Dulles International Airport

Washington Dulles International Airport (IATA: IAD, ICAO: KIAD, FAA LID: IAD), typically referred to as Dulles International Airport, Dulles Airport, Washington Dulles, or simply Dulles (/ˈdʌlɪs/ DUL-iss), is an international airport in the Eastern United States, located in Loudoun County and Fairfax County in Virginia, 26 miles (42 km) west of Downtown Washington, D.C.[4], and 29 miles (47 km) away from Ronald Reagan National Airport in Arlington County, Virginia.

This article is about the airport. For the future Washington Metro station that will serve the airport beginning in 2022, see Dulles International Airport station.

Washington Dulles International Airport
Dulles International Airport's main terminal at dusk, 2011
  • IATA: IAD
  • ICAO: KIAD
  • FAA LID: IAD
  • WMO: 72403
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorMetropolitan Washington Airports Authority
ServesWashington metropolitan area, Northern Virginia, Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia, South Central PA
LocationDulles, Virginia, United States
OpenedNovember 17, 1962 (1962-11-17)
Hub for
Elevation AMSL313 ft / 95 m
Coordinates38°56′40″N 077°27′21″W
Websiteflydulles.com
Maps

FAA airport diagram
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
01L/19R 9,400 2,865 Concrete
01C/19C 11,500 3,505 Concrete
01R/19L 11,500 3,505 Concrete
12L/30R 10,501 3,201 Concrete
12R/30L 10,500 3,200 Planned
Statistics (2021)
Aircraft operations209,913
Total passengers15,006,955
Total cargo (tons)225,450
Source: Federal Aviation Administration,[2] Passenger traffic[3]

Opened in 1962, it is named after John Foster Dulles (1888–1959),[5][6] the 52nd U.S. Secretary of State who served under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Dulles main terminal is a well-known landmark designed by Eero Saarinen, who also designed the famous TWA terminal (now the TWA hotel) at John F. Kennedy International Airport. Operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Washington Dulles Airport occupies 13,000 acres (20.3 sq mi; 52.6 km2),[2][7] straddling the Loudoun–Fairfax line.[8] Most of the airport is in the unincorporated community of Dulles in Loudoun County, with a small portion in the unincorporated community of Chantilly in Fairfax County.

Dulles is one of the three major airports in the larger Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area, the others being Reagan National Airport and Baltimore/Washington International Airport, and—by land size and amount of facilities—is the largest of the three. Dulles is considered the region's international air hub, with dozens of nonstop international flights.[9] Dulles has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the Mid-Atlantic outside the New York metropolitan area, including approximately 90% of the international passenger traffic in the Baltimore–Washington region.[10] It had more than 20 million passenger enplanements every year from 2004 to 2019, with 24 million enplanements in 2019.[11][12] On a typical day, more than 60,000 passengers pass through Dulles to and from more than 125 destinations around the world.[11][13]

Increased domestic travel from Reagan National Airport has eroded some of Dulles's domestic routes.[9] Dulles overtook Reagan in total enplanements in 2019.[14] However, in 2018, Dulles Airport surpassed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA) in yearly passenger boardings after having fewer passengers since 2015.[15] Furthermore, it still ranks behind Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI) in total annual passenger boardings.[16]

Dulles is a hub for United Airlines and is frequently used by airlines that United has codeshare agreements with, mostly composed of Star Alliance members like Turkish Airlines and Lufthansa.

History

Origins

Before World War II, Hoover Field was the main commercial airport serving Washington, on the site now occupied by the Pentagon and its parking lots. It was replaced by Washington National Airport in 1941, a short distance southeast. After the war, in 1948, the Civil Aeronautics Administration began to consider sites for a second major airport to serve the nation's capital.[17] Congress passed the Washington Airport Act in 1950 to provide funding for a new airport in the region.[18] The initial CAA proposal in 1951 called for the airport to be built in Fairfax County near what is now Burke Lake Park, but protests from residents, as well as the rapid expansion of Washington's suburbs during the time, led to reconsideration of this plan.[19] One competing plan called for the airport to be built in the Pender area of Fairfax County, while another called for the conversion of Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George's County, Maryland, into a commercial airport.[17]

The current site was selected by President Eisenhower in 1958;[19] the Dulles name was chosen by Eisenhower's aviation advisor Pete Quesada, who later served as the first head of the Federal Aviation Administration. As a result of the site selection, the unincorporated, largely African-American community of Willard, which once stood in the airport's current footprint, was demolished, and 87 property owners had their holdings condemned.[17]

Dulles was also built over a lesser-known airport named Blue Ridge Airport, chartered in 1938 by the U.S. The airport was Loudoun County's first official airport, consisting of two grass intersecting runways in the shape of an "X". The location of the former Blue Ridge Airport sits where the Dulles Air Freight complex and Washington Dulles Airport Marriott now sit today.[20]

