Succimer

Succimer, sold under the brand name Chemet among others, is a medication used to treat lead, mercury, and arsenic poisoning.[4] When radiolabeled with technetium-99m, it is used in a number of types of diagnostic testing.[5] A full course is 19 days of medications by mouth.[4] More than two weeks should pass before a second course is given.[4]

Succimer
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˈsʌksɪmər/
Trade namesChemet, others
Other namesDimercaptosuccinic acid
DMSA
(2R,3S)-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid
meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid
APRD01236
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
IUPAC name
  • (2R,3S)-2,3-disulfanylbutanedioic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.005.597
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC4H6O4S2
Molar mass182.21 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point125 °C (257 °F)
SMILES
  • O=C(O)[C@@H](S)[C@@H](S)C(=O)O
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C4H6O4S2/c5-3(6)1(9)2(10)4(7)8/h1-2,9-10H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/t1-,2+ N
  • Key:ACTRVOBWPAIOHC-XIXRPRMCSA-N

Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and low blood neutrophil levels.[4] Liver problems and allergic reactions may also occur with use.[4] Whether use during pregnancy is safe for the baby is unclear.[6] Dimercaptosuccinic acid is in the chelating agent family of medications.[4] It works by binding with lead and a number of other heavy metals, allowing them to leave the body in the urine.[4]

Dimercaptosuccinic acid has been used medically since the 1950s.[7][8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] In the United States, no generic version was available as of 2015.[10]

Medical uses
See also: DMSA scan

Dimercaptosuccinic acid is indicated for the treatment of lead poisoning in children with blood level measured above 45 µg/dl. The use of dimercaptosuccinic acid is not approved for prevention of lead poisoning in anticipation of exposure in known lead-contaminated environments. Dimercaptosuccinic acid can cross the blood–brain barrier of mice,[11] but it is not known if this is also the case in humans.[12] Even if dimercaptosuccinic acid cannot reverse the damages done to the central nervous system, it might prevent further deterioration.[13]

Dimercaptosuccinic acid facilitates urinary excretion of lead, and with sufficiently aggressive treatment, can reduce lead content in the brain.[14] It also increases urinary excretion of copper and zinc.[15] Dimercaptosuccinic acid improved cognitive function in rats that had been exposed to lead, but reduced cognitive function in rats that had not been exposed to lead.[14]

7,8-dihydroxyflavone can reverse long-term effects of chronic Lead exposure in the brain.[16]

Chemistry

It is the organosulfur compound with the formula HO2CCH(SH)CH(SH)CO2H. This colorless solid contains two carboxylic acid and two thiol groups, the latter being responsible for its mildly unpleasant odour. It occurs in two diastereomers, meso and the chiral dl forms.

The 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid molecule has two stereocentres (two asymmetric carbon atoms), and can exist as three different stereoisomers. The 2S,3S and 2R,3R isomers are a pair of enantiomers, whereas the 2R,3S isomer is a meso compound and thus optically inactive.

(2R,3R)-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid(2R,3S)-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
(meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid)		(2S,3S)-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid

Preparation and reactivity

Dimercaptosuccinic acid may be prepared by reacting acetylenedicarboxylic acid with sodium thiosulfate[17] or thioacetic acid followed by hydrolysis. The dimethyl ester is also known.[18]

Meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid binds to "soft" heavy metals such as Hg2+ and Pb2+, mobilizing these ions for excretion. It binds to metal cations through the thiol groups, which ionize upon complexation.

