in the illustrative transcription below; this notation may be used for extraneous noise that does not obscure speech, but which the transcriber nonetheless wishes to notate (e.g. because someone says 'excuse me' after coughing, or verbally responds to the knock on the door, and the noise is thus required to understand the speech).

In the extIPA, indistinguishable/unidentifiable sounds are circled rather than placed in single parentheses as in IPA.[lower-alpha 10] An empty circle, ◯, is used for an indeterminate segment, σ  an indeterminate syllable, Ⓒ a segment identifiable only as a consonant, etc. Full capital letters, such as C in Ⓒ, are used as wild-cards for certain categories of sounds, and may combine with IPA and extIPA diacritics. For example,   (a circled capital P with a voiceless diacritic) indicates an undetermined or indeterminate voiceless plosive. Regular IPA and extIPA letters may also be circled to indicate that their identification is uncertain. For example, ⓚ indicates that the segment is judged to probably be [k]. At least in handwriting, the circle may be elongated into an oval for longer strings of symbols.

Curly brackets with Italian musical terms are used for phonation and prosodic notation, such as [{falsetto ˈhɛlp falsetto}] and terms for the tempo and dynamics of connected speech. These are subscripted within a {curly brace} notation to indicate that they are comments on the intervening text. The VoQS conventions use similar notation for voice quality. These may be combined, for example with VoQS F for 'falsetto':

{allegro I {F {p didn't p} know that F} allegro}

or

[{allegro ə {F {p dɪn p} nəʊ ðæʔ F} allegro}][7]
Silence
(  )Silent articulation: (ʃːː) a silent shhh!
(.)Short pause(..)Medium pause(...)Long pause(1.2)1.2-second pause
Prosody
𝑓Loud speech
('forte')
[{𝑓 ˈlaʊd 𝑓}]𝑓𝑓Louder speech
('fortissimo')
[{𝑓𝑓 ˈlaʊdɚ 𝑓𝑓}]
𝑝Quiet speech
('piano')
[{𝑝 ˈkwaɪət 𝑝}]𝑝𝑝Quieter speech
('pianissimo')
[{𝑝𝑝 ˈkwaɪətɚ 𝑝𝑝}]
allegroFast speech[{allegro ˈfæst allegro}]lentoSlow speech[{lento ˈsloʊ lento}]
crescendo, rallentando, and other musical terms may also be used.
Extraneous and unidentified sounds
  Extraneous noise: ⸨2σ⸩ 2 syllables obscured; ⸨cough⸩ a cough
segmentconsonantfricativeglide/approximant
[lower-alpha 11]clickliquid or lateralnasalplosive
rhotic or resonantsibilanttone/accent/stressvowel

Chart

Three rows appear in the extIPA chart that do not occur in the IPA chart: "fricative lateral + median" (simultaneous grooved and lateral frication), "fricative nasal" (a.k.a. nareal fricative) and "percussive". A denasal row is added here. Several new columns appear as well, though the linguolabial column is the result of a standard-IPA diacritic. Dorso-velar and velo-dorsal are combined here, as are upper and lower alveolar.

Consonants not appearing on the standard IPA chart
bi-
labial
labio-
dental
labio-
alveolar
dento-
labial
bi-
dental
linguo-
labial
inter-
dental
alveolar
(lower
alveolar)
retro-
flex
pal-
atal
velar
(velo-
dorsal)
velo-
phary-
ngeal
upper
phary-
ngeal
Plosive p̪ b̪p͇ b͇p͆ b͆ t̼ d̼t̪͆ d̪͆(𝼃 𝼁) ꞯ 𝼂
Denasal ɳ͊ɲ͊ŋ͊
Nasal n̪͆(𝼇)
Fricative nasal m̥͋ m͋ n̥͋ n͋ɳ̥͋ ɳ͋ɲ̥͋ ɲ͋ŋ̥͋ ŋ͋
Trill r̪͆ 𝼀 (ʩ𐞪)
Median fricative f͇ v͇f͆ v͆h̪͆ ɦ̪͆θ̼ ð̼θ̪͆ ð̪͆θ͇ ð͇ʩ ʩ̬
Lateral fricative[lower-alpha 12] ɬ̼ ɮ̼ɬ̪͆ ɮ̪͆ 𝼅 𝼆 𝼆̬𝼄 𝼄̬
Median+lateral fricative ʪ ʫ
Lateral approximant l̪͆
Percussive ʬʭ(¡)

Superscript variants

The customary use of superscript IPA letters is formalized in the extIPA, specifically for fricative releases of plosives, as can be seen in the lower-left of the full chart.

