Downhill (ski competition)

Downhill is a form of alpine skiing competition. Whereas the other alpine skiing events (slalom, giant slalom, super giant slalom, and combined) emphasize turning and technique, downhill emphasizes "the six components of technique, courage, speed, risk, physical condition and judgement", according to the FIS "International Ski Competition Rules (ICR)".[1] Speeds of up to 130 km/h (81 mph) are common in international competition. Athletes must have an aerodynamically efficient tuck position to minimize drag and increase speed.[2]

Slovenia's Andrej Šporn at the 2010 Winter Olympics downhill in a typical downhill body position

The term, "downhill skiing", is also used as a synonym for alpine skiing as a recreational activity.[3][4]

History

The rules for downhill skiing competitions were originally developed by Sir Arnold Lunn for the 1921 British National Ski Championships. A speed of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) was first achieved by Johan Clarey at the 2013 Lauberhorn World Cup,[5] beating the previous record of 98 mph (158 km/h), set by Italian Stefan Thanei in 2005.[6][7]

Course

The FIS has rules for downhill courses that encompass their general characteristics, width, safety precautions, vertical drop, course length, style and placement of gates.[1]

General characteristics – As a test of "technique, courage, speed, risk, physical condition and judgement", the course requires the athlete to adapt to the technically demanding terrain and layout of gates.
Width – Courses are typically 30 metres (100 ft) wide with allowances for the approaches to "lips, drop-offs and jumps".
Safety – Obstacles on courses are expected to be protected with nets, fences, or pads.
Vertical drop – Vertical drop ranges from 450 to 1,100 metres (1,480 to 3,610 ft) for men and 450 to 800 metres (1,480 to 2,620 ft) for women. Races with two runs may be shorter.
Course length – Courses require an accurate means of measurement for length.
Gates – Gates consist of pairs of twin poles with a rectangular panel between the poles. Gates have an 8-metre (26 ft) or larger opening.

Equipment

Austrian Downhill racing suit

Equipment for the downhill is different from the alpine events that are lower-speed. Skis are 30% longer than those used in slalom, for more stability at high speed. They usually have rounded, low-profile tips rather than pointed tips. Ski poles are bent so as to curve around the body as the racer stays in a "tuck position" and may have aerodynamic, cone-shaped baskets. As in other alpine disciplines, downhill racers wear skin-tight suits to minimize drag, and helmets are mandatory.

In an attempt to increase safety, the 2003–2004 season saw the FIS increase the minimum sidecut radius for downhill skis to 45 metres (148 ft) from 40 metres (131 ft), and impose minimum ski lengths for the first time: 218 cm (7 ft 2 in) for men, and 210 cm (6 ft 11 in) for women.

Races

In all forms of downhill, both at a local youth-level as well as the higher FIS international level, racers are allowed extensive preparation for the race, which includes daily course inspection and discussion with their coaches and teammates as well as several practice runs before the actual race. Racers do not make any unnecessary turns while on the course, and try to do everything they can to maintain the most aerodynamic position while negotiating turns and jumps.

Unlike slalom and giant slalom, where racers have the times of two runs combined, the downhill race is a single run. Times are typically between 1½ and 2½ minutes for World Cup courses and must be over 1 minute in duration to meet international minimum standards. Tenths and hundredths and, occasionally, thousandths of seconds count: World Cup races and Olympic medals have sometimes been decided by as little as one or two hundredths of a second, and ties are not unheard of.