Design and construction
Dulles Airport in 1970

The civil engineering firm Ammann and Whitney was named lead contractor. The airport was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy and Eisenhower on November 17, 1962.[5][6][21] As originally opened, the airport had three long runways (current day runways 1C/19C, 1R/19L, and 12/30) and one shorter one (where current taxiway Q is located). Its original name, Dulles International Airport, was changed in 1984 to Washington Dulles International Airport.[22]

The main terminal was designed in 1958 by famed Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen, and it is highly regarded for its graceful beauty, suggestive of flight. In the 1990s, the main terminal at Dulles was reconfigured to allow more space between the front of the building and the ticket counters. Additions at both ends of the main terminal more than doubled the structure's length. The original terminal at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport in Taoyuan, Taiwan, was modeled after the Saarinen terminal at Dulles.

The design included a landscaped man-made lake to collect rainwater, a low-rise hotel, and a row of office buildings along the north side of the main parking lot. The design also included a two-level road in front of the terminal to separate arrival and departure traffic and a federally owned limited access highway connecting the terminal to the Capital Beltway (I-495) about 17 miles (27 km) to the east. (Eventually, the highway system grew to include a parallel toll road to handle commuter traffic and an extension to connect to I-66). The access road had a wide median strip to allow the construction of a passenger rail line, which will be in the form of an extension of the Washington Metro's Silver Line and is expected to be completed in 2022.

