California State Senate

The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature, the lower house being the California State Assembly. The State Senate convenes, along with the State Assembly, at the California State Capitol in Sacramento.

California State Senate
California State Legislature
Type
Type
Term limits
Elected before 2012:
2 terms (8 years)
Elected 2012 and after:
3 terms (12 years)
History
New session started
December 7, 2020
Leadership
President
Eleni Kounalakis (D)
since January 7, 2019
President pro tempore
Toni Atkins (D)
since March 21, 2018
Majority Leader
Mike McGuire (D)
since January 19, 2022
Minority Leader
Scott Wilk (R)
since January 20, 2021
Structure
Seats40
Political groups
Majority
  Democratic (31)

Minority

  Republican (9)
Length of term
4 years
AuthorityArticle 4, California Constitution
Salary$114,877/year + $211 per diem
Elections
Nonpartisan blanket primary
Last election
November 3, 2020 (20 seats)
Next election
November 8, 2022 (20 seats)
RedistrictingCalifornia Citizens Redistricting Commission
Motto
Senatoris est civitatis libertatem tueri
("It is a senator's duty to protect the liberty of the people.")
Meeting place
State Senate Chamber
California State Capitol
Sacramento, California
Website
senate.ca.gov

Due to a combination of the state's large population and a legislature that has not been expanded since the ratification of the 1879 Constitution,[1] the State Senate has the largest population per state senator ratio of any state legislative house. In the United States House of Representatives, California is apportioned 53 U.S. representatives, each representing approximately 704,566 people,[2] while in the California State Senate, each of the 40 state senators represents approximately 931,349 people.[3] This means that California state senators each represent more people than California's members of the House of Representatives.

In the current legislative session, the Democratic Party holds 31 out of the 40 seats, which constitutes a 78% majority, well over the two-thirds supermajority threshold.

History

Following the ratification of the 1879 constitution of California, each house of the legislature was divided into 40 Senate districts and 80 Assembly districts. Such districts being "as nearly equal in population as may be, and composed of contiguous territory". With both Senate and Assembly districts elected one member each. Such districts were also required to preserve political boundaries: "In the formation of such districts, no county, or city and county, shall be divided, unless it contain a sufficient population within itself to form two or more districts; nor shall a part of any county, or of any city and county, be united with any other county, or city and county, in forming any district."[4]

Between 1933 and 1967, state legislative districts were drawn according to the "Little Federal Model" by which Assembly seats were drawn according to population and Senate seats were drawn according to county lines.[5] The guidelines were that no Senate district would include more than three counties and none would include less than one complete county. This led to the situation of a populous county such as Los Angeles County (1960 population of 6 million) being accorded the same number of state senators (one) as less populous counties such as Alpine County (1960 pop. 397). The Senate districts remained unaltered from 1933 to 1967, regardless of the changes in the population distribution. In Reynolds v. Sims, the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population. As such, boundaries were changed to comply with the ruling.

Leadership

The lieutenant governor is the ex officio president of the Senate, and may only cast a vote to break a tie. The president pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full Senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party's strength in the chamber.

The current president pro tempore is Democrat Toni Atkins of San Diego. The minority leader is Republican Scott Wilk of Santa Clarita.

Terms of office

Each state senator represents a population roughly equivalent to the State of Delaware. As a result of Proposition 140 in 1990 and Proposition 28 in 2012, members elected to the legislature prior to 2012 are restricted by term limits to two four-year terms (eight years), while those elected in or after 2012 are allowed to serve 12 years in the legislature in any combination of four-year State Senate or two-year State Assembly terms.[6]

Members of the State Senate serve four-year terms. Every two years, half of the Senate's 40 seats are subject to election. This is in contrast to the State Assembly, in which all 80 seats in the Assembly are subject to election every two years.