The most successful all-time winners of World Cup downhill races are Annemarie Moser-Pröll of Austria (36 wins, 7 women's titles)[8] and Franz Klammer of Austria (25 wins, 5 men's titles).[9] Lindsey Vonn of the U.S. is currently dominant in woman's downhill racing with a lifetime total of 37 World Cup downhill wins and 7 women's titles.[10][11]

Risks

On some courses, such as the Lauberhorn course in Wengen, Switzerland, and the Hahnenkamm course in Kitzbühel, Austria, speeds of up to 150 km/h (93 mph) are common. Safety netting and padding are placed where race officials anticipate potential crashes. Despite these safety precautions, the ski racing community is well aware of the inherent risks of downhill skiing, for it is possible for racers to suffer serious injury or death while practising or competing. Three deaths among World Cup racers in recent years in downhill training or during a race were those of Austrians Gernot Reinstadler (1991) and Ulrike Maier (1994), and Frenchman Régine Cavagnoud (2001). Also in 2001, Swiss downhiller Silvano Beltrametti was paralyzed in a high-speed crash and 1984 Olympic gold medalist Bill Johnson suffered permanent brain damage that eventually led to a crippling stroke which left him unable to function without assistance. Most recently Frenchman David Poisson was killed in a training crash in 2017. Speaking to media after Poisson's death, French former downhiller Luc Alphand noted that "eliminating risk entirely in downhill is impossible".[12]

Men's World Cup podiums

In the following table men's downhill World Cup podium results in the World Cup since the first season in 1967.[7] Winners receive a distinctive crystal globe.[13]

Season	1st	2nd	3rd
1967	Jean-Claude Killy	Guy Périllat	Franz Vogler
1968	Gerhard Nenning	Jean-Claude Killy	Karl Schranz
1969	Karl Schranz	Henri Duvillard	Heinrich Messner
1970	Karl Cordin	Karl Schranz	Henri Duvillard
1971	Bernhard Russi	Bernard Orcel	Karl Cordin
1972	Bernhard Russi	Karl Schranz	Mike Lafferty
1973	Roland Collombin	Bernhard Russi	Marcello Varallo
1974	Roland Collombin	Franz Klammer	Herbert Plank
1975	Franz Klammer	Werner Grissmann	Herbert Plank
1976	Franz Klammer	Herbert Plank	Bernhard Russi