Speech pathologists also often use superscripting to indicate that a target sound has not been reached – for example, [ˈtʃɪᵏən] for an instance of the word 'chicken' where the /k/ is incompletely articulated. However, due to the ambiguous meaning of superscripting in the IPA, this is not a convention supported by the ICPLA. An unambiguous transcription would mark the consonant more specifically as weakened ([ˈtʃɪk͉ən]) or silent ([ˈtʃɪ(k)ən]).

Sample text

A sample transcription of a written text read aloud, using extIPA and Voice Quality Symbols:[10]

[ð\ðːə̤ {V̰ ə\ə\ə V̰} ˈhw̥əɹld ˈkʌp ˈf̆\faɪnəlz əv ˈnaɪntin eəti {↓𝑝ˈtʉ̆ 𝑝↓} ˌɑɹ ˈh\hɛld ɪn sːp\ˈsːp\ʰeᵊn ˈðɪs jəɹ (3 sec) ð͈ːe wɪl ɪnv\ˈv͈ːɔlv ðə tˢˑ\tʴ̥ (.) {𝑝 tʼ\tʼ 𝑝} ʩ \ {𝑓 ʩ \ ʩ 𝑓}\ˈt͈ɒ̆p̚ ˈneʃənz əv ðə ˈwəɹld ɪnˑ ə̰ {𝑝𝑝 tʰˑəʃ\t̆ʰə\təʃ 𝑝𝑝}\ˈt͈ʉɹnəmənt ˈlastɪn ˌoʊvər ˈfɔɹ ˈwiks (..) ˈh͈ɛld ə\ ʔat ˈf\fɔɹtin (...) {𝑝𝑝 V̰ d\d V̰ 𝑝𝑝} \ ˈdɪfɹənt ˈsɛn{↓təɹʐ↓} ɪn ˈspeᵊn (3 sec) ə̰ (.) ˈɔl əv ðə fˑ\f ˈɔl əv ðə ˈfəɹʂt ˈɹaʉnd ˈɡeᵊmz wɪl bi (..) wɪl bi (.) ɪn ðə (.) w̰̆ə̰ː p\pɹəv\ˈvɪnʃəl {𝑝 tʼ\tʼ 𝑝} \ {𝑝𝑝 tʼ\tʼ 𝑝𝑝} (.) tʼ\tʼ (..) {𝑝𝑝 tʼ\tʼ 𝑝𝑝} ʩ \ ʩ \ {↓ˈtãʉ̃nz↓} wɪð ðə s͢ːsʼ\sʼ\ˈs{↓ɛmi ˈfaɪnəlz↓} and ˈf\faɪnəlz ˈhɛld ɪn (.) ⸨knock on door⸩ bɑɹsə{𝑝ˈloʊnə and ˈmədɹɪd 𝑝}]

Original text: "The World Cup Finals of 1982 are held in Spain this year. They will involve the top nations of the World in a tournament lasting over four weeks, held at fourteen different centers in Spain. All of the first round games will be in the provincial towns with the semi-finals, and finals held in Barcelona and Madrid."[10]