Meeting chamber

The red tones of the California State Senate Chamber are based on the British House of Lords, which is outfitted in a similar color. The dais rests along a wall shaped like an "E", with its central projection housing the rostrum. The lower tier dais runs across the entire chamber, there are several chairs and computers used by the senate officers, the most prominent seat is reserved for the secretary who calls the roll. The higher tier is smaller, with three chairs, the two largest and most ornate chairs are used by the president pro tempore (right chair) and the lieutenant governor (left chair). The third and smallest chair, placed in the center, is used by the presiding officer (acting in place of the pro tem) and is rarely sat in as the president is expected to stand. There are four other chairs flanking the dais used by the highest non-member officials attending the senate, a foreign dignitary or state officer for example. Each of the 40 senators is provided a desk, microphone and two chairs, one for the senator, another for guests or legislative aides. Almost every decorating element is identical to the Assembly Chamber. Along the cornice appears a portrait of George Washington and the Latin quotation senatoris est civitatis libertatem tueri ("It is a senator's duty to protect the liberty of the people").

Composition

31 9
Democratic Republican
Affiliation Party
(Shading indicates majority caucus)
Total
Democratic Republican Vacant
End of previous legislature 29 11 40 0
Begin[7] 30 9 39 1
Current 31 9 40 0
Latest voting share 77.5% 22.5%

Past composition of the Senate

Officers

Position Name Party District
Lieutenant Governor Eleni Kounalakis Democratic California
President pro tempore Toni Atkins Democratic 39th–San Diego
Majority leader Robert Hertzberg Democratic 18th–Van Nuys
Assistant majority leader Mike McGuire Democratic 2nd–Healdsburg
Majority whip Nancy Skinner Democratic 9th–Berkeley
Assistant majority whips Maria Elena Durazo Democratic 24th–Los Angeles
Scott Wiener Democratic 11th–San Francisco
Susan Rubio Democratic 22nd–Baldwin Park
Democratic caucus chair Connie Leyva Democratic 20th–Chino
Minority leader Scott Wilk Republican 21st–Santa Clarita
Secretary Erika Contreras
Sergeant-at-Arms Jodie O. Barnett III
Chaplain Sister Michelle Gorman, RSM

The Secretary, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature.

Members

District Name Party Residence First elected Term limited Notes
1 Brian Dahle Republican Bieber 2019 2024 Previously served as Minority Leader of the California State Assembly
2 Mike McGuire Democratic Healdsburg 2014 2026 Majority Leader
3 Bill Dodd Democratic Napa 2016 2024
4 Jim Nielsen Republican Red Bluff 2013 2022 Previously served from 1978 to 1990
5 Susan Eggman Democratic Stockton 2020 2024
6 Richard Pan Democratic Sacramento 2014 2022
7 Steve Glazer Democratic Orinda 2015 2028
8 Andreas Borgeas Republican Fresno 2018 2030
9 Nancy Skinner Democratic Berkeley 2016 2024
10 Bob Wieckowski Democratic Fremont 2014 2022
11 Scott Wiener Democratic San Francisco 2016 2028
12 Anna Caballero Democratic Salinas 2018 2026
13 Josh Becker Democratic Menlo Park 2020 2032
14 Melissa Hurtado Democratic Sanger 2018 2030
15 Dave Cortese Democratic Los Gatos 2020 2032
16 Shannon Grove Republican Bakersfield 2018 2026
17 John Laird Democratic Santa Cruz 2020 2028 Previously served from 2002–2008
18 Robert Hertzberg Democratic Van Nuys 2014 2022 Previously served as Majority Leader. Previously served as Speaker of the Assembly
19 Monique Limón Democratic Santa Barbara 2020 2028
20 Connie Leyva Democratic Chino 2014 2026
21 Scott Wilk Republican Santa Clarita 2016 2024 Minority leader
22 Susan Rubio Democratic Baldwin Park 2018 2030
23 Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh Republican Yucaipa 2020 2032
24 María Elena Durazo Democratic Los Angeles 2018 2030
25 Anthony Portantino Democratic La Cañada Flintridge 2016 2024
26 Ben Allen Democratic Santa Monica 2014 2026
27 Henry Stern Democratic Malibu 2016 2028
28 Melissa Melendez Republican Lake Elsinore 2020 2022
29 Josh Newman Democratic Fullerton 2020 2028 Previously served 2016–2018
30 Sydney Kamlager Democratic Los Angeles 2021 2030
31 Richard Roth Democratic Riverside 2012 2024
32 Bob Archuleta Democratic Pico Rivera 2018 2030
33 Lena Gonzalez Democratic Long Beach 2019 2032
34 Tom Umberg Democratic Santa Ana 2018 2026
35 Steven Bradford Democratic Gardena 2016 2024
36 Patricia Bates Republican Laguna Niguel 2014 2022 Previously served as minority leader
37 Dave Min Democratic Irvine 2020 2032
38 Brian Jones Republican Santee 2018 2026
39 Toni Atkins Democratic San Diego 2016 2024 President pro tempore. Previously served as Speaker of the State Assembly
40 Ben Hueso Democratic San Diego 2013 2022
  • : elected in a special election

