Golodirsen

Golodirsen, sold under the brand name Vyondys 53, is a medication used for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).[2] It is an antisense oligonucleotide drug of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) chemistry.[1][3]

Golodirsen
Clinical data
Trade namesVyondys 53
Other namesSRP-4053
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Routes of
administration		Intravenous
Drug classAntisense oligonucleotide
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
UNII
KEGG
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC305H481N138O112P25
Molar mass8647.401 g·mol−1

The most common side effects include headache, fever, fall, cough, vomiting, abdominal pain, cold symptoms (nasopharyngitis) and nausea.[2][1]

Medical uses

Golodirsen is indicated for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in people who have a confirmed mutation of the dystrophin gene that is amenable to exon 53 skipping.[2][1]

Mechanism of action

Golodirsen has been provisionally approved for approximately 8% of all DMD patients amenable to exon 53 skipping.[3] It works by inducing exon skipping in the dystrophin gene and thereby increasing the amount of dystrophin protein available to muscle fibers.[3]

Adverse effects

The most common side effects include headache, fever, fall, cough, vomiting, abdominal pain, cold symptoms (nasopharyngitis) and nausea.[2][1] In animal studies, no significant changes were seen in the male reproductive system of monkeys and mice following weekly subcutaneous administration.[3] According to the reports obtained from the clinical trials, pain at the site of intravenous administration, back pain, oropharyngeal pain, sprain in ligaments, diarrhea, dizziness, contusion, flu, ear infection, rhinitis, skin abrasion, tachycardia, and constipation occurred at an elevated frequency in the treatment group, as compared to their placebo counterparts.[3] Hypersensitivity reactions, including rash, fever, itching, hives, skin irritation (dermatitis) and skin peeling (exfoliation), have occurred in people who were treated with golodirsen.[2]

Renal toxicity was observed in animals who received golodirsen.[2][4] Although renal toxicity was not observed in the clinical studies with golodirsen, potentially fatal glomerulonephritis, has been observed after administration of some antisense oligonucleotides.[2] Renal function should be monitored in those taking golodirsen.[2][5][6]

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Following single or multiple intravenous infusions, the majority of drug elimination occurs within 24 hours of intravenous administration. The elimination half-life of golodirsen, in parity with eteplirsen was 3 to 6 hours.[3]

Clinical benefits

As a first-generation drug, golodirsen is far away from being curative; clinical trial outcomes have demonstrated the drug to have a marginal effect on ameliorating DMD pathology.[3] As of December 2019, golodirsen is approved for therapeutic use in the United States, as well as in the countries that automatically recognize the decisions of the US Food and Drug Administration, under the condition that its benefit will be demonstrated in a confirmatory clinical trial.

Society and culture

Golodirsen is one of the very few FDA-approved exon-skipping therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), although the clinical benefits of the drug are yet to established.[1][3] While the development of golodirsen needed huge financing, it is only applicable to a small subset of DMD patients. Sarepta Therapeutics has announced that golodirsen will cost in parity with eteplirsen, another drug of a similar kind, which may be as high as US$300,000 a year. Whether the patients should spend so much on a drug with questioned efficacy raises concerns. Also, the accelerated approval of golodirsen has paved the way for the patients to have early access to the drug, at the same time, it shrouded with controversy over a number of issues.[3] A double-blind placebo-controlled confirmatory trial (NCT02500381) is ongoing to resolve the issues.

History

Golodirsen was developed by collaborative research led by Prof. Steve Wilton and Prof. Sue Fletcher in the Perron Institute and licensed to Sarepta Therapeutics by the University of Western Australia.[3]

In the pivotal clinical trial of golodirsen, dystrophin levels increased, on average, from 0.10% of normal at baseline to 1.02% of normal after 48 weeks of treatment with the drug or longer.[2] The change was a surrogate endpoint and the trial did not establish clinical benefit of the drug, including changes to the subject's motor function.[2]

The pharmacological assessment of golodirsen did not include special population groups, e.g., pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, and patients with concurrent disease states. As DMD predominantly affects male children and young adults, and golodirsen is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients, but primarily not for adult women, the elderly, and patients with comorbidity, it was not evaluated on them.[3]

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved golodirsen in December 2019,[2][7][8] under the accelerated approval pathway.[2] The application for golodirsen was granted fast track designation, priority review designation, orphan drug designation, and a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher.[2]

References
  1. "Vyondys 53- golodirsen injection". DailyMed. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  2. "FDA grants accelerated approval to first targeted treatment for rare Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 12 December 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. Anwar S, Yokota T (August 2020). "Golodirsen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy". Drugs of Today. 56 (8): 491–504. doi:10.1358/dot.2020.56.8.3159186. PMID 33025945. S2CID 222183389.
  4. "Safety risks highlighted in FDA letter on Sarepta's Vyondys". BioPharma Dive. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  5. Terry, Mark (22 January 2020). "FDA Publishes Initial Rejection Letter of Sarepta's Vyondys 53 for DMD". BioSpace. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  6. Unger EF (19 August 2019). "NDA 211970 Other action letter" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  7. "Drug Approval Package: Vyondys 53 (golodirsen)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 21 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  8. "Drug Trials Snapshots: Vyondys 53". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 12 December 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • "Golodirsen". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
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