Gene Ontology

From a practical view, an ontology is a representation of something we know about. "Ontologies" consist of representations of things that are detectable or directly observable, and the relationships between those things. There is no universal standard terminology in biology and related domains, and term usages may be specific to a species, research area or even a particular research group. This makes communication and sharing of data more difficult. The Gene Ontology project provides an ontology of defined terms representing gene product properties. The ontology covers three domains:

• cellular component, the parts of a cell or its extracellular environment;
• molecular function, the elemental activities of a gene product at the molecular level, such as binding or catalysis;
• biological process, operations or sets of molecular events with a defined beginning and end, pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms.

Each GO term within the ontology has a term name, which may be a word or string of words; a unique alphanumeric identifier; a definition with cited sources; and an ontology indicating the domain to which it belongs. Terms may also have synonyms, which are classed as being exactly equivalent to the term name, broader, narrower, or related; references to equivalent concepts in other databases; and comments on term meaning or usage. The GO ontology is structured as a directed acyclic graph, and each term has defined relationships to one or more other terms in the same domain, and sometimes to other domains. The GO vocabulary is designed to be species-neutral, and includes terms applicable to prokaryotes and eukaryotes, single and multicellular organisms.

GO is not static, and additions, corrections and alterations are suggested by, and solicited from, members of the research and annotation communities, as well as by those directly involved in the GO project.[5] For example, an annotator may request a specific term to represent a metabolic pathway, or a section of the ontology may be revised with the help of community experts (e.g.[6]). Suggested edits are reviewed by the ontology editors, and implemented where appropriate.

The GO ontology and annotation files are freely available from the GO website[7] in a number of formats, or can be accessed online using the GO browser AmiGO. The Gene Ontology project also provides downloadable mappings of its terms to other classification systems.

Genome annotation encompasses the practice of capturing data about a gene product, and GO annotations use terms from the GO to do so. Annotations from GO curators are integrated and disseminated on the GO website, where they can be downloaded directly or viewed online using AmiGO.[9] In addition to the gene product identifier and the relevant GO term, GO annotations have at least the following data: The reference used to make the annotation (e.g. a journal article); An evidence code denoting the type of evidence upon which the annotation is based; The date and the creator of the annotation

Supporting information, depending on GO term and evidence used and supplementary information, such as the conditions the function is observed under, may also be included in a GO annotation.

The evidence code comes from a controlled vocabulary of codes, the Evidence Code Ontology, covering both manual and automated annotation methods.[10] For example, Traceable Author Statement (TAS) means a curator has read a published scientific paper and the metadata for that annotation bears a citation to that paper; Inferred from Sequence Similarity (ISS) means a human curator has reviewed the output from a sequence similarity search and verified that it is biologically meaningful. Annotations from automated processes (for example, remapping annotations created using another annotation vocabulary) are given the code Inferred from Electronic Annotation (IEA). In 2010, over 98% of all GO annotations were inferred computationally, not by curators, but as of July 2, 2019, only about 30% of all GO annotations were inferred computationally.[11][12] As these annotations are not checked by a human, the GO Consortium considers them to be marginally less reliable and they are commonly to higher level, less detailed terms. Full annotation data sets can be downloaded from the GO website. To support the development of annotation, the GO Consortium provides workshops and mentors new groups of curators and developers.

Many machine learning algorithms have been designed and implemented to predict Gene Ontology annotations.[13][14]

There are a large number of tools available[16] both online and to download that use the data provided by the GO project. The vast majority of these come from third parties; the GO Consortium develops and supports two tools, AmiGO and OBO-Edit.

AmiGO[17][9] is a web-based application that allows users to query, browse and visualize ontologies and gene product annotation data. It also has a BLAST tool,[18] tools allowing analysis of larger data sets,[19][20] and an interface to query the GO database directly.[21]

AmiGO can be used online at the GO website to access the data provided by the GO Consortium, or can be downloaded and installed for local use on any database employing the GO database schema (e.g.[22]). It is free open source software and is available as part of the go-dev software distribution.[23]

OBO-Edit[24] is an open source, platform-independent ontology editor developed and maintained by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It is implemented in Java, and uses a graph-oriented approach to display and edit ontologies. OBO-Edit includes a comprehensive search and filter interface, with the option to render subsets of terms to make them visually distinct; the user interface can also be customized according to user preferences. OBO-Edit also has a reasoner that can infer links that have not been explicitly stated, based on existing relationships and their properties. Although it was developed for biomedical ontologies, OBO-Edit can be used to view, search and edit any ontology. It is freely available to download.[23]

The Gene Ontology Consortium is the set of biological databases and research groups actively involved in the gene ontology project.[12] This includes a number of model organism databases and multi-species protein databases, software development groups, and a dedicated editorial office.

The Gene Ontology was originally constructed in 1998 by a consortium of researchers studying the genomes of three model organisms: Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), Mus musculus (mouse), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's or baker's yeast).[25] Many other Model Organism Databases have joined the Gene Ontology Consortium, contributing not only annotation data, but also contributing to the development of the ontologies and tools to view and apply the data. Many major plant, animal and microorganism databases make a contribution towards this project.[7] As of July 2019, the GO contains 44,945 terms; there are 6,408,283 annotations to 4,467 different biological organisms.[7] There is a significant body of literature on the development and use of the GO, and it has become a standard tool in the bioinformatics arsenal. Their objectives have three aspects: building gene ontology, assigning ontology to gene/gene products and developing software and databases for the first two objects.

Several analyses of the Gene Ontology using formal, domain-independent properties of classes (the metaproperties) are also starting to appear. For instance, an ontological analysis of biological ontologies see.[26]

• Blast2GO
• Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
• DAVID bioinformatics
• Interferome
• National Center for Biomedical Ontology
• Critical Assessment of Function Annotation

Wikidata has the property:

• Gene Ontology ID (P686) (see uses)

• AmiGO - the current official web-based set of tools for searching and browsing the Gene Ontology database
• Gene Ontology Consortium - official site
• PlantRegMap - GO annotation for 165 plant species and GO enrichment Analysis