Notable operations and milestones
First Lady Pat Nixon ushered in the era of jumbo jets by christening the first Boeing 747 at Dulles, January 15, 1970.
  • The first scheduled flight at Dulles was an Eastern Air Lines Super Electra from Newark International Airport in New Jersey on November 19, 1962.[8]
  • Dulles was initially considered a white elephant, being far out of town with few flights;[23] in 1965 Dulles averaged 89 airline operations a day while National Airport (now Reagan) averaged 600 despite not allowing jets.[24] (Dulles got its first transatlantic nonstop in June 1964.) Airport operations grew along with Virginia suburbs and the Dulles Technology Corridor; perimeter and slot restrictions at National forced long-distance flights to use Dulles. In 1969, Dulles had 2.01 million passengers while National had 9.9 million.[25]
A close-up of Dulles' iconic old air traffic control tower, which halted operations in 2007
  • The era of widebody jets began on January 15, 1970, when First Lady Pat Nixon christened a Pan Am Boeing 747-100 at Dulles in the presence of Pan Am chairman Najeeb Halaby.[26] Rather than a traditional champagne bottle, red, white, and blue water was sprayed on the aircraft.[27] Pan Am's first Boeing 747 flight was from New York JFK to London Heathrow Airport.
  • On May 24, 1976, supersonic flights between the U.S. and Europe began with the arrival of a British Airways Concorde from London Heathrow and an Air France Concorde from Paris Charles De Gaulle.[28][29][30] The two were lined nose-to-nose at Dulles for photos.
  • On June 12, 1983, the Space Shuttle Enterprise arrived at Dulles atop a modified Boeing 747 after touring Europe and before returning to Edwards Air Force Base. Two years later Enterprise returned and was placed in a storage hangar near Runway 12/30 to await construction of a planned expansion to the National Air and Space Museum. Enterprise left Dulles on April 27, 2012, for its new home at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York City.[31]
  • In 1990 a United States Senate joint resolution to change Dulles's name to Washington Eisenhower was proposed by Senator Bob Dole, but it didn't pass.[32]
  • When the SR-71 was retired by the military in 1990, one was flown from its birthplace at United States Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, to Dulles, setting a coast-to-coast speed record at an average 2,124 mph (3,418 km/h). The trip took 64 minutes. The aircraft was placed in a storage building, and is now displayed at the Smithsonian's adjacent Udvar-Hazy Air and Space Museum.[33]
  • The first flight of the Boeing 777-200 in commercial service, a United Airlines flight from London Heathrow, landed at Dulles in 1995.[34]
  • The 2004 launch of low-cost carrier Independence Air propelled IAD from being the 24th-busiest airport in the United States to fourth, and one of the top 30 busiest in the world. Independence Air ceased operations in January 2006, and its space in Concourse A was taken five months later by United Express.[35]
  • Southwest Airlines began service at Dulles in fall 2006.
  • Significant growth required the airport to halt the operations of its iconic original control tower in 2007 for a much taller control tower located away from the main terminal. The original tower still exists, though it is no longer used to control the airport's traffic.
The current air traffic control tower dwarfs the original one.
  • In 2007, 24.7 million passengers passed through the airport.[36]
  • On November 20, 2008, a third parallel north–south runway opened on the west side of the airfield, designated 1L/19R. The original 1L/19R was re-designated 1C/19C. It was the first new runway to be built at Dulles since the airport's construction.
  • On June 6, 2011, the airport received its first Airbus A380 flights when Air France introduced the A380 on its nonstop from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport during peak season.[8]
  • On April 17, 2012, the Space Shuttle Discovery was ferried to Dulles mounted to a NASA 747-100 as part of its decommissioning and installation in the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.[37]
  • On June 1, 2012, the first passenger flight of the Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental landed as a Lufthansa service from Frankfurt Airport.[38]
  • On August 15, 2012, the first Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 787 Dreamliner arrived at Washington Dulles.[39] It was Ethiopian Airlines' first 787 & the first 787 received by an African carrier.
  • On October 2, 2014, British Airways began using the Airbus A380 on flights from London Heathrow Airport to Dulles. However, it temporarily ended A380 flights, reverting to a 747-400 twice daily during peak season, but in October 2019 British Airways resumed back to once-daily A380 operations during non-peak season, before ending operations to Dulles on the A380, once again, in early 2020.
  • On February 1, 2016, Emirates upgraded its direct flights from Dubai International (previously a Boeing 777) to an Airbus A380.[40]
  • As of 2019, Washington Dulles is only one of fourteen airports in the United States that sees daily operations from, and/or has at least one gate and one runway to accommodate an Airbus A380; the others being Atlanta, Boston, Chicago-O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Honolulu, Houston-Intercontinental, Las Vegas, Los Angeles-LAX, Miami, New York–JFK, Orlando and San Francisco.[41]
  • On May 16, 2018, Volaris Costa Rica launched flights to Dulles, becoming the first international low-cost carrier to serve the airport.[42]
  • On September 15, 2018, Cathay Pacific launched its longest nonstop route connecting Dulles to Hong Kong International Airport with its Airbus A350-1000. The service has since alternated between the −900 and −1000 depending on season. However, this service has been temporarily suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[43][44]
  • In 2019, four new major international routes were added. Alitalia began non-stop service utilizing an Airbus A330 to Rome, Italy, operating five times weekly during the peak summer season, reducing to three times weekly during the winter season.[45] EgyptAir operates a Boeing 787–9 with nonstop service to Cairo, Egypt three times a week year-round.[46] TAP Air Portugal flies five times weekly with nonstop service to Lisbon, Portugal onboard the Airbus A321LR, A330-900 and sometimes the A330-200. As of May 2019, United Airlines began non-stop service to Tel-Aviv, Israel utilizing a Boeing 777-200ER operating three times a week.[47]
  • In 2020, LOT Polish, Iberia and Swiss were all due to start service to Dulles but have been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. LOT Polish are due to begin service onboard their Boeing 787 to Warsaw, Iberia will begin service onboard their A330-300 to Madrid and Swiss upgraded their Miami route from an A330-300 to a 777-300ER. With this change, the A330-300 that used to serve on the Miami route will now fly into Washington Dulles from Zürich. So far only the Iberia route has been implemented.
  • In 2021, regional airline Southern Airways Express made Dulles its East Coast hub, switching from BWI.[48] Southern Airways will operate flights between Dulles and small airports in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, some of them on Essential Air Service contracts.

Planned development
Main Terminal Station of Aerotrain

By the 1980s the original design, featuring mobile lounges to meet each plane, was no longer well-suited to Dulles' role as a hub airport. Instead, midfield concourses were constructed to allow passengers to walk between connecting flights without visiting the main terminal. Mobile lounges were still used for international flights and to transport passengers between the midfield concourses and the main terminal; Concourse C/D was the first to be built, followed by Concourse A/B. A tunnel (consisting of a passenger walkway and moving sidewalks) which links the main terminal and Concourse B was opened in 2004.[49] The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) began a renovation program for the airport including a new security mezzanine with more room for lines.[50]

A new train system, dubbed AeroTrain and developed by Mitsubishi, began in 2010 to transport passengers between the concourses and the main terminal.[51] The system, which uses rubber tires and travels along a fixed underground guideway,[51] is similar to the people mover systems at Singapore Changi Airport,[51] Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and Denver International Airport. The train is intended to replace the mobile lounges, which many passengers found crowded and inconvenient. The initial phase includes the main terminal station, a permanent Concourse A station, a permanent Concourse B station, a permanent midfield concourse station (with access to the current temporary C concourse via a tunnel with moving walkways), and a maintenance facility.[51] Mobile lounges continue to service Concourse D from both the main terminal and Concourse A. Even after AeroTrain is built out and the replacement Concourses C and D are built, the mobile lounges and plane mates will still continue to be used, to transport international arriving passengers to the International Arrivals Building, as well as transport passengers to aircraft parked on hardstands without direct access to jet bridges. Dulles has stated that the wait time for a train does not exceed four minutes, compared to the average 15-minute wait and travel time for mobile lounges.

