Django (web framework)

Django (/ˈdʒæŋɡoʊ/ JANG-goh; sometimes stylized as django)[6] is a free and open-source, Python-based web framework that follows the model–template–views (MTV) architectural pattern.[7][8] It is maintained by the Django Software Foundation (DSF), an independent organization established in the US as a 501(c)(3) non-profit.

Django
Original author(s)Adrian Holovaty, Simon Willison
Developer(s)Django Software Foundation[1]
Initial release21 July 2005 (2005-07-21)[2]
Stable release
4.1.2[3]  / 4 October 2022 (4 October 2022)
Repository
Written inPython[1]
Size8.9 MB[4]
TypeWeb framework[1]
License3-clause BSD[5]
Websitewww.djangoproject.com 

Django's primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. The framework emphasizes reusability and "pluggability" of components, less code, low coupling, rapid development, and the principle of don't repeat yourself.[9] Python is used throughout, even for settings, files, and data models. Django also provides an optional administrative create, read, update and delete interface that is generated dynamically through introspection and configured via admin models.

Some well-known sites that use Django include Instagram,[10] Mozilla,[11] Disqus,[12] Bitbucket,[13] Nextdoor[14] and Clubhouse.[15]

History

Django was created in the fall of 2003, when the web programmers at the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper, Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison, began using Python to build applications. Jacob Kaplan-Moss was hired early in Django's development shortly before Simon Willison's internship ended.[16] It was released publicly under a BSD license in July 2005. The framework was named after guitarist Django Reinhardt.[17] Adrian Holovaty is a Romani jazz guitar player and a big fan of Django Reinhardt.

In June 2008, it was announced that a newly formed Django Software Foundation (DSF) would maintain Django in the future.[18]

Features

Components
Screenshot of the Django admin interface for modifying a user account

Despite having its own nomenclature, such as naming the callable objects generating the HTTP responses "views",[7] the core Django framework can be seen as an MVC architecture.[8] It consists of an object-relational mapper (ORM) that mediates between data models (defined as Python classes) and a relational database ("Model"), a system for processing HTTP requests with a web templating system ("View"), and a regular-expression-based URL dispatcher ("Controller").

Also included in the core framework are:

  • a lightweight and standalone web server for development and testing
  • a form serialization and validation system that can translate between HTML forms and values suitable for storage in the database
  • a template system that utilizes the concept of inheritance borrowed from object-oriented programming
  • a caching framework that can use any of several cache methods
  • support for middleware classes that can intervene at various stages of request processing and carry out custom functions
  • an internal dispatcher system that allows components of an application to communicate events to each other via pre-defined signals
  • an internationalization system, including translations of Django's own components into a variety of languages
  • a serialization system that can produce and read XML and/or JSON representations of Django model instances
  • a system for extending the capabilities of the template engine
  • an interface to Python's built-in unit test framework

Bundled applications

The main Django distribution also bundles a number of applications in its "contrib" package, including:

  • an extensible authentication system
  • the dynamic administrative interface
  • tools for generating RSS and Atom syndication feeds
  • a "Sites" framework that allows one Django installation to run multiple websites, each with their own content and applications
  • tools for generating Google Sitemaps
  • built-in mitigation for cross-site request forgery, cross-site scripting, SQL injection, password cracking and other typical web attacks, most of them turned on by default[19][20]
  • a framework for creating GIS applications

Extensibility

Django's configuration system allows third party code to be plugged into a regular project, provided that it follows the reusable app[21] conventions. More than 2500 packages[22] are available to extend the framework's original behavior, providing solutions to issues the original tool didn't tackle: registration, search, API provision and consumption, CMS, etc.

This extensibility is, however, mitigated by internal components' dependencies. While the Django philosophy implies loose coupling,[23] the template filters and tags assume one engine implementation, and both the auth and admin bundled applications require the use of the internal ORM. None of these filters or bundled apps are mandatory to run a Django project, but reusable apps tend to depend on them, encouraging developers to keep using the official stack in order to benefit fully from the apps ecosystem.

Server arrangements

Django can be run in conjunction with Apache, Nginx using WSGI, Gunicorn, or Cherokee using flup (a Python module).[24][25] Django also includes the ability to launch a FastCGI server, enabling use behind any web server which supports FastCGI, such as Lighttpd or Hiawatha. It is also possible to use other WSGI-compliant web servers.[26] Django officially supports five database backends: PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, SQLite, and Oracle. Microsoft SQL Server can be used with django-mssql while similarly external backends exist for IBM Db2,[27] SQL Anywhere[28] and Firebird.[29] There is a fork named django-nonrel, which supports NoSQL databases, such as MongoDB and Google App Engine's Datastore.[30]

Django may also be run in conjunction with Jython on any Java EE application server such as GlassFish or JBoss. In this case django-jython must be installed in order to provide JDBC drivers for database connectivity, which also can provide functionality to compile Django in to a .war suitable for deployment.[31]

Version history


The Django team will occasionally designate certain releases to be "long-term support" (LTS) releases.[32] LTS releases will get security and data loss fixes applied for a guaranteed period of time, typically 3+ years, regardless of the pace of releases afterwards.

