Trypanosoma evansi

Trypanosoma evansi
	Trypanosoma evansi in blood
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Phylum:	Euglenozoa
Class:	Kinetoplastea
Order:	Trypanosomatida
Family:	Trypanosomatidae
Genus:	Trypanosoma
Species:	T. evansi
Binomial name
	Trypanosoma evansi; Steel, 1884

Trypanosoma evansi is a species of excavate trypanosome in the genus Trypanosoma that causes one form of surra in animals.[1] It has been proposed that T. evansi is—like T. equiperdum—a derivative of T. brucei.[2] Due to this loss of part of the mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA T. evansi is not capable of infecting the invertebrate vector and establishing the subsequent life-stages.[3][4] Due to its mechanical transmission T. evansi is not restricted to transmission via the tsetse fly but shows a very broad vector specificity including the genera Tabanus, Stomoxys, Haematopota, Chrysops and Lyperosia.[5] It rarely causes disease in humans,[6] indeed, it has only been recorded in cases where the patient lacks a normal component of human serum, Apolipoprotein L1.[7] T. evansi is very common in India and Iran[8] and causes acute disease in camels and horses, and chronic disease in cattle and buffalo. In Pakistan, it has been found to be the most prevalent trypanosome species in donkeys.[9] Haemoglobin plays a role in trypanolytic host defense against T. evansi.[10]

Trypanocide resistance

T. evansi trypanocide resistance is widespread. Diminazene aceturate is often ineffective for bovine, equine, porcine, and elephant use in Thailand. Quinapyramine is not recommended for cattle use due to its tendency to produce cross-resistance with both diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride. Quinapyramine is recommended for equine and camel use only. For the Philippines blanket treatment of all affected livestock is recommended, while biannual treatment of an individual village's livestock might be more financially realistic but risks developing resistance.[10]

References

Rjeibi, Mohamed Ridha; Ben Hamida, Taoufik; Dalgatova, Zara; Mahjoub, Tarek; Rejeb, Ahmed; Dridi, Walid; Gharbi, Mohamed (2015). "First report of surra (Trypanosoma evansi infection) in a Tunisian dog". Parasite. 22: 3. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015004. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4318485. PMID 25654368.
Lai DH; Petritsch, W; Schreiber, F; Warnkross, H; Pietsch, B; Passath, A; Leb, G; Tilz, GP; Kellner, A (February 2008). "Adaptations of 'Trypanosoma brucei to gradual loss of kinetoplast DNA: Trypanosoma equiperdum and Trypanosoma evansi are petite mutants of T. brucei". PNAS. 105 (3): 1999–2004. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.1999L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711799105. PMC 2538871. PMID 18245376.
Borst P, Fase-Fowler F, Gibson WC (January 1987). "Kinetoplast DNA of Trypanosoma evansi". Mol Biochem Parasitol. 23 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1016/0166-6851(87)90184-8. PMID 3033499.
Hoare CR (1972). The trypanosomes of the Mammals. Oxford: Blackwell.
Luckins AG (May 1988). "Trypanosoma evansi in Asia". Parasitol Today. 4 (5): 137–42. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(88)90188-3. PMID 15463067.(and references therein)
Powar RM; Shegokar, VR; Joshi, PP; Dani, VS; Tankhiwale, NS; Truc, P; Jannin, J; Bhargava, A (1 January 2006). "A rare case of human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi". Indian J Med Microbiol. 24 (1): 72–74. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.19904. PMID 16505565.
Benoit Vanhollebeke, Eng., Philippe Truc, Ph.D., Philippe Poelvoorde, M.Sc., Annette Pays, M.Sc., Prashant P. Joshi, M.D., Ravindra Katti, M.D., Jean G. Jannin, M.D., and Etienne Pays, Ph.D., Benoit; Truc, Philippe; Poelvoorde, Philippe; Pays, Annette; Joshi, Prashant P.; Katti, Ravindra; Jannin, Jean G.; Pays, Etienne (December 28, 2006). "Human Trypanosoma evansi Infection Linked to a Lack of Apolipoprotein L-I". N Engl J Med. 355 (26): 2752–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa063265. PMID 17192540.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Sazmand, Alireza; Joachim, Anja (2017). "Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931–2017) – a literature review". Parasite. 24: 21. doi:10.1051/parasite/2017024. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 5479402. PMID 28617666.
"Molecular Identification of Trypanosomes and Their Effects on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Donkeys in Punjab, Pakistan". International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 20: 1607–1612. June 2018.
Desquesnes, Marc; Dargantes, Alan; Lai, De-Hua; Lun, Zhao-Rong; Holzmuller, Philippe; Jittapalapong, Sathaporn (2013). "Trypanosoma evansi and Surra: A Review and Perspectives on Transmission, Epidemiology and Control, Impact, and Zoonotic Aspects". BioMed Research International. Hindawi. 2013: 1–20. doi:10.1155/2013/321237. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 3789323. PMID 24151595. S2CID 18573610.