Under the development plan, future phases would see the addition of several new midfield concourses and a new south terminal.[52] A fourth runway (parallel to the existing runways 1 and 19 L&R) opened in 2008,[53] and development plans include a fifth runway to parallel the existing runway 12–30.[54] If this runway is built, the current runway will be re-designated as 12L-30R while the new runway will be designated 12R-30L. An expansion of the B concourse, used by many low-cost airlines as well as international arrivals, has been completed, and the building housing Concourses C and D will eventually be knocked down to make room for a more ergonomic building. Because Concourses C and D are temporary concourses, the only way to get to those concourses is via moving walkway from the Concourse C station which is built in the location of the future gates and Concourse D by mobile lounge from the main terminal.[55][56]

In the short term, United Airlines is currently constructing a 20,000 square foot (1,900 m2) buildout on Concourse C between gate C18 and the AeroTrain entrance to provide space for a new Polaris Lounge for international passengers.[57] Further expansion plans include a new three-story 550,000 square foot (51,000 m2) south concourse building above the AeroTrain station for Concourse C,[56] to replace Concourse A regional gates built in 1999.[58]

Decades-old rules set by Congress that limit the number of takeoffs and landings, as well as distance of routes, at Reagan Airport were intended in part to keep more flights at Dulles. However, those rules have been weakened by Congress over the years, causing Dulles to lose 200,000 passengers to Reagan between 2011 and 2013.[9]

In 2022, it was reported that Dulles airport would include the largest airport-based solar and battery development in the U.S. as part of an agreement with Dominion Energy. The solar panels would cover more than 835 acres (338 ha) on land and would be sufficient to provide energy to more than 37,000 Northern Virginia homes during peak production.[59]

Meaning of IAD

Dulles originally used airport code DIA, the initials of Dulles International Airport. When handwritten, it was often misread as DCA, the code for Washington National Airport, so in 1968 Dulles's code was changed to IAD.[60]

Terminals
A mobile lounge

The airport's terminal complex consists of a main terminal (which includes four of the original gates, "Z" gates), and two parallel midfield terminal buildings: Concourses A/B and C/D. The entire terminal complex has 139 total gates: 123 gates with jetways and 16 hardstand locations[61] from which passengers can board or disembark using the airport's plane mate vehicles.[8]

Inter-terminal transportation

Conceived in early planning sessions in 1959, Dulles is one of the few remaining airports to use the mobile lounge (also known as "plane mates" or "people movers") now only used for transport to the International Arrivals Building as well as transport for Concourse D. They have all been given names based on the postal abbreviations of 50 states, e.g., VA, MD, AK.[62]

The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority has gradually phased out the mobile lounge system for inter-terminal passenger movements in favor of the AeroTrain, an underground people mover which currently operates to all of the concourses except concourse D, with passenger tunnels remaining to concourses A and B. Plane mates remain in use to disembark international passengers and carry them to the International Arrivals Building, as well as to transport passengers to and from aircraft on the hard stands (i.e., those parked remotely on the apron without access to jet bridges).[63][64]

Main terminal
The terminal ceiling is suspended in a catenary curve above the luggage check-in area.

Dulles's iconic main terminal houses ticketing on the upper level, baggage claim and U.S. Customs and Border Protection on the lower level, and annexes for the International Arrivals Building for international passenger processing, as well as the four Z gates (used by Air Canada and United Express), various information kiosks and other support facilities. The main terminal was recognized by the American Institute of Architects in 1966 for its design concept; its roof is a suspended catenary providing a wide enclosed area unimpeded by any columns.

The main terminal was extended in 1996 to 1,240 feet (380 m)—Saarinen's original design length—which was slightly more than double its originally constructed length of 600 feet (180 m).[61] On September 22, 2009, an expansion to include the 41,400 square feet (3,850 m2) International Arrivals Building opened for customs and immigration processing with a capacity to process 2,400 passengers per hour.[65]

Also in September 2009, a 121,700 square feet (11,310 m2) central security checkpoint was added on a new security mezzanine level of the main terminal. This checkpoint replaced previous checkpoints which were located behind the ticketing areas,[66] however, travelers enrolled in TSA PreCheck and CLEAR still use this area to clear security.[67] A separate security checkpoint is available on the baggage claim level. Both security checkpoints connect to the AeroTrain, which links the main terminal with the A, B, and C concourses.

Main Terminal AeroTrain station

Midfield terminals

All airlines aside from Air Canada Express and United Express operate out of two linear satellite terminals which are Concourses A and B, and Concourses C and D.

