Parosmia

Parosmia (from the Greek παρά pará and ὀσμή osmḗ "smell") is a dysfunctional smell detection characterized by the inability of the brain to correctly identify an odor's "natural" smell.[1] Instead, the natural odor is usually transformed into an unpleasant aroma, typically a "burned", "rotting", "fecal", or "chemical" smell.[2] There can also be rare instances of a pleasant odor called euosmia.[3] The condition was rare and little-researched until it became relatively more widespread since 2020 as a side effect of COVID-19.[4]

Parosmia
Other namesTroposmia
Symptomsinability to properly identify an odor's "natural" smell

Causes

There are numerous diseases with which parosmia is associated. In a case study, Frasnelli et al. examined five patients that endured parosmia or phantosmia, most as a result of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs).[2] It is hypothesized that URTIs can result in parosmia because of damage to olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs).[5] The condition has been linked to coronavirus disease 2019 as a rare side effect.[6] Common triggers in COVID-19 related parosmia include coffee, chocolate, meat, onion and toothpaste.[7] Exposure to harmful solvents has also been linked to parosmia, specifically by damaging ORNs.[8] Damage to these neurons could render them unable to correctly encode a signal representing a particular odor, which would send an erroneous signal to the odor processing center, the olfactory bulb. This, in turn, leads to the signal triggering a different smell than the stimulating odor, and thus the patient cannot sync the input and output odors. Damage to ORNs describes a peripheral defect in the pathway, but there are also instances where damage to the processing center in the brain can lead to distorted odors.

Different types of head trauma could also lead to dysfunctions that relate to what the afflicted brain area controls. In humans, the olfactory bulb is located on the inferior side of the brain. Physical damage to this area would alter how the area processes information in a variety of ways, but there are also diseases that can alter how this area works. If the part of the brain that interprets these input signals is damaged, then a distorted output is possible. This would also lead to parosmia. Temporal lobe epilepsy has led to cases of parosmia, but these were only temporary; the onset of parosmia was a seizure and it typically lasted a week or two after.[9] Parosmia is sometimes associated with Parkinson's disease. Although the specific pathway is undetermined, the lack of dopamine has resulted in documented cases of parosmia and phantosmia.

Diagnosing

One method used to diagnose parosmia is the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). "Sniffin' Sticks" are another diagnostic method.[10] These techniques can help deduce whether a specific case of parosmia can be attributed to just one stimulating odor or if there is a group of odors that will elicit the displaced smell. In one case studied by Frasnelli et al. certain smells, specifically coffees, cigarettes, onions, and perfumes, induced a "nauseating" odor for the patient, which was artificial and unrelated to a known smell. In another case study cited in the same paper, a woman had parosmia in one nostril but not the other. Medical examination including MRI did not reveal any abnormalities; however the parosmia in this case was degenerative, getting worse in time. The authors report that cases of parosmia can predict regeneration of olfactory senses.

Treatment

Symptoms of most patients afflicted with parosmia decrease over time. Although there are instances of parosmia affecting patients for years, this is certainly not the majority of cases. There have been experimental treatments of parosmia with L-Dopa,[11] but there are no other current treatments except inducing anosmia or hyposmia to the point that the odors are negligible.

See also
  • Phantosmia, perceiving smells not objectively present

References
  1. Bonfils, P; P Avan; P Faulcon; D Malinvaud (Feb 2005). "Distorted odorant perception - Analysis of a series of 56 patients with parosmia". Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 131 (2): 107–112. doi:10.1001/archotol.131.2.107. PMID 15723940.
  2. Franselli, J; B.N. Landis; S. Heilmann; B. Hauswald; K.B. Huttenbrink; J.S. Lacroix; D.A. Leopold; T. Hummel (2004). "Clinical presentation of qualitative olfactory dysfunction". Eur Arch Otohinolaryngol. 261: 411–415.
  3. Landis, B.N.; J. Frasnelli J; T. Hummel (January 2006). "Euosmia: A rare form of parosmia". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 126 (1): 101–103. doi:10.1080/00016480510043954. PMID 16308262.
  4. Schoch, Deborah (2021-06-15). "Distorted, Bizarre Food Smells Haunt Covid Survivors". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  5. Fukazawa, K (Jan 2005). "A local steroid injection method for olfactory loss due to upper respiratory infection". Chemical Senses. 30: 1212–3. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh189. PMID 15738120.
  6. Moss, Alex (2020-08-28). "Covid-19 smell loss 'made meat taste like petrol'". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
  7. "Scientists identify 'trigger molecule' for Covid-related changes to smell". the Guardian. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  8. Emmett, EA (1976). "Parosmia and hyposmia induced by solvent exposure". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 33 (3): 196–8. doi:10.1136/oem.33.3.196. PMC 1008135. PMID 963006.
  9. Jacek, Sarah; R.J. Stevenson; L.A. Miller (November 2007). "Olfactory dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy: A case of ictus-related parosmia". Epilepsy & Behavior. 11 (3): 466–70. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.05.016. PMID 17761459.
  10. Wolfensberger, M.; Schnieper, I.; Welge-Lüssen, A. (March 2000). "Sniffin'Sticks: a new olfactory test battery". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 120 (2): 303–306. doi:10.1080/000164800750001134. ISSN 0001-6489. PMID 11603794.
  11. Neundorfer, B; T Valdivieso (1977). "Parosmia and anosmia under L-Dopa Therapy". Nervenarzt. 48 (5): 283–4. PMID 895952.
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