Joshi P.P.; Shegokar V.R.; Powar R.M.; Herder S.; Katti R.; Salkar H.R.; Dani V.S.; Bhargava A.; Jannin J.; Truc P. (2005). "Human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in India: The first case report". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 73 (3): 491–495. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.491. PMID 16172469.

External links

Disease card on World Organisation for Animal Health

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[RjeibiBen_Hamida2015-1] Rjeibi, Mohamed Ridha; Ben Hamida, Taoufik; Dalgatova, Zara; Mahjoub, Tarek; Rejeb, Ahmed; Dridi, Walid; Gharbi, Mohamed (2015). "First report of surra (Trypanosoma evansi infection) in a Tunisian dog". Parasite. 22: 3. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015004. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4318485. PMID 25654368.

[2] Lai DH; Petritsch, W; Schreiber, F; Warnkross, H; Pietsch, B; Passath, A; Leb, G; Tilz, GP; Kellner, A (February 2008). "Adaptations of 'Trypanosoma brucei to gradual loss of kinetoplast DNA: Trypanosoma equiperdum and Trypanosoma evansi are petite mutants of T. brucei". PNAS. 105 (3): 1999–2004. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.1999L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711799105. PMC 2538871. PMID 18245376.

[3] Borst P, Fase-Fowler F, Gibson WC (January 1987). "Kinetoplast DNA of Trypanosoma evansi". Mol Biochem Parasitol. 23 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1016/0166-6851(87)90184-8. PMID 3033499.

[4] Hoare CR (1972). The trypanosomes of the Mammals. Oxford: Blackwell.

[5] Luckins AG (May 1988). "Trypanosoma evansi in Asia". Parasitol Today. 4 (5): 137–42. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(88)90188-3. PMID 15463067.(and references therein)

[6] Powar RM; Shegokar, VR; Joshi, PP; Dani, VS; Tankhiwale, NS; Truc, P; Jannin, J; Bhargava, A (1 January 2006). "A rare case of human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi". Indian J Med Microbiol. 24 (1): 72–74. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.19904. PMID 16505565.

[7] Benoit Vanhollebeke, Eng., Philippe Truc, Ph.D., Philippe Poelvoorde, M.Sc., Annette Pays, M.Sc., Prashant P. Joshi, M.D., Ravindra Katti, M.D., Jean G. Jannin, M.D., and Etienne Pays, Ph.D., Benoit; Truc, Philippe; Poelvoorde, Philippe; Pays, Annette; Joshi, Prashant P.; Katti, Ravindra; Jannin, Jean G.; Pays, Etienne (December 28, 2006). "Human Trypanosoma evansi Infection Linked to a Lack of Apolipoprotein L-I". N Engl J Med. 355 (26): 2752–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa063265. PMID 17192540.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[SazmandJoachim2017-8] Sazmand, Alireza; Joachim, Anja (2017). "Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931–2017) – a literature review". Parasite. 24: 21. doi:10.1051/parasite/2017024. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 5479402. PMID 28617666.

[9] "Molecular Identification of Trypanosomes and Their Effects on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Donkeys in Punjab, Pakistan". International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 20: 1607–1612. June 2018.

[Desquesnes-et-al-2013-10] Desquesnes, Marc; Dargantes, Alan; Lai, De-Hua; Lun, Zhao-Rong; Holzmuller, Philippe; Jittapalapong, Sathaporn (2013). "Trypanosoma evansi and Surra: A Review and Perspectives on Transmission, Epidemiology and Control, Impact, and Zoonotic Aspects". BioMed Research International. Hindawi. 2013: 1–20. doi:10.1155/2013/321237. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 3789323. PMID 24151595. S2CID 18573610.