Concourses A and B
Concourse A & B at night

All non-United flights operate out of these two concourses as well as some United Express flights. Concourse A (which has 47 gates) composes the eastern part of the closest midfield terminal building. It consists of a permanent ground-level set of gates designed for small planes and regional jets used by United Express, and several former Concourse B gates.[68] The concourse is primarily used for international flights. Air France operates a Le Salon lounge opposite gate A19, Etihad Airways operates a First and Business Class lounge across from gate A15, and Virgin Atlantic has a Clubhouse lounge across from gate A32. Concourse A's AeroTrain station is located about halfway through the concourse, between gates A6 and A14.

Concourse B (which has 28 gates) composes the western half of the building. It is the first of the permanent elevated midfield concourses. Originally constructed in 1998 and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum, the B concourse contained 20 gates. In 2003, 4 additional gates were added to concourse B, followed by a 15-gate expansion in 2008.[69] In addition to the AeroTrain station located between gates B51 and B62, Concourse B also has an underground walkway to connect it to the main terminal. Concourse B is used by some international carriers, and is also utilized by all non-United domestic and Canada flights. The facility also includes a British Airways Galleries lounge, a Lufthansa lounge divided into Senator and Business class sections located between gates B49 and B51, and a Turkish Airlines Lounge near gate B43.[70]

Concourses C and D
The interior of Concourse C and D, where United Airlines's hub operation is based

Concourses C/D are used for United Airlines flights, including all mainline flights and most United Express regional jet operations (save for a few that use Concourse A).

These concourses were constructed in 1983 and designed by Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum. The two concourses have 22 gates each, numbered C1–C28 and D1–D32, with odd-numbered gates on the north side of the building and even numbered gates on the south side. Concourse C composes the eastern half of the terminal and Concourse D composes the gates on the west half of the terminal.[71][72] The C/D concourses were given a face lift in 2006 which included light fixture upgrades, new paint finishes, new ceiling grids and tiles, heating and air conditioning replacement, and complete restroom renovations.[72]

Concourse C also has a dedicated Federal Inspection Station located at ground level. As a result, non pre–cleared international United flights can directly deplane passengers via jetbridges at Concourse C (as opposed to using plane mates to offload passengers). Once deplaned, arriving passengers are separated. Passengers terminating at Dulles are transported by mobile lounge to the International Arrivals Building, while connecting passengers go through U.S. Customs and Immigration at the FIS station on the ground level. Since this immigration facility is only for connecting passengers on United and other Star Alliance carriers, it has shorter lines and passengers do not have to re-clear security at the massive security checkpoints in the main terminal.

Rendering Planed Tier 2 (East) Terminal

A new and permanent C/D concourse (also called "Tier 2") is planned as part of the D2 Dulles Development Project. The new building is to include a three-level structure with 44 airline gates and similar amenities to Concourse B.[72] The concourse plan includes a dedicated mezzanine corridor with moving sidewalks to serve international passengers. The design and construction of the new C/D concourse has not been scheduled.[72] When built, it is planned that both terminals will be connected to the main terminal and other concourses via the AeroTrain. To that extent, the AeroTrain station at Concourse C was built at the location where the future Concourse C/D structure is proposed to be built, and is connected to the existing Concourse C via an underground walkway.[56] In April 2022, the Airport Authority published plans for a 14 gate Concourse E to built atop the AeroTrain station with the purpose of replacing outdoor boarding areas at Concourse A. Construction is expected to cost between $500 million and $800 million and the airport is seeking $230 million grants from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill. [73]

Airline lounges
The old air traffic control tower viewed through a skylight in the main terminal

Since many major domestic and international airlines have a large presence at Washington Dulles, there are many airline lounges within the airport:

  • Air France: Air France/KLM Lounge, A Concourse across from gate A22.[74]
  • British Airways: BA Lounge with Concorde Dining for first class and Business class passengers, located opposite the Concourse B Transit station.[75]
  • Capital One is constructing its second airport lounge at Dulles. It will be operated by a third-party hospitality company and is scheduled to open in 2022.[76]
  • Etihad Airways: First and Business class lounge located opposite gate A15.[77]
  • Lufthansa: Senator Lounge and Business Lounge, B Concourse at gate B51.[74]
  • Turkish Airlines: Concourse B, near gate B41.[70]
  • United Airlines: United Clubs in C Concourse (at gates C4 [the former Global First Class Lounge], C7 and C17), and one in D Concourse at gate D8.[78] United Polaris Lounge located directly across from gate C17.[79]
  • Virgin Atlantic: Clubhouse, A Concourse across from gate A32.[80]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger carriers
AirlinesDestinationsRefs
Aer Lingus Dublin [81]
Aeroflot Seasonal: Moscow–Sheremetyevo (suspended) [82]
Air Canada Toronto–Pearson [83]
Air Canada Express Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson [83]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle [84]
Air India Delhi [85]
Alaska Airlines Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma [86]
Allegiant Air Austin, Jacksonville (FL), Nashville, Sarasota [87]
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda,[88] Tokyo–Narita [89]
American Airlines Charlotte, Dallas/Fort Worth [90]
American Eagle Charlotte
Seasonal: Austin[91] 		[90]
Austrian Airlines Vienna [92]
Avianca Bogotá [93]
Avianca Costa Rica Guatemala City, San José de Costa Rica–Juan Santamaría [94]
Avianca El Salvador San Salvador [93]
British Airways London–Heathrow [95]
Brussels Airlines Seasonal: Brussels [96]
Copa Airlines Panama City–Tocumen [97]
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma [98]
Delta Connection Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK, New York–LaGuardia (resumes November 10, 2022)[99] [98]
EgyptAir Cairo [100]
Emirates Dubai–International [101]
Ethiopian Airlinesa Addis Ababa, Lomé [102]
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi [103]
Iberia Seasonal: Madrid [104]
Icelandair Reykjavík–Keflavík [105]
KLM Amsterdam [106]
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon [107]
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich [108]
PLAY Reykjavík–Keflavík (begins April 26, 2023) [109]
Porter Airlines Toronto–Billy Bishop [110]
Qatar Airways Doha [111]
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca [112]
Saudia Jeddah, Riyadh [113]
Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen [114]
Southern Airways Express Bradford (PA), DuBois (PA), Lancaster (PA), Morgantown (WV) [115]
Southwest Airlines Atlanta, Chicago–Midway, Denver [116]
Tailwind Air New York–Skyport [117]
TAP Air Portugal Lisbon [118]
Turkish Airlines Istanbul [119]
United Airlines Accra, Amman–Queen Alia, Amsterdam, Atlanta, Austin, Beijing–Capital,[120] Boston, Brussels, Cancún, Cape Town (begins November 17, 2022),[121] Charleston (SC), Chicago–O'Hare, Cleveland, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Dublin, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Frankfurt, Geneva, Hartford, Honolulu, Houston–Intercontinental, Jacksonville (FL), Lagos, Las Vegas, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Miami, Montego Bay, Munich, Nashville, Newark, New Orleans, New York–LaGuardia, Orlando, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), Providenciales, Punta Cana, Raleigh/Durham, Sacramento, St. Maarten, St. Thomas, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, São Paulo–Guarulhos (suspended), Seattle/Tacoma, Tampa, Tel Aviv, Tokyo–Haneda,[122] Zurich
Seasonal: Aruba, Athens, Barbados, Barcelona, Berlin (begins May 25, 2023),[123] Bozeman, Burlington (VT), Charlotte, Columbus–Glenn, Detroit, Edinburgh, Grand Cayman, Guatemala City, Hayden/Steamboat Springs, Indianapolis, Lisbon, Madrid, Nassau, Norfolk, Portland (ME), Rochester (NY), Rome–Fiumicino, San José de Costa Rica–Juan Santamaría (resumes November 5, 2022),[124] San Salvador, Santo Domingo–Las Americas, Sarasota, Syracuse, West Palm Beach 		[125]
United Express Albany, Atlanta, Buffalo, Burlington (VT), Charleston (SC), Charlotte, Charlottesville (VA), Cincinnati, Clarksburg (WV) (ends November 30, 2022), Cleveland, Columbia (SC), Columbus–Glenn, Dallas/Fort Worth, Dayton, Detroit, Fort Myers, Hartford, Hilton Head, Houston–Intercontinental, Huntsville, Indianapolis, Jacksonville (FL), Johnstown (PA), Kansas City, Knoxville, Louisville, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Montréal–Trudeau, Nashville, Newark, New Orleans, New York–LaGuardia, Norfolk, Ottawa, Pittsburgh, Portland (ME), Providence, Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Roanoke, Rochester (NY), St. Louis, San Antonio, Sarasota, Savannah, Syracuse, Toronto–Pearson, West Palm Beach
Seasonal: Key West, Myrtle Beach, Nantucket, Panama City (FL), Traverse City 		[126]
Virgin Atlantic London–Heathrow [127]
Volaris El Salvador San Salvador [128]
Notes:
  • ^a : Some Ethiopian Airlines flights from Addis Ababa to Dulles stop at Dublin for refueling.[129] The same flight from Dulles to Addis Ababa is nonstop.

