Chlamydomonas

Chlamydomonas is a genus of green algae consisting of about 150 species[2] of unicellular flagellates, found in stagnant water and on damp soil, in freshwater, seawater, and even in snow as "snow algae".[3] Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for molecular biology, especially studies of flagellar motility and chloroplast dynamics, biogenesis, and genetics. One of the many striking features of Chlamydomonas is that it contains ion channels (channelrhodopsins) that are directly activated by light. Some regulatory systems of Chlamydomonas are more complex than their homologs in Gymnosperms, with evolutionarily related regulatory proteins being larger and containing additional domains.[4]

Chlamydomonas
SEM image of flagellated Chlamydomonas (10000×)
Scientific classification
(unranked): Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Chlamydomonadales
Family: Chlamydomonadaceae
Genus: Chlamydomonas
Ehrenb.
Species

See text

Drawings of Chlamydomonas caudata Wille.[1]
Cross section of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell
Light micrograph of Chlamydomonas with two flagella just visible at bottom left
Chlamydomonas globosa, again with two flagella just visible at bottom left

Molecular phylogeny studies indicated that the traditional genus Chlamydomonas as defined using morphological data was polyphyletic within Volvocales. Many species were subsequently reclassified (e.g., in Oogamochlamys, Lobochlamys), and many other "Chlamydomonas" s.l. lineages are still to be reclassified.[5][6][7]

Description

All Chlamydomonas are unicellular organisms, spherical or slightly cylindrical, and a papilla may be present or absent. Chloroplasts are green and usually cup-shaped.[8] A key feature of the genus is its two anterior flagella, each as long as the other.[9] The flagellar microtubules may each be disassembled by the cell to provide spare material to rebuild the other's microtubules if they are damaged.[10]


Species
  • Chlamydomonas acidophila
  • Chlamydomonas caudata Wille
  • Chlamydomonas ehrenbergii Gorozhankin[8]
  • Chlamydomonas elegans G.S.West 1915
  • Chlamydomonas moewusii
  • Chlamydomonas nivalis
  • Chlamydomonas ovoidae
  • Chlamydomonas reinhardtii[11]

Ecology

Chlamydomonas is widely distributed in freshwater or damp soil.[2] It is generally found in a habitat rich in ammonium salt. It possesses red eye spots for photosensitivity and reproduces both asexually and sexually.

Chlamydomonas's asexual reproduction occurs by zoospores, aplanospores, hypnospores, or a palmella stage,[12] while its sexual reproduction is through isogamy, anisogamy or oogamy.

Nutrition

Most species are obligate phototrophs but C. reinhardtii and C. dysostosis are facultative heterotrophs that can grow in the dark in the presence of acetate as a carbon source.

Morphology
  • Motile unicellular algae.
  • Generally oval and/or circular.
  • Cell wall is made up of a glycoprotein and non-cellulosic polysaccharides instead of cellulose.
  • Two anteriorly inserted whiplash flagella. Each flagellum originates from a basal granule in the anterior papillate or non-papillate region of the cytoplasm. Each flagellum shows a typical 9+2 arrangement of the component fibrils.
  • Contractile vacuoles are near the bases of flagella.
  • Prominent cup or bowl-shaped chloroplast is present. The chloroplast contains bands composed of a variable number of the photosynthetic thylakoids which are not organised into grana-like structures.
  • The nucleus is enclosed in a cup-shaped chloroplast, which has a single large pyrenoid where starch is formed from photosynthetic products. Pyrenoid with starch sheath is present in the posterior end of the chloroplast.
  • Eye spot present in the anterior portion of the chloroplast. It consists of two or three, more or less parallel rows of linearly arranged fat droplets.

Uses

Some Chlamydomonas are edible.[13]

See also
  • Intraflagellar transport

References
  1. Hazen, Tracy E. 1922. The phylogeny of the genus Brachiomonas. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 49(4):75-92, with two plates.
  2. Smith, G.M. 1955 Cryptogamic Botany Volume 1. Algae and Fungi McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc
  3. Hoham, R.W., Bonome, T.A., Martin, C.W. and Leebens-mack, J.H. 2002. A combined 18S rDNA and rbcL phylogenetic analysis of Chloromonas and Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyceae, Volvocales ) emphasizing snow and other cold-temperature habitats. Journal of Phycology, 38: 1051–1064.
  4. A Falciatore, L Merendino, F Barneche, M Ceol, R Meskauskiene, K Apel, JD Rochaix (2005). The FLP proteins act as regulators of chlorophyll synthesis in response to light and plastid signals in Chlamydomonas. The red eyespot in Chlamydomonas is sensitive to light and hence determines movement. Genes & Dev, 19:176-187
  5. Juliet Brodie & Jane Lewis (2007). Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algal systematics. CRC Press. p. 140, .
  6. Wehr, J.D., Sheath, R.G. & Kociolek, J.P. (eds., 2015). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification. Academic Press, USA, p. 275-276, .
  7. Pröschold, T., Marin, B., Schlösser, U.W. & Melkonian, M. (2001). Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta). I. Emendation of Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg and Chloromonas Gobi, and descripription of Oogamochlamys gen. nov. and Lobochlamys gen. nov. Protist 152: 265-300, 7 figs, 5 tables, .
  8. Guiry, M.D., John, D.M. Rindi, F. and McCarthy, T.K. (ed) 2007 New Survey of Clare Island Volume 6: The Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 978-1-904890-31-7
  9. Harris, Elizabeth H. ( 2009) "The Genus Chlamydomonas" In The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook (Second Edition), chapter 1, volume 1, pages 1-24. ISBN 9780080919553 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-370873-1.00001-0
  10. Gelfand, Vladimir I.; Bershadsky, Alexander D. (1991). "Microtubule Dynamics: Mechanism, Regulation, and Function". Annual Review of Cell Biology. Annual Reviews. 7 (1): 93–116. doi:10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.000521. ISSN 0743-4634. PMID 1809357.
  11. Aoyama, H., Kuroiwa, T and Nakamura,S. 2009. The dynamic behaviour of mitochrandia in living zygotes during maturation and meiosis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. European Journal Phycology 44: 497 - 507
  12. "Life Cycle of Chlamydomonas (With Diagram)". BiologyDiscussion.com. 2016-09-16. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  13. "Notice to US Food and Drug Administration of the Conclusion that the Intended Use of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (THN 6) Dried Biomass Powder is Generally Recognized as Safe". US Food and Drug Administration. March 21, 2018.
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