History

Dimercaptosuccinic acid was first synthesized by V. Nirenburg in the Urals Polytechnic Institute, commissioned by one of the electrical enterprises of Sverdlovsk, which consumed many tons of mercury and was looking for a medicine to prevent poisoning of personnel. In 1957, Chinese scientists found that dimercaptosuccinic acid can effectively treat antimony poisoning due to overdose of tartar emetic.[19] Pronounced protective effect in animal poisoning with arsenic and mercury was first shown by I. Okonishnikova in 1962. In 1984, the now-defunct Bock Pharmaceutical Company requested the FDA grant approval for orphan drug status under the brand name Chemet and the FDA approved of this in 1991, providing exclusivity until 1998 which was conveyed to the successor Sanofi in 1996.[20][21]

References
  1. "Chemet- succimer capsule". DailyMed. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  2. "Nephroscan- succimer injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". DailyMed. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  3. "Rotop - DMSA- kit for the preparation of technetium tc99m succimer injection injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". DailyMed. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  4. "Succimer". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  5. Biersack, H.-J.; Grünwald, F. (2005). Thyroid Cancer. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 213. ISBN 9783540278450. Archived from the original on 2017-01-13.
  6. "Succimer (Chemet) Use During Pregnancy". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  7. Miller, Alan (June 1998). "Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), a non-toxic, water-soluble treatment for heavy metal toxicity". Alternative Medicine Review. 3 (3): 199–207. PMID 9630737.
  8. Chappell, W. R.; Abernathy, C. O.; Calderon, R. L. (1999). Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects III. Elsevier. p. 350. ISBN 9780080527574. Archived from the original on 2017-01-13.
  9. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  10. Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 472. ISBN 9781284057560.
  11. Aasath, Jan; Dag Jacobsen; Ole Andersen; Elsa Wickstrøm (March 1995). "Treatment of Mercury and Lead Poisonings with Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) and Sodium Dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS)". Analyst. 120 (3): 853–4. doi:10.1039/an9952000853. PMID 7741240.
  12. Guzzi, GianPaolo; La Porta, Caterina A. M. (2008-02-03). "Molecular mechanisms triggered by mercury". Toxicology. 244 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.11.002. ISSN 0300-483X. PMID 18077077.
  13. Clarkson, Thomas W.; Magos, Laszlo; Myers, Gary J. (2003-10-30). "The Toxicology of Mercury — Current Exposures and Clinical Manifestations". New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (18): 1731–1737. doi:10.1056/nejmra022471. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 14585942.
  14. Smith D, Strupp BJ (2013). "The scientific basis for chelation: animal studies and lead chelation". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 9 (4): 326–338. doi:10.1007/s13181-013-0339-2. PMC 3846979. PMID 24113857.
  15. Bradberry S, Sheehan T, Vale A (2009). "Use of oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer) in adult patients with inorganic lead poisoning". QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 102 (10): 721–732. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcp114. PMID 19700440.
  16. Zhang, Xiao-Lei; McGlothan, Jennifer L.; Miry, Omid; Stansfield, Kirstie H.; Loth, Meredith K.; Stanton, Patric K.; Guilarte, Tomás R. (January 2018). "7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Rescues Lead-Induced Impairment of Vesicular Release: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Lead Intoxicated Children". Toxicological Sciences. 161 (1): 186–195. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfx210. PMC 5837521. PMID 29029315.
  17. US 4550193, Lindemann, Martin K. O. & Lukenbach, Elvin R., "Process for the preparation of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and its lower alkyl esters", assigned to Johnson & Johnson Baby Products
  18. M. Gerecke; E. A. H. Friedheim; A. Brossi (1961). "Zur Kenntnis der 2,3-Dimercapto-bernsteinsäuren". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 44 (4): 955–960. doi:10.1002/hlca.19610440410.
  19. Liang, Y., Chu. C, Tsen, Y., Ting, K. (1957). "Studies on antibilharzial drugs. Vl. The antidotal effects of sodium dimercaptosuccinate and BAL-glucoside against tartar emetic". Acta Physiol. Sin. 21: 24–32.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. "Search Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals". Searchable database for Orphan Designated and or Approved Products. FDA. 2013. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  21. "Sanofi Buying An American Drug Concern". The New York Times. July 17, 1996. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.

Further reading
  • Aposhian, H.V.; Aposhian, M.M. (1990). "Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid: Chemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of an orally effective metal chelating agent". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 30 (1): 279–306. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.30.040190.001431. PMID 2160791.
  • "Succimer". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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