1977	Franz Klammer	Josef Walcher	Bernhard Russi
1978	Franz Klammer	Josef Walcher	Herbert Plank
1979	Peter Müller	Peter Wirnsberger	Toni Buergler
1980	Peter Müller	Ken Read	Herbert Plank
1981	Harti Weirather	Steve Podborski	Peter Müller
1982	Steve Podborski	Peter Müller	Harti Weirather
1983	Franz Klammer	Conradin Cathomen	Harti Weirather
1984	Urs Räber	Erwin Resch	Bill Johnson
1985	Helmut Höflehner	Peter Müller	Karl Alpiger
1986	Peter Wirnsberger	Peter Müller	Michael Mair
1987	Pirmin Zurbriggen	Peter Müller	Franz Heinzer
1988	Pirmin Zurbriggen	Michael Mair	Rob Boyd
1989	Marc Girardelli	Helmut Höflehner	Daniel Mahrer
1990	Helmut Höflehner	Atle Skårdal	Pirmin Zurbriggen
1991	Franz Heinzer	Atle Skårdal	Daniel Mahrer
1992	Franz Heinzer	Daniel Mahrer	A.J. Kitt
1993	Franz Heinzer	Atle Skårdal	William Besse
1994	Marc Girardelli	Hannes Trinkl	Patrick Ortlieb
1995	Luc Alphand	Kristian Ghedina	Patrick Ortlieb
1996	Luc Alphand	Guenther Mader	Patrick Ortlieb
1997	Luc Alphand	Kristian Ghedina	Fritz Strobl
1998	Andreas Schifferer	Hermann Maier	Nicolas Burtin
1999	Lasse Kjus	Andreas Schifferer	Werner Franz
2000	Hermann Maier	Kristian Ghedina	Josef Strobl
2001	Hermann Maier	Stephan Eberharter	Fritz Strobl
2002	Stephan Eberharter	Fritz Strobl	Kristian Ghedina
2003	Stephan Eberharter	Daron Rahlves	Michael Walchhofer
2004	Stephan Eberharter	Daron Rahlves	Hermann Maier
2005	Michael Walchhofer	Bode Miller	Hermann Maier
2006	Michael Walchhofer	Fritz Strobl	Daron Rahlves
2007	Didier Cuche	Marco Büchel	Erik Guay
2008	Didier Cuche	Bode Miller	Michael Walchhofer
2009	Michael Walchhofer	Klaus Kröll	Didier Défago
2010	Didier Cuche	Carlo Janka	Werner Heel
2011	Didier Cuche	Michael Walchhofer	Klaus Kröll
2012	Klaus Kröll	Beat Feuz	Didier Cuche
2013	Aksel Lund Svindal	Klaus Kröll	Dominik Paris
2014	Aksel Lund Svindal	Hannes Reichelt	Erik Guay
2015	Kjetil Jansrud	Hannes Reichelt	Guillermo Fayed
2016	Peter Fill	Aksel Lund Svindal	Dominik Paris
2017	Peter Fill	Kjetil Jansrud	Dominik Paris
2018	Beat Feuz	Aksel Lund Svindal	Thomas Dreßen
2019	Beat Feuz	Dominik Paris	Vincent Kriechmayr
2020	Beat Feuz	Thomas Dreßen	Matthias Mayer
2021	Beat Feuz	Matthias Mayer	Dominik Paris
2022	Aleksander Aamodt Kilde	Beat Feuz	Dominik Paris