Version Date[33] Notes[34]
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.90[35]16 Nov 2005
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.91[36]11 Jan 2006"new-admin"
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.95[37]29 Jul 2006"magic removal"
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.96[38]23 Mar 2007"newforms", testing tools
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0[39]3 Sep 2008API stability, decoupled admin, unicode
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1[40]29 Jul 2009Aggregates, transaction based tests
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.2[41]17 May 2010Multiple db connections, CSRF, model validation
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.3[42]23 Mar 2011Class based views, staticfiles
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.4 LTS[43]23 Mar 2012Time zones, in browser testing, app templates.
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.5[44]26 Feb 2013Python 3 Support, configurable user model
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.6[45]6 Nov 2013Dedicated to Malcolm Tredinnick, db transaction management, connection pooling.
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.7[46]2 Sep 2014Migrations, application loading and configuration.
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.8 LTS[47]1 Apr 2015Native support for multiple template engines. Support ended on 1 April 2018
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.9[48]1 Dec 2015Automatic password validation. New styling for admin interface.
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.10[49]1 Aug 2016Full text search for PostgreSQL. New-style middleware.
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.11 LTS[50]4 Apr 2017Last version to support Python 2.7. Support ended on 1 April 2020
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0[51]2 Dec 2017First Python 3-only release, Simplified URL routing syntax, Mobile friendly admin.
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.1[52]1 Aug 2018Model "view" permission.
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 LTS[53]1 Apr 2019Security release.
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0[54]2 Dec 2019ASGI support
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.1[55]4 Aug 2020Asynchronous views and middleware
Older version, yet still maintained: 3.2 LTS[56]6 Apr 2021Extended Support until at least April 2024
Older version, yet still maintained: 4.0[57]7 Dec 2021Extended Support until at least April 2023
Current stable version: 4.1[58]3 Aug 2022Extended Support until at least December 2023
Future release: 4.2 LTS[59]April 2023Extended Support until at least April 2026
Future release: 5.0December 2023Extended Support until at least April 2025
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

DjangoCon

There is a semiannual conference for Django developers and users, named "DjangoCon", that has been held since September 2008. DjangoCon is held annually in Europe, in May or June;[60] while another is held in the United States in August or September, in various cities.[61] The 2012 DjangoCon took place in Washington, D.C., from 3 to 8 September. 2013 DjangoCon was held in Chicago at the Hyatt Regency Hotel and the post-conference Sprints were hosted at Digital Bootcamp, computer training center.[62] The 2014 DjangoCon US returned to Portland, OR from 30 August to 6 September. The 2015 DjangoCon US was held in Austin, TX from 6 to 11 September at the AT&T Executive Center. The 2016 DjangoCon US was held in Philadelphia, PA at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania from 17 to 22 July.[63] The 2017 DjangoCon US was held in Spokane, WA;[64] in 2018 DjangoCon US was held in San Diego, CA.[65] DjangoCon US 2019 was held again in San Diego, CA from Sept 22–27. DjangoCon 2021 took place virtually and in 2022, DjangoCon US returned to San Deigo from October 16th to the 21st.

Django mini-conferences are usually held every year as part of the Australian Python Conference 'PyCon AU'.[66] Previously, these mini-conferences have been held in:

  • Hobart, Australia, in July 2013,
  • Brisbane, Australia, in August 2014 and 2015,
  • Melbourne, Australia in August 2016 and 2017, and
  • Sydney, Australia, in August 2018 and 2019.

Django has spawned user groups and meetups around the world, the most notable group is the Django Girls organization, which began in Poland but now has had events in 91 countries.[67][68][69]

Ports to other languages

Programmers have ported Django's template engine design from Python to other languages, providing decent cross-platform support. Some of these options are more direct ports; others, though inspired by Django and retaining its concepts, take the liberty to deviate from Django's design:

CMSs based on Django Framework

Django as a framework is capable of building a complete CMS, however there are dedicated CMS project which are built upon and extend the Django framework. Below is list of a few of the more popular Django-based CMSs:

  • Django CMS[76]
  • Wagtail
  • Mezzanine

See also
  • FastAPI
  • Flask (web framework)
  • Pylons project
  • Web2py
  • Tornado
  • Ruby on Rails
  • Comparison of web frameworks

References
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Bibliography
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