Eudicots

The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination.[1] The term derives from Dicotyledons.

Eudicots
Temporal range:
Senecio angulatus, a eudicot
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Streptophyta
Clade: Embryophytes
Clade: Polysporangiophytes
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Spermatophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clades (APG IV)
  • Basal eudicots:
    • Buxales
    • Proteales
    • Ranunculales
    • Trochodendrales
  • Core eudicots:
    • Clades
      • Superasterids
      • Superrosids
    • Orders
      • Dilleniales
      • Gunnerales
Arabis pollen has three colpi.

Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots by previous authors. The botanical terms were introduced in 1991 by evolutionary botanist James A. Doyle and paleobotanist Carol L. Hotton to emphasize the later evolutionary divergence of tricolpate dicots from earlier, less specialized, dicots.[2]

Numerous familiar plants are eudicots, including many common food plants, trees, and ornamentals. Some common and familiar eudicots include: sunflower, dandelion, forget-me-not, cabbage, apple, buttercup, maple, and macadamia. Most leafy trees of midlatitudes also belong to eudicots, with notable exceptions being magnolias and tulip trees which belong to magnoliids, and Ginkgo biloba, which is not an angiosperm.

Description

The close relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains was initially seen in morphological studies of shared derived characters. These plants have a distinct trait in their pollen grains of exhibiting three colpi or grooves paralleling the polar axis.[3]

Later molecular evidence confirmed the genetic basis for the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains and dicotyledonous traits. The term means "true dicotyledons", as it contains the majority of plants that have been considered dicots and have characteristics of the dicots. One of the genetic traits which defines the eudicots is the duplication of DELLA protein‐encoding genes in their most recent common ancestor.[4] The term "eudicots" has subsequently been widely adopted in botany to refer to one of the two largest clades of angiosperms (constituting over 70% of the angiosperm species), monocots being the other. The remaining angiosperms include magnoliids and what are sometimes referred to as basal angiosperms or paleodicots, but these terms have not been widely or consistently adopted, as they do not refer to a monophyletic group.

Taxonomy

The earlier name for the eudicots is tricolpates, a name which refers to the grooved structure of the pollen. Members of the group have tricolpate pollen, or forms derived from it. These pollens have three or more pores set in furrows called colpi. In contrast, most of the other seed plants (that is the gymnosperms, the monocots and the paleodicots) produce monosulcate pollen, with a single pore set in a differently oriented groove called the sulcus. The name "tricolpates" is preferred by some botanists to avoid confusion with the dicots, a nonmonophyletic group.[5]

The name "eudicots" (plural) is used in the APG systems (from APG system, of 1998, to APG IV system, of 2016) for classification of angiosperms. It is applied to a clade, a monophyletic group, which includes most of the (former) dicots.

"Tricolpate" is a synonym for the "Eudicot" monophyletic group, the "true dicotyledons" (which are distinguished from all other flowering plants by their tricolpate pollen structure). The number of pollen grain furrows or pores helps classify the flowering plants, with eudicots having three colpi (tricolpate), and other groups having one sulcus.[6][5]

Pollen apertures are any modification of the wall of the pollen grain. These modifications include thinning, ridges and pores, they serve as an exit for the pollen contents and allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. The elongated apertures/ furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi (singular colpus), which, along with pores, are a chief criterion for identifying the pollen classes.[7]

Subdivisions

The eudicots can be divided into two groups: the basal eudicots and the core eudicots.[8] Basal eudicot is an informal name for a paraphyletic group. The core eudicots are a monophyletic group.[9] A 2010 study suggested the core eudicots can be divided into two clades, Gunnerales and a clade called Pentapetalae, comprising all the remaining core eudicots.[10]

The Pentapetalae can be then divided into three clades:

  • Dilleniales
  • superrosids consisting of Saxifragales and rosids (the APG IV system includes the Vitales in the rosids)
  • superasterids consisting of Santalales, Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales and asterids

This division of the eudicots is shown in the following cladogram:[11]

eudicots
basal eudicots

(paraphyletic group: Ranunculales, Proteales, Trochodendrales, Buxales)

 
core eudicots
 

Gunnerales

 
Pentapetalae
 

Dilleniales

 
 
superrosids
 

Saxifragales

 
rosids
 

Vitales

 
eurosids
 

fabids (8 orders)

 
 

malvids (8 orders)

 
 
 
 
superasterids
 

Santalales

 
 
 

Berberidopsidales

 
 
 

Caryophyllales

 
asterids
 

Cornales

 
 
 

Ericales

 
euasterids
 

campanulids (7 orders)

 
 

lamiids (8 orders)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The following is a more detailed breakdown according to APG IV, showing within each clade and orders:[12]

  • clade Eudicots
    order Ranunculales
    order Proteales
    order Trochodendrales
    order Buxales
    clade Core eudicots
    order Gunnerales
    order Dilleniales
    clade Superrosids
    order Saxifragales
    clade Rosids
    order Vitales
    clade Fabids
    order Fabales
    order Rosales
    order Fagales
    order Cucurbitales
    order Oxalidales
    order Malpighiales
    order Celastrales
    order Zygophyllales
    clade Malvids
    order Geraniales
    order Myrtales
    order Crossosomatales
    order Picramniales
    order Malvales
    order Brassicales
    order Huerteales
    order Sapindales
    clade Superasterids
    order Berberidopsidales
    order Santalales
    order Caryophyllales
    clade Asterids
    order Cornales
    order Ericales
    clade Campanulids
    order Aquifoliales
    order Asterales
    order Escalloniales
    order Bruniales
    order Apiales
    order Dipsacales
    order Paracryphiales
    clade Lamiids
    order Solanales
    order Lamiales
    order Vahliales
    order Gentianales
    order Boraginales
    order Garryales
    order Metteniusales
    order Icacinales

References
  1. "EUDICOTS". Basic Biology. Basic Biology 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  2. Endress, Peter K. (2002). "Morphology and Angiosperm Systematics in the Molecular Era" (PDF). Botanical Review. Structural Botany in Systematics: A Symposium in Memory of William C. Dickison. 68 (4): 545–570. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0545:maasit]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 4354438. S2CID 39486751.
  3. Furness, Carol A.; Rudall, Paula J. (March 2004). "Pollen aperture evolution – a crucial factor for eudicot success?". Trends in Plant Science. 9 (3): 154–158. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.01.001. PMID 15003239.
  4. Evolution of DELLA function and signaling in land plants - PMC
  5. Judd & Olmstead 2004
  6. Sporne, Kenneth R. (1972). "Some Observations on the Evolution of Pollen Types in Dicotyledons". New Phytologist. 71 (1): 181–5. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1972.tb04826.x.
  7. Davis, Owen (1999). "Pollen Aperture Definitions". University of Arizona - Geosciences. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
  8. Worberg, A; Quandt, D; Barniske, A-M; Löhne, C; Hilu, KW; Borsch, T (2007). "Phylogeny of basal eudicots: insights from non-coding and rapidly evolving DNA". Organisms, Diversity and Evolution. 7 (1): 55–77. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2006.08.001.
  9. Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Endress, Peter K.; Chase, Mark W. (2005). Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 9780878938179.
  10. Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D.; Burleigh, J. Gordon & Soltis, Douglas E. (2010). "Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (10): 4623–8. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4623M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907801107. PMC 2842043. PMID 20176954.
  11. Based on:
    Stevens, P.F. (2001–2014). "Trees". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
    Stevens, P.F. (2001–2016). "Eudicots". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  12. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.

Bibliography
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