Women's World Cup podiums

In the following table women's downhill World Cup podium results in the World Cup since the first season in 1967.[7] Winners receive a distinctive crystal globe.[14]

Season	1st	2nd	3rd
1967	Marielle Goitschel	Isabelle Mir	Giustina Demetz
1968	Isabelle Mir Olga Pall		Christl Haas
1969	Wiltrud Drexel	Isabelle Mir	Olga Pall
1970	Isabelle Mir	Annie Famose	Florence Steurer
1971	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Wiltrud Drexel	Françoise Macchi
1972	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Wiltrud Drexel	Marie-Thérèse Nadig
1973	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Wiltrud Drexel	Jacqueline Rouvier
1974	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Marie-Thérèse Nadig	Wiltrud Drexel
1975	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Bernadette Zurbriggen	Marie-Thérèse Nadig
1976	Brigitte Totschnig	Bernadette Zurbriggen	Nicola Spieß
1977	Brigitte Totschnig	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Marie-Thérèse Nadig
1978	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Cindy Nelson	Marie-Thérèse Nadig
1979	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Bernadette Zurbriggen	Marie-Thérèse Nadig
1980	Marie-Thérèse Nadig	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Hanni Wenzel
1981	Marie-Thérèse Nadig	Doris De Agostini	Cornelia Pröll
1982	Marie-Cécile Gros-Gaudenier	Doris De Agostini Holly Flanders
1983	Doris De Agostini	Maria Walliser	Elisabeth Kirchler
1984	Maria Walliser	Irene Epple	Hanni Wenzel
1985	Michela Figini	Maria Walliser	Brigitte Oertli
1986	Maria Walliser	Katrin Gutensohn	Laurie Graham
1987	Michela Figini	Maria Walliser	Laurie Graham
1988	Michela Figini	Brigitte Oertli	Maria Walliser
1989	Michela Figini	Maria Walliser	Michaela Gerg
1990	Katrin Gutensohn	Petra Kronberger	Michela Figini Michaela Gerg
1991	Chantal Bournissen	Sabine Ginther	Petra Kronberger
1992	Katja Seizinger	Petra Kronberger	Miriam Vogt
1993	Katja Seizinger	Regina Häusl	Kerrin Lee-Gartner
1994	Katja Seizinger	Kate Pace	Mélanie Suchet
1995	Picabo Street	Hilary Lindh	Katja Seizinger
1996	Picabo Street	Katja Seizinger	Isolde Kostner Heidi Zurbriggen
1997	Renate Götschl	Heidi Zurbriggen	Varvara Zelenskaya
1998	Katja Seizinger	Renate Götschl	Isolde Kostner
1999	Renate Götschl	Alexandra Meissnitzer	Michaela Dorfmeister
2000	Regina Häusl	Renate Götschl	Isolde Kostner
2001	Isolde Kostner	Renate Götschl	Régine Cavagnoud
2002	Isolde Kostner	Michaela Dorfmeister	Corinne Rey-Bellet
2003	Michaela Dorfmeister	Renate Götschl	Kirsten Clark
2004	Renate Götschl	Hilde Gerg	Carole Montillet
2005	Renate Götschl	Hilde Gerg	Michaela Dorfmeister
2006	Michaela Dorfmeister	Lindsey Kildow	Renate Götschl
2007	Renate Götschl	Julia Mancuso	Lindsey Kildow
2008	Lindsey Vonn	Renate Götschl	Britt Janyk
2009	Lindsey Vonn	Andrea Fischbacher	Maria Riesch
2010	Lindsey Vonn	Maria Riesch	Anja Pärson
2011	Lindsey Vonn	Maria Riesch	Julia Mancuso
2012	Lindsey Vonn	Tina Weirather	Elisabeth Görgl
2013	Lindsey Vonn	Tina Maze	Maria Höfl-Riesch
2014	Maria Höfl-Riesch	Anna Fenninger	Tina Maze
2015	Lindsey Vonn	Anna Fenninger	Tina Maze
2016	Lindsey Vonn	Fabienne Suter	Larisa Yurkiw
2017	Ilka Stuhec	Sofia Goggia	Lara Gut
2018	Sofia Goggia	Lindsey Vonn	Tina Weirather
2019	Nicole Schmidhofer	Stephanie Venier	Ramona Siebenhofer
2020	Corinne Suter	Ester Ledecka	Federica Brignone
2021	Sofia Goggia	Corinne Suter	Lara Gut-Behrami
2022	Sofia Goggia	Corinne Suter	Ester Ledecká