Seating chart

President
Kounalakis
Borgeas Nielsen Hueso Archuleta Hurtado Eggman Roth Dodd Min Gonzalez Allen Wiener
Ochoa Bogh Melendez Grove Jones Cortese Leyva Portantino Rubio Caballero Becker Kamlager Stern
Bates Wilk Dahle Bradford Newman Umberg Durazo Laird Skinner Limón Glazer Pan
Hertzberg Atkins McGuire Wieckowski

Committees

Current committees, chairs and vice chairs include:[8]

CommitteeChairVice Chair
Agriculture Andreas Borgeas (R)Melissa Hurtado (D)
Appropriations Anthony Portantino (D)Patricia Bates (R)
Banking and Financial Institutions Monique Limón (D)Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh (R)
Budget and Fiscal Review Nancy Skinner (D)Jim Nielsen (R)
Business, Professions and Economic Development Richard Roth (D)Melissa Melendez (R)
Education Connie Leyva (D)Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh (R)
Elections and Constitutional Amendments Steve Glazer (D)Jim Nielsen (R)
Environmental Quality Ben Allen (D)Patricia Bates (R)
Governance and Finance Mike McGuire (D)Jim Nielsen (R)
Governmental Organization Bill Dodd (D)Jim Nielsen (R)
Health Richard Pan (D)Melissa Melendez (R)
Housing Scott Wiener (D)Patricia Bates (R)
Human Services Melissa Hurtado (D)Brian Jones (R)
Insurance Susan Rubio (D)Brian Jones (R)
Judiciary Tom Umberg (D)Andreas Borgeas (R)
Labor, Public Employment and Retirement Dave Cortese (D)Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh (R)
Military and Veterans Affairs Bob Archuleta (D)Shannon Grove (R)
Natural Resources and Water Henry Stern (D)Brian Jones (R)
Public Safety Steven Bradford (D)Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh (R)
Rules Toni Atkins (D)Patricia Bates (R)
Transportation Lena Gonzalez (D)Patricia Bates (R)

Offices

  • Senate Office of Research
  • Senate Office of Demographics
  • Senate Office of Floor Analysis
  • Senate Office of International Relations
  • Senate Office of Oversight and Outcomes

See also

References

  1. "California Constitution of 1879, prior to any amendments" (PDF). California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  2. "Apportionment Data". United States Census Bureau.
  3. "Senate Roster". State of California.
  4. "California Constitution of 1879, prior to any amendments" (PDF). CalPolyPomona. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  5. "JoinCalifornia - Redistricting". www.joincalifornia.com. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  6. "California Constitution Article 4; Legislative". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  7. Democrat Holly Mitchell (District 30) resigned in order to take a seat on the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. Sydney Kamlager was elected to succeed her.
  8. "Committees". August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
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