Mental health in South Korea

Economic hardship during the late 1990s led to a sharp increase in mental illness and suicide in South Korea, as well as almost all other Asian countries that the economic depression affected.[21] [22] Social stigma within the South Korean population likewise discourages people from initially seeking treatment, exacerbating the severity of mental illness.[5][11] Cultural factors other than stigma, such as binge-drinking, may also contribute to mental health issues within South Korean society. Due to Korea's societal, academic and corporate structure, Koreans are placed under substantial stress from a relatively young age. Korean children and adolescents are placed in an education system that has a relentless focus on intellectual excellence, with anything less than such considered unacceptable. Suicide is the leading cause of death for adolescent Koreans, making suicide a suffocating reality in school systems. Korean students face not only academic pressure, but also the common stressors that the average student faces in any school setting. Social exclusion is a contributing factor to depression amongst Koreans aged from 10 to 19. In school systems children are victimized for their economic status or for other trivial reasons. Korean students are encouraged to excel above their peers which encourages a competitive environment welcoming hostility amongst peers. Korean students who have been bullied are said to have lower tests scores, lower self-esteem and increased levels of anxiety, making them more likely to become victims of depression.

In 2001, between 3 and 4.2 percent of the South Korean population was estimated to have major depressive disorder as outlined in the DSM-IV, a number which has been increasing.[6] The latest number recorded of the percent of the population diagnosed with depression, 6.7%, was recorded in 2011. Women, smokers, shift workers, those with poor health, those who exercise in the evenings, those who perceive their lives to be stressful, and those that were underweight were more likely to have major depressive disorder.[6] A potential reason that this statistic has risen within the last decade could be from the low access rate to health care services for depression. A study reported that the average percent annual treatment rate for depression was 39.2%. Within the population of those diagnosed with depression, only 16.0% seek treatment. Among those in the population that seek treatment, individuals with a college education are more likely to undergo depression treatment, 16.0%, than those without an education. Educational level has been shown to have an association with those seeking treatment for depression; with more education, individuals are more exposed to health information and actively respond to this new knowledge. Individuals that are above the age of 70 are also less likely to receive depression consultation than those aged between 19 and 29 years.

Compared to the United States and other East Asian countries, alcohol use disorder is more prevalent in Korea, and treatment is four times less likely to be sought out in Korea.[23] The 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found that less than 2% of those with alcohol use disorder had received any form of treatment or intervention by a professional.[24] Kye-Song Lee found in a 2013 study that nearly 7% of South Koreans have alcohol use disorder, the highest rate of any country in the world.[24] South Koreans drink more alcohol by volume per capita than the residents of any other country in the world, consuming twice as much alcohol and 1.5 times as much hard alcohol per person as Russians, the next highest consumers.[25] The prevalence of alcohol use disorder is increased by the expectation of businesspeople to engage in heavy drinking with their colleagues after work.[13] In addition to being seen as a method of bonding with friends and colleagues, drinking alcohol is also viewed as a method of stress-relief.[25]

Maeng-Je Cho et al. found that over one-third of the South Korean population has had a mental disorder at any point in their lives, and over one-fifth have experienced a disorder in the past year.[26] 17% of the South Korean population has insomnia, which is a rate comparable to that of insomnia in the United States.[27] 6.6% of Koreans have nicotine dependence disorder, 2% have a mood disorder, and 5.2% have an anxiety disorder, all of which are less frequent among Koreans than among Americans.[23]

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is especially prevalent among refugees from North Korea living in South Korea.[28] In a 2005 study, Jeon et al. found that 29.5% of North Korean refugees in South Korea were found to suffer from PTSD.[28] A higher rate was found among female refugees than male refugees.[28]

Between 17.8 and 27.9 percent of those aged 65 or older in South Korea are likely to suffer from depression, significantly higher than the rate in other countries.[29] Factors associated with late life depression in Korea include living alone, smoking, financial hardships and intellectual disability.[29] The high rate of depression among Korean elders may be a result of the rapidly aging population and the dissolution of the tradition of children caring for their aging parents.[29] Government social services for the elderly, such as the Law of Elderly Welfare, are inadequate to provide for the growing population's needs, contributing to mental illness within the demographic.[7]

Among a sample of elderly Koreans living in the United States, 34% were found to have depression, less than a fifth of which had ever seen a mental health professional. The majority of older Koreans living in the United States exhibited a negative perception of mental health services.[30]

More than 10% of Seoul adolescents have been found at high risk for internet addiction disorder.[31] Internet addiction is positively correlated with family factors including child abuse and a harsh parenting style.[31] Depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder are both correlated with internet addiction among adolescents.[32]

The 2009 study named, Addictive Internet Use among Korean Adolescents:A National Survey, found that a reason why internet addiction disorder is so prominent in Seoul adolescents, is due to a large number or students using the internet primarily for online gaming. In middle school males, 67.0% listed online gaming as their primary use of the internet. High school males listed online gaming as their primary use of the internet at 44.8%. When females of the same age are taken into account, 23% listed their primary use for blogging/ updating personal homepages. High school females listed searching information at 23.9% as their primary use of the internet.[33] A reason why males are more exposed to internet addiction disorder is the idea of internet shops called PC bangs, where the common customers are male from mid teens to late twenties.[34]

Hyun-Sook Park et al. have found a gender difference in predictors of suicide ideation among Korean youth; with the main predictors for females being bullying, sexual orientation, depression, low self-esteem, and hostility; and the primary predictors for males being history of suicide attempt, parental alcohol abuse, smoking, hostility, and low self-esteem.[35]