Downhill at the "big competitions"

Medal table


Country	Gold	Silver	Bronze	All	Host nation
Austria	28	12	26	66	7 (2 x WOG, 5 x WCH)
Switzerland	18	21	14	53	4 (4 x WCH)
France	8	9	6	23	3 (2 x WOG, 1 x WCH)
United States	7	9	10	26	6 (3 x WOG, 3 x WCH)
Germany	6	6	7	19	2 (2 x WCH)
Canada	7	4	5	16	2 (2 x WOG)
Norway	4	12	2	18	1 (1 x WOG)
Slovenia	4	0	0	4	0
Italy	1	8	6	15	6 (2 x WOG, 5 x WCH)
Sweden	1	1	3	5	2 (2 x WCH)
Croatia	1	0	0	1	0
Liechtenstein	0	1	1	2	0
Australia	0	0	1	1	0
Czechoslovakia	0	0	1	1	0
USSR	0	0	1	1	0

Medalists


Year	Competition	Venue	Champions		2nd Place		3rd Place
2022	Winter Olympic Games	Beijing	Beat Feuz	Corinne Suter	Johan Clarey	Sofia Goggia	Matthias Mayer	Nadia Delago
2021	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Cortina d'Ampezzo	Vincent Kriechmayr	Corinne Suter	Andreas Sander	Kira Weidle	Beat Feuz	Lara Gut-Behrami
2019	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Åre	Kjetil Jansrud	Ilka Štuhec	Aksel Lund Svindal	Corinne Suter	Vincent Kriechmayr	Lindsey Vonn
2018	Winter Olympic Games	Pyeongchang	Aksel Lund Svindal	Sofia Goggia	Kjetil Jansrud	Ragnhild Mowinckel	Beat Feuz	Lindsey Vonn
2017	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	St. Moritz	Beat Feuz	Ilka Štuhec	Erik Guay	Stephanie Venier	Max Franz	Lindsey Vonn
2015	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Beaver Creek and Vail	Patrick Küng	Tina Maze	Travis Ganong	Anna Fenninger	Beat Feuz	Lara Gut
2014	Winter Olympic Games	Sochi	Matthias Mayer	Tina Maze	Christof Innerhofer	not awarded	Kjetil Jansrud	Lara Gut
2014	Winter Olympic Games	Sochi	Matthias Mayer	Dominique Gisin	Christof Innerhofer	not awarded	Kjetil Jansrud	Lara Gut
2013	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Schladming	Aksel Lund Svindal	Marion Rolland	Dominik Paris	Nadia Fanchini	David Poisson	Maria Höfl-Riesch
2011	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Garmisch-Partenkirchen	Erik Guay	Elisabeth Görgl	Didier Cuche	Lindsey Vonn	Christof Innerhofer	Maria Riesch
2010	Winter Olympic Games	Vancouver	Didier Defago	Lindsey Vonn	Aksel Lund Svindal	Julia Mancuso	Bode Miller	Elisabeth Görgl
2009	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Val d'Isere	John Kucera	Lindsey Vonn	Didier Cuche	Lara Gut	Carlo Janka	Nadia Fanchini
2007	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Åre	Aksel Lund Svindal	Anja Pärson	Jan Hudec	Lindsey C. Kildow	Patrik Järbyn	Nicole Hosp
2006	Winter Olympic Games	Torino	Antoine Dénériaz	Michaela Dorfmeister	Michael Walchhofer	Martina Schild	Bruno Kernen	Anja Pärson
2005	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Bormio	Bode Miller	Janica Kostelić	Daron Rahlves	Elena Fanchini	Michael Walchhofer	Renate Götschl
2003	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	St. Moritz	Michael Walchhofer	Mélanie Turgeon	Kjetil André Aamodt	Corinne Rey-Bellet	Bruno Kernen	Alexandra Meissnitzer
2002	Winter Olympic Games	Salt Lake City	Fritz Strobl	Carole Montillet	Lasse Kjus	Isolde Kostner	Stephan Eberharter	Renate Götschl
2001	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	St. Anton	Hannes Trinkl	Michaela Dorfmeister	Hermann Maier	Renate Götschl	Florian Eckert	Selina Heregger
1999	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Beaver Creek and Vail	Hermann Maier	Renate Götschl	Lasse Kjus	Michaela Dorfmeister	Kjetil André Aamodt	Stefanie Schuster
1998	Winter Olympic Games	Nagano	Jean-Luc Crétier	Katja Seizinger	Lasse Kjus	Pernilla Wiberg	Hannes Trinkl	Florence Masnada
1997	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Sestriere	Bruno Kernen	Hilary Lindh	Lasse Kjus	Heidi Zurbriggen	Kristian Ghedina	Pernilla Wiberg