Cargo carriers
AirlinesDestinations
FedEx Express Harrisburg, Indianapolis, Memphis, New York–JFK, Newark, Philadelphia, Jacksonville
FedEx Feeder Newark
UPS Airlines Louisville

Statistics

Top destinations
Busiest domestic routes to and from IAD (August 2021 – July 2022)[130]
Rank Airport Passengers Carriers
1 Denver, Colorado 423,000 Southwest, United
2 Los Angeles, California 348,000 Alaska, American, United
3 San Francisco, California 330,000 Alaska, United
4 Atlanta, Georgia 323,000 Delta, Southwest, United
5 Orlando, Florida 225,000 Frontier, Southwest, United
6 Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois 222,000 United
7 Houston–Intercontinental, Texas 209,000 United
8 Charlotte, North Carolina 195,000 American, United
9 Seattle/Tacoma, Washington 183,000 Alaska, Delta, United
10 Newark, New Jersey 177,000 United
Busiest international routes to and from IAD (2021) [131]
Rank Airport Passengers Carriers
1 San Salvador, El Salvador 313,499 Avianca El Salvador, United Airlines, Volaris Costa Rica
2 Frankfurt, Germany 281,787 Lufthansa, United Airlines
3 London–Heathrow, United Kingdom 185,615 British Airways, United Airlines, Virgin Atlantic
4 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 176,710 Ethiopian Airlines
5 Istanbul, Turkey 169,455 Turkish Airlines
6 Paris–Charles de Gaulle, France 162,919 Air France, United Airlines
7 Panama City–Tocumen, Panama 146,039 Copa Airlines
8 Doha, Qatar 143,511 Qatar Airways
9 Brussels, Belgium 136,870 Brussels Airlines, United Airlines
10 Cancún, Mexico 127,551 United Airlines
11 Munich, Germany 108,131 Lufthansa, United Airlines
12 Dubai–International, United Arab Emirates 94,646 Emirates
13 Toronto–Pearson, Canada 70,429 Air Canada, United Airlines
14 Punta Cana, Dominican Republic 68,184 United Airlines
15 Vienna, Austria 65,574 Austrian Airlines
16 Amsterdam, Netherlands 60,459 KLM, United Airlines
17 Oranjestad, Aruba 53,099 United Airlines
18 Zürich, Switzerland 52,122 United Airlines
19 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 49,231 Etihad Airways
20 Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands 45,625 United Airlines

Airline market share
Largest airlines at IAD (CY 2020)[132]
Rank Airline Enplanements Percent of market share
1 United Airlines 2,899,449 70.42%
2 Delta Air Lines 212,151 5.12%
3 American Airlines 142,382 3.44%
4 Southwest Airlines 85,013 2.05%
5 Alaska Airlines 63,659 2.05%

Annual traffic
Annual passenger traffic at IAD airport. See Wikidata query.
Annual passenger traffic at IAD
1999–present[11][133][134]
YearPassengersYearPassengersYearPassengers
199919,797,329200923,213,341201924,817,677
200020,104,693201023,741,60320208,333,460
200118,002,319201123,211,856202115,006,955
200217,235,163201222,561,5212022
200316,950,381201321,947,0652023
200422,868,852201421,572,2332024
200527,052,118201521,650,5462025
200623,020,362201621,969,0942026
200724,737,528201722,892,5042027
200823,876,780201824,060,7092028

Ground transportation

Roads

Washington Dulles is accessible via the Dulles Access Road/Dulles Greenway (State Route 267) and State Route 28. The Dulles Airport Access Highway is a toll-free, limited access highway owned by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) to facilitate car access to Washington Dulles from the Capital Beltway and Interstate 66.[135] After it opened, non-airport traffic between Washington and Reston became so heavy that a parallel set of toll lanes were added on the same right-of-way to accommodate non-airport traffic (Dulles Toll Road). However, the airport-only lanes are both less congested as well as toll-free. As of November 1, 2008, MWAA assumed responsibility from the Virginia Department of Transportation both for operating the Dulles Toll Road and for the construction of a rapid transit rail line down its median. Route 28, which runs north–south along the eastern edge of the airport, has been upgraded to a limited access highway, with the interchanges financed through a property tax surcharge on nearby business properties. The Dulles Toll Road has been extended to the west to Leesburg as the Dulles Greenway.

Public transportation

Fairfax Connector bus routes 981 and 983 serve Washington Dulles, connecting to the Herndon–Monroe park & ride lot in Herndon, the Reston Town Center transit in Reston, the Wiehle–Reston East Metro station, and the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center Air and Space Museum.

The Metrobus 5A route also operates service to the airport. The bus stops at the Herndon–Monroe park & ride lot in Herndon and the Rosslyn Metro station in Arlington and terminates at the L'Enfant Plaza Metro station in Southwest DC. Rosslyn can be accessed by the Orange, Blue, and Silver lines, while L'Enfant Plaza is also served by the Yellow and Green lines.

