Opalozoa

Opalozoa
	Opalina ranarum, an opalozoan
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Chromista
Phylum:	Bigyra
Subphylum:	Opalozoa; Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. nov. 2006[1]
Infraphyla and classes[1]
	?Pendulomonas; ?Bordnamonadidae; Bikosia Bikosea; ; Placidozoa Wobblata Placididea; Nanomonadea; Opalomonadea; ; Opalinata Opalinea; Blastocystea; ; ;

Opalozoa is a subphylum of heterotrophic protists of the phylum Bigyra, and is the sister group to Sagenista.[2][1] Opalozoans are non-photosynthetic heterokonts that are ancestrally phagotrophic but many times have evolved to be osmotrophic saprotrophs in the gut of vertebrate animals.[3]

Taxonomy

History: phylum Opalozoa

In 1993 the name “Opalozoa” referred to a group of protists that was very different from what it is now. It was a phylum composed of many unrelated zooflagellates, grouped together because of the common presence of tubular mitochondrial cristae and the lack of cortical alveoli or rigid tubular ciliary hairs (retronemes). It also included the opalinids, proteomyxids and plasmodiophorids.[4]

Cavalier-Smith's defunct phylum Opalozoa (1993)[4]

Subphylum Proterozoa
  Class Heteromitea
    Subclass Sarcomonadia
      Superorder Jakobidea
        Order Jakobida
        Order Cercomonadida
      Superorder Thaumatomonadidea
        Order Thaumatomonadida
      Superorder Proteomyxidea
        Order Pseudosporida
        Order Leucodictyida
    Subclass Thecomonadia
      Order Apusomonadida
      Order Cryomonadida
    Subclass Anisomonadia
      Order Diphylleida
      Order Proteromonadida
  Class Phytomyxea
    Order Phagomyxida
    Order Plasmodiophorida
  Class Telonemea
    Order Telonemida
    Order Nephromycida
  Class Cyathobodonea
    Order Pseudodendromonadida
    Order Spongomonadida
    Order Kathablepharida
  Class Ebridea
    Order Ebriida

Subphylum Opalinata
  Class Opalinea
    Order Karotomorphida
    Order Opalinida

Subphylum Kinetomonada
  Class Kinetomonadea
    Order Histionida
    Order Heliomonadida

Subphylum Hemimastigophora
Class Hemimastigea
Order Hemimastigida

Modern classification

The modern taxonomy of Opalozoa, down to order level, is as follows:[1]

Subphylum Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. nov. 2006 emend. 2018
- Infraphylum Bikosia Cavalier-Smith, 2013
  - Class Bikosea Cavalier-Smith nom. n. pro Bicosoecea Cavalier-Smith, 1986
    - Subclass Bicosidia Cavalier-Smith, 2006 orth. emend.
      - Superorder Cyathobodoniae Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. stat. nov. 2006
        Order Bicoecida Grassé, 1926
        
        Order Anoecida Cavalier-Smith, 1997 emend. 2006
        
        Order Pseudodendromonadida Hibberd, 1985 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 2006
      - Superorder Borokiae Cavalier-Smith, 2006
        Order Borokida Cavalier-Smith, 2006
    - Subclass Rictidia Cavalier-Smith, 2013
      - Order Rictida Cavalier-Smith, 2013
- Infraphylum Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith, 2013
  - Superclass Wobblata Cavalier-Smith, 2006 stat. nov. 2013 [paraphyletic]
    - Class Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye, 2002
      - Order Placidida Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye, 2002 [=Placidae Cavalier-Smith, 2006]
    - Class Nanomonadea Cavalier-Smith, 2013
      - Order Uniciliatida Cavalier-Smith, 2013
    - Class Opalomonadea Cavalier-Smith, 2013
  - Superclass Opalinata Wenyon, 1926 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1996 stat. nov. 2006
    - Class Opalinea Wenyon, 1926 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. 2013
      - Order Proteromonadida Grassé, 1952 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
      - Order Opalinida Poche, 1913 stat. nov. Hall, 1953 emend. Cavalier-Smith
    - Class Blastocystea Zierdt et al., 1967
      - Order Blastocystida Zierdt, 1978
Opalozoa incertae sedis:
- Pendulomonas Tong, 1977
- Bordnamonadidae Cavalier-Smith, 2013

Phylogeny

The cladogram below shows the internal relationships of Opalozoa.[1]

Opalozoa

Placidozoa

Opalinata

	Opalinea

	Blastocystea

Placididea

	Bicoecida

	Anoecida

Borokida

Rictida

"Wobblata"

References

Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49: 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002.
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255: 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3.
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E-Y. (2006). "Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)". J Mol Evol. 62: 388–420. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8.
Cavalier-Smith T (September 1993). "The Protozoan Phylum Opalozoa". Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (5): 609–615. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06117.x.

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[Incisomonas-1] Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49: 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002.

[8phyla-2] Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255: 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3.

[MegaHetero-3] Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E-Y. (2006). "Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)". J Mol Evol. 62: 388–420. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8.

[Opalozoa-4] Cavalier-Smith T (September 1993). "The Protozoan Phylum Opalozoa". Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (5): 609–615. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06117.x.