Oroantral fistula

· Same side nose blockage (unilateral nasal obstruction).[2] When an OAC or OAF is present, the passage to the maxillary sinus can results in infection and inflammation in the maxillary sinus. This subsequently results in mucus build up presenting as a unilateral nasal blockage

· Sinusitis can progress – this can present as a pain in the midface. Pain can be referred to the upper teeth and be mistaken for toothache[3]

· Fluid can flow from the mouth through the communication and into the maxillary sinus. The maxillary sinus is connected to the nose and therefore fluid can come out of the nostrils when drinking[2]

· Change in sounds produced from the nose and the voice – specifically a whistling sound whilst speaking[2]

· Taste can be affected[2]

· Visible hole between mouth and sinus

· Fracture of the floor of the maxillary sinus creating a communication to the oral cavity (e.g. as seen following trauma).[2]

· Air bubbles, blood or mucoid secretion around the orifice can be seen as air passes from the sinus into the oral cavity through the communication.

- Patient history - Diagnosis is usually based on clinical examination and reported symptoms. Therefore, a good history and understanding of the patient’s symptoms is key.

- Undertake a complete extraoral and intraoral examination using a dental mirror alongside good lighting. When assessing the socket following an extraction look for granulation tissue in the socket which may represent normal healing. Assess for the presence of visible an opening/hole between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus.  

- Imaging can be useful. However, radiographs only show if there is a breach in the bony floor of the antrum. Even if there is a breach in the bony floor then the Schneiderian membrane may still be intact. Depending on the size of the potential communication and in what context, a small radiograph inside the mouth may be sufficient (a periapical) to assess for any break in the bone of the sinus floor which may indicate an OAC.

- Panoramic radiographs[2] can also be used to confirm the presence of an OAC. If simple radiographs are deemed not to give enough information, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)[2] (special x-ray equipment that can scan in 3 dimensions) may be used.  Imaging can help locate the communication, determine the size of it and can give an indication as to whether there is any sinusitis and foreign bodies in the sinus.

- Normally clinicians should be cautioned against probing or irrigating the site a newly formed OAC as this may reduce the chance of spontaneous healing.

- Valsalva test (nose blowing test)[4] The patient is asked to pinch their nostrils together and open their mouth and then blow gently through the nose. The clinician must observe if there is passage of air or bubbling of blood in the post extraction alveolus as the trapped air from closed nostrils is forced into the mouth through any oroantral communication. Gentle suction applied to the socket often produces a characteristic hollow sound. However, there are differing opinions about the appropriateness of carrying out this test.  It can be argued that by performing this test, a small OAC may be made bigger thus preventing spontaneous healing.

The maxillary sinus is known for its thin floor and close proximity to the posterior maxillary (upper) teeth.[1][5] The extraction of a maxillary tooth (typically a maxillary first molar which lies close to the lowest point of antral floor although any premolar or molar can be affected) is the most common cause of an OAC (which can then progress to an OAF as described above).[1] Extraction of primary teeth are not considered a risk of OAC due to the presence of developing permanent teeth and the small size of the developing maxillary sinus.[1]

Other causes of an OAC are: maxillary fractures across the antral floor typically Le Fort I, displacement of posterior maxillary molar roots into antrum and direct trauma.[5] An OAC can happen for many other more unusual reasons, such as acute or chronic inflammatory lesions around the tip of a tooth root which is in close proximity with the maxillary antrum, destructive lesions/tumours of the maxilla, failure of surgical incisions to heal (e.g. Caldwell-luc antrostomy), osteomyelitis of the maxilla, careless use of instruments during surgical procedures, Syphilis, implants and as a results of complex surgery (for example removal of a large cysts or resections of large tumours involving the maxilla.[6][7][8]

Surgical methods are required if a large defect is present or if a defect persists.[16] Surgery involves creating a flap utilising local tissue to close the communication. There are a number of different flaps that can be used such as the buccal advancement flap, the buccal fat pad flap, a combination of the two and a palatal flap.[16] The flap used is dependent on the size and position of the defect.

The buccal advancement flap is the most commonly used due to its simplicity, reliability and versatility.[16] It involves cutting a broad based trapezoid shaped mucoperiosteal flap with two vertical incisions.[16] The flap is cut buccally, is three sided and extends to the full depth of the sulcus.[1]

The buccal fat pad flap is also a popular option due to its high success rate.[17] It is a simple procedure where the buccal extension of the anatomical fat pad is used for closure.[2] These two flaps can be used in combination where the buccal fat pad covers the communication followed by a further covering via the buccal mucosal flap described above.[2] This double layer flap has advantages over a single layer as it provides stable soft tissue covering, reduces the incidences of wound breakdown and defect recurrence as well as reducing the risk of postoperative infection.[2]

Sutures, either non-resorbing or slowly resorbing, are generally used in the surgical repairs of OAC.[1]

Ultimately, surgery is usually required to close an OAC/OAF. However, if surgery is not immediately available then non-surgical methods can be used to encourage the growth of oral mucosa between the oral cavity and the antrum.[1] The aim of these methods is to protect the blood clot within the socket and help to prevent infection. One option is construction of a denture with an acrylic base plate or extension of the patient’s existing denture to protect the socket and support the clot.[1] These options are particularly helpful in patients who smoke as it provides protection from smoke inhalation. The socket can also be sutured over with mattress sutures if there is adequate soft tissue available.[1]

Medications may be needed as an adjunct to assist the closure of the defect. Antibiotics can help control or prevent any sinus infections. Preoperative nasal decongestants usage can reduce any existing sinus inflammation which will aid surgical manipulation of the mucosa over the bone.[18]

Following all methods of OAC/OAF closure, the patients are instructed to avoid activities that could produce pressure changes between the nasal passages and oral cavity for at least 2 weeks due to risk of disruption to the healing process. Nose blowing and sneezing with a closed mouth are prohibited. A soft diet is also often advocated during this period. Following surgery, nasal decongestants and prophylactic antibiotics are often prescribed to prevent postoperative infection.