Megabus provides service from Dulles to Charlottesville and Blacksburg.

Washington Flyer has a monopoly to operate cabs from Washington Dulles Airport.[136] Uber and Lyft are popular modes of transport to and from the airport and MWAA receives a $4 fee per trip, which is included in the quoted fare.[137]

Construction is underway to connect the airport to Washington, D.C., via the Silver Line of the Washington Metro.[138] While initial plans called for completion of the station in 2018, officials now expect the service to begin operation in November 15, 2022.[139]

Accidents and incidents
Control tower view of IAD in 1961
  • On January 21, 1970, the first commercial flight of the Boeing 747 was delayed, when an engine malfunction caused the aircraft in question to be temporarily grounded. Another 747, the Clipper Victor, was on standby, and flew the inaugural flight for Pan American Airways. The Clipper Victor would later be destroyed in the Tenerife airport disaster.
  • There were three deaths during a nine-day air show held at Washington Dulles in conjunction with Transpo '72 (officially called the U.S. International Transportation Exposition, a $10 million event sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, and attended by over one million visitors from around the world).
    • On May 29, 1972, the third day of the show, the pilot of a Kite Rider (a variety of hang glider) was killed in a crash. This was to be the first of the three air deaths during the Air Show.[140][141]
    • On June 3, 1972, a second death occurred at the Transpo '72 Air Show, during a sport plane pylon race. At 2:40 pm, during the second lap and near a turn about pylon 3, a trailing aircraft's (LOWERS R-1 N66AN) wing and propeller hit the right wing tip of a leading aircraft (CASSUTT BARTH N7017). The right wing immediately sheared off the fuselage, and the damaged aircraft crashed almost instantly, killing the 29-year-old pilot, Hugh C. Alexander. He was a professional Air Racer with over 10,200 hours.[142][143]
    • On June 4, 1972, during the last day of the 9-day Transpo '72 Air Show, the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds experienced their first fatal crash at an air show. Major Joe Howard flying Thunderbird 3 was killed when his F-4E-32-MC Phantom II, 66-0321, lost power during a vertical maneuver. The pilot broke out of formation just after he completed a wedge roll and was ascending at around 2,500 feet (760 m) AGL. The aircraft staggered and descended in a flat attitude with little forward speed. Although Major Howard ejected as the aircraft fell back to earth from about 1,500 feet (460 m) tail first, and descended under a good canopy, winds blew him into the fireball ascending from the blazing crash site. The parachute melted and the pilot plummeted 200 feet (61 m), sustaining fatal injuries.[144]
  • On December 1, 1974, while diverting to Washington Dulles, TWA Flight 514 crashed onto the western slope of Mount Weather.[145] All 85 passengers and seven crew members were killed on impact.
  • Air France Concorde incidents of 1979:
    • On June 14, 1979, the number 5 and 6 tires on an Air France Concorde blew out during takeoff. Shrapnel thrown from the tires and rims damaged number 2 engine, punctured three fuel tanks, severed several hydraulic lines and electrical wires, in addition to tearing a large hole on the top of the wing, over the wheel well area.[146]
    • On July 21, 1979, one month after the above tire incident, another Air France Concorde blew several of its landing gear tires during takeoff. After that second incident the "French director general of civil aviation issued an air worthiness directive and Air France issued a Technical Information Update, each calling for revised procedures. These included required inspection of each wheel/tire for condition, pressure and temperature prior to each take-off. In addition, crews were advised that landing gear should not be raised when a wheel/tire problem is suspected."[146]
  • On November 15, 1979 American Airlines Flight 444 diverted to Dulles Airport instead of its scheduled destination of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport due to the detonation of a small bomb. The bomb detonated incompletely in the cargo hold of the aircraft and resulted in 12 passengers being treated for smoke inhalation. It was later determined this was the third bombing perpetrated by Theodore John Kaczynski aka "The Unabomber." Ultimately it was the involvement of the aircraft in his bombing targets that resulted in the FBI becoming involved with the investigation and search for the "Unabomber."
  • On July 20, 1988, a Fairways Corp. de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter stalled and crashed after takeoff, the sole occupant, the pilot, was killed.[147]
  • On June 18, 1994, a Learjet 25 operated by Mexican carrier TAESA crashed in trees while approaching the airport from the south. 12 people died.[148] The passengers were planning to attend the 1994 FIFA World Cup soccer games being staged in Washington, D.C.
  • On September 11, 2001, American Airlines Flight 77 took off from Washington-Dulles Airport out of Gate D-26 bound for Los Angeles. It was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37 am EDT by Al-Qaeda terrorists, killing everyone on board.

See also
  • Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic
  • List of thin shell structures
  • Thin-shell structure


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