Notes

  1. For example, the !Xoon pre-voiced ejective ˬɡ̥xʼ in Bennett 2020, p. 102
  2. The up-arrow for egressive airflow is no longer present in the 2016 extIPA chart but is mentioned in the accompanying article.
  3. Distinct from the mathematical superscript equals sign, U+207C
  4. This diacritic potentially conflicts with the occasional IPA use of a double tilde for a high degree of nasalization, as in Palantla Chinantec /ẽ̃/.[4] A double (stacked) nasal diacritic may have greater spacing than the single diacritic U+034C, depending on the font. A double nasal diacritic would occur on vowels, while a velopharyngeal diacritic typically occurs on consonants, though not always. For clarity, superscript ◌𐞐 may be used for the velopharyngeal.
  5. This diacritic potentially conflicts with the occasional IPA use of a double macron for a highly retracted sound, as in Kwaza [s̠̠].[5] A double (stacked) macron may have greater spacing than the single diacritic U+0347, depending on the font.
  6. Normally in the IPA, a transcription with a coronal letter, such as [n], is assumed to be alveolar unless a diacritic is added to indicate otherwise (e.g. dental or post-alveolar). However, a speech pathologist may need to indicate whether the alveolar target is actually achieved, and so may overtly transcribe an alveolar nasal as [n͇].
  7. The latter could be specified by doubling the diacritic for extra laminal [s̻̻], [z̻̻].
  8. Although not specified by the extIPA, the offset symbols are generally taken to refer to the interlocutor's left and right, not the speaker's.
  9. Used in the transcription of Damin.
  10. Unicode encodes a combining circle diacritic (U+20DD) that will work with any IPA letter, but as of 2020 it is not widely included in fonts. For example, σ combines U+20DD with σ to represent an unidentifiable syllable.
  11. Because a formatting trick has been used here, the symbol cannot be copied and pasted from this page. In a supporting font, the combining circle U+20DD will accept the click wildcard letter .
  12. The dorsal lateral fricatives will not display unless you have an supporting font installed, such as the free fonts Gentium Plus or Andika.

See also

  • Voice Quality Symbols
  • Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
  • Phonetic symbols in Unicode

References

  1. Ball, Martin J. (1993). "Further to Articulatory Force and the IPA Revisions". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004783. S2CID 143614464.
  2. Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin J. "Unicode request for extIPA support" (PDF). Unicode. L2/20-039.
  3. Duckworth et al. (1990: 277278)
  4. (Ladefoged 1971, p. 35)
  5. (van der Voort 2005)
  6. Laver, John (1994). Principles of phonetics. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139166621. ISBN 9781139166621.
  7. Duckworth et al. (1990: 279)
  8. Duckworth et al. (1990: 278)
  9. International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 176, 192. ISBN 9780521637510.
  10. Ball & Lowry 2001, p. 80

Bibliography

  • Ball, Martin J.; Esling, John H.; Dickson, Craig (December 1995). "The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 25 (2): 71–80. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005181. S2CID 145791575.
  • Ball, Martin J.; Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 48 (2): 155–164. doi:10.1017/S0025100317000147. S2CID 151863976.
  • Ball, Martin J.; Lowry, Orla M. (2001). "Transcribing Disordered Speech". Methods in Clinical Phonetics. London: Whurr. pp. 25–40. doi:10.1002/9780470777879.ch3. ISBN 9781861561848. S2CID 58518097.
  • Bennett, William G. (2020). "Click Phonology". In Sands, Bonny (ed.). Click Consonants. Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Theory. Vol. 15. Brill. pp. 74–128. doi:10.1163/9789004424357_003. ISBN 978-90-04-23268-6. S2CID 243697259.
  • Duckworth, Martin; Allen, George; Hardcastle, William; Ball, Martin J. (1990). "Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech". Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics. International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association. 4 (4): 273–280. doi:10.3109/02699209008985489.
  • Hesselwood, Barry; Howard, Sara (2008). "Clinical Phonetic Transcription". In Ball, Martin J.; Perkins, Michael R.; Müller, Nicole; Howard, Sara (eds.). The handbook of Clinical Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444301007.ch23. ISBN 9781405135221.
  • Ladefoged, Peter (1971). Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46787-2. LCCN 75-179318.
  • van der Voort, Hein (2005). "Kwaza in a Comparative Perspective". International Journal of American Linguistics. University of Chicago Press. 71 (4): 365–412. doi:10.1086/501245. S2CID 224808983.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.