1996	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Seirra Nevada	Patrick Ortlieb	Picabo Street	Kristian Ghedina	Katja Seizinger	Luc Alphand	Hilary Lindh
1994	Winter Olympic Games	Lillehammer	Tommy Moe	Katja Seizinger	Kjetil André Aamodt	Picabo Street	Ed Podivinsky	Isolde Kostner
1993	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Morioka	Urs Lehmann	Kate Pace	Atle Skårdal	Astrid Lødemel	A.J. Kitt	Anja Haas
1992	Winter Olympic Games	Albertville	Patrick Ortlieb	Kerrin Lee-Gartner	Franck Piccard	Hilary Lindh	Günther Mader	Veronika Wallinger
1991	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Saalbach-Hinterglemm	Franz Heinzer	Petra Kronberger	Peter Runggaldier	Nathalie Bouvier	Daniel Mahrer	Svetlana Gladisheva
1989	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Vail	Hans-Jörg Tauscher	Maria Walliser	Peter Müller	Karen Percy	Karl Alpiger	Karin Dedler
1988	Winter Olympic Games	Calgary	Pirmin Zurbriggen	Marina Kiehl	Peter Müller	Brigitte Oertli	Franck Piccard	Karen Percy
1987	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Crans-Montana	Peter Müller	Maria Walliser	Pirmin Zurbriggen	Michela Figini	Karl Alpiger	Regine Mösenlechner
1985	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Bormio	Pirmin Zurbriggen	Michela Figini	Peter Müller	Ariane Ehrat	Doug Lewis	Katharina Gutensohn
1984	Winter Olympic Games	Sarajevo	Bill Johnson	Michela Figini	Peter Müller	Maria Walliser	Anton Steiner	Olga Charvátová
1982	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Schladming	Harti Weirather	Gerry Sorensen	Conradin Cathomen	Cindy Nelson	Erwin Resch	Laurie Graham
1980	Winter Olympic Games *	Lake Placid	Leonhard Stock	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Peter Wirnsberger	Hanni Wenzel	Steve Podborski	Marie-Theres Nadig
1978	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Garmisch-Partenkirchen	Josef Walcher	Annemarie Moser-Pröll	Michael Veith	Irene Epple	Werner Grissmann	Doris de Agostini
1976	Winter Olympic Games *	Innsbruck	Franz Klammer	Rosi Mittermaier	Bernhard Russi	Brigitte Totschnig	Herbert Plank	Cindy Nelson
1974	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	St. Moritz	David Zwilling	Annemarie Pröll	Franz Klammer	Betsy Clifford	Willi Frommelt	Wiltrud Drexel
1972	Winter Olympic Games *	Sapporo	Bernhard Russi	Marie-Theres Nadig	Roland Collombin	Annemarie Pröll	Heini Messner	Susan Corrock
1970	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Val Gardena	Bernhard Russi	Annerösli Zryd	Karl Cordin	Isabelle Mir	Malcolm Milne	Annemarie Pröll
1968	Winter Olympic Games *	Grenoble	Jean-Claude Killy	Olga Pall	Guy Périllat	Isabelle Mir	Jean-Daniel Dätwyler	Christl Haas
1966	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Portillo	Jean-Claude Killy	Marielle Goitschel	Léo Lacroix	Annie Famose	Franz Vogler	Burgl Färbinger
1964	Winter Olympic Games *	Innsbruck	Egon Zimmermann	Christl Haas	Léo Lacroix	Edith Zimmermann	Wolfgang Bartels	Traudl Hecher
1962	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Chamonix	Karl Schranz	Christl Haas	Émile Viollat	Pia Riva	Egon Zimmermann	Barbara Ferries
1960	Winter Olympic Games *	Squaw Valley	Jean Vuarnet	Heidi Biebl	Hans Peter Lanig	Penny Pitou	Guy Périllat	Traudl Hecher
1958	FIS Alpine World Ski Championships	Bad Gastein	Toni Sailer	Lucile Wheeler	Roger Staub	Frieda Dänzer	Jean Vuarnet	Carla Marchelli
1956	Winter Olympic Games *	Cortina d'Ampezzo	Toni Sailer	Madeleine Berthod	Raymond Fellay	Frieda Dänzer	Anderl Molterer	Lucile Wheeler

(*) - also served as WCH (GS and Combined were competed as well but did not count four WOG)

References

50th International Ski Congress (July 2016), The International Ski Competition Rules (ICR) (PDF), Cancun: Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS), p. 83.
First Tracks!! Online Ski Magazine (October 11, 2011). Canadian Ski Racers Train in Wind Tunnel.
Editors (2017). "Cambridge Dictionary". Cambridge.org. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2017-02-16. skiing down slopes, rather than along level ground {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
Editors (2017). "Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 2017-02-16. a: the sport of skiing on downhill trails—often used attributively. b: a skiing race against time down a trail {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
"French skier sets speed record of 100 mph in downhill". USA Today. Associated Press. January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
"Wengen Downhill World Cup Race - Lauberhorn - SnowKings". www.snowkings.co.uk.
"Downhill - Top ten racers since 1967". prussianmachine.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
International Ski Federation (FIS). Biography: Annemarie Moser-Pröll. FIS Legends. Retrieved on: 2011-12-27.
International Ski Federation (FIS). Biography: Franz Klammer. FIS Legends. Retrieved on: 2011-12-27.
International Ski Federation (FIS). Biography: Lindsey Vonn. FIS Legends. Retrieved on: 2011-12-27.
The Australian (December 05, 2011). Lindsey Vonn wins 23rd World Cup downhill in Canada. Retrieved on: 2011-12-27.
"French downhill skier David Poisson dies after training crash at Nakiska". CBC.ca. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
International Ski Foundation. "FIS World Cup Trophy" (PDF). www.fis-ski.com. International Ski Federation. Retrieved 2018-02-10. The FIS World Cup trophy is a trophy manufactured solely for the International Ski Federation. The trophy, unique in terms of the glass refining techniques used, is exclusively awarded to the FIS World Cup winners of each discipline at the Season Finals.
International Ski Foundation. "FIS World Cup Trophy" (PDF). www.fis-ski.com. International Ski Federation. Retrieved 2018-02-10. The FIS World Cup trophy is a trophy manufactured solely for the International Ski Federation. The trophy, unique in terms of the glass refining techniques used, is exclusively awarded to the FIS World Cup winners of each discipline at the Season Finals.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[FIS-1] 50th International Ski Congress (July 2016), The International Ski Competition Rules (ICR) (PDF), Cancun: Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS), p. 83.

[2] First Tracks!! Online Ski Magazine (October 11, 2011). Canadian Ski Racers Train in Wind Tunnel.

[Cambridge-3] Editors (2017). "Cambridge Dictionary". Cambridge.org. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2017-02-16. skiing down slopes, rather than along level ground {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[Merriam-4] Editors (2017). "Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 2017-02-16. a: the sport of skiing on downhill trails—often used attributively. b: a skiing race against time down a trail {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[fssspd-5] "French skier sets speed record of 100 mph in downhill". USA Today. Associated Press. January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2018.

[6] "Wengen Downhill World Cup Race - Lauberhorn - SnowKings". www.snowkings.co.uk.

[auto-7] "Downhill - Top ten racers since 1967". prussianmachine.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.

[8] International Ski Federation (FIS). Biography: Annemarie Moser-Pröll. FIS Legends. Retrieved on: 2011-12-27.

[9] International Ski Federation (FIS). Biography: Franz Klammer. FIS Legends. Retrieved on: 2011-12-27.

[10] International Ski Federation (FIS). Biography: Lindsey Vonn. FIS Legends. Retrieved on: 2011-12-27.

[11] The Australian (December 05, 2011). Lindsey Vonn wins 23rd World Cup downhill in Canada. Retrieved on: 2011-12-27.

[12] "French downhill skier David Poisson dies after training crash at Nakiska". CBC.ca. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2018.

[13] International Ski Foundation. "FIS World Cup Trophy" (PDF). www.fis-ski.com. International Ski Federation. Retrieved 2018-02-10. The FIS World Cup trophy is a trophy manufactured solely for the International Ski Federation. The trophy, unique in terms of the glass refining techniques used, is exclusively awarded to the FIS World Cup winners of each discipline at the Season Finals.

[14] International Ski Foundation. "FIS World Cup Trophy" (PDF). www.fis-ski.com. International Ski Federation. Retrieved 2018-02-10. The FIS World Cup trophy is a trophy manufactured solely for the International Ski Federation. The trophy, unique in terms of the glass refining techniques used, is exclusively awarded to the FIS World Cup winners of each discipline at the Season Finals.