Gloucester

Gloucester (/ˈɡlɒstər/ (listen) GLOS-tər) is a cathedral city and the county town of Gloucestershire in the South West of England. Gloucester lies on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the west, 19 miles (31 km) east of Monmouth and 17 miles (27 km) east of the border with Wales. Including suburban areas, Gloucester has a population of around 150,000. It is a port, linked via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal to the Severn Estuary.

Gloucester
City and Non-metropolitan district
Gloucester and its cathedral
Coat of arms
City of Gloucester shown within Gloucestershire
Coordinates: 51°51′52″N 02°14′40″W
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Country England
RegionSouth West England
Non-metropolitan countyGloucestershire
StatusNon-metropolitan district, city
Admin HQGloucester
Government
 • TypeNon-metropolitan district council
 • BodyGloucester City Council
 • LeadershipLeader and cabinet (Conservative)
 • MPsRichard Graham (Con)
Area
 • Total40.54 km2 (15.65 sq mi)
 • Rank280th (of 309)
Population
 (mid-2019 est.)
 • Total129,128
 • Rank179th (of 309)
 • Density3,200/km2 (8,200/sq mi)
 • Ethnicity[1]
84.6% White British
4.6% White Other
4.8% Asian
2.9% Black or Black British
2.9% Mixed Race
0.3% Other
Time zoneUTC0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcodes
GL1-GL4
Area code01452
ONS code23UE (ONS)
E07000081 (GSS)
OS grid referenceSO832186
Websitewww.gloucester.gov.uk

Gloucester was founded by the Romans and became an important city and colony in AD 97 under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis.

It was granted its first charter in 1155 by Henry II. In 1216, Henry III, aged only nine years, was crowned with a gilded iron ring in the Chapter House of Gloucester Cathedral. Gloucester's significance in the Middle Ages is underlined by the fact that it had a number of monastic establishments, including: St Peter's Abbey founded in 679 (later Gloucester Cathedral), the nearby St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester founded in the 880s or 890s and Llanthony Secunda Priory, founded 1136. The town is also the site of the siege of Gloucester in 1643, during which the city held out against Royalist forces in the First English Civil War.

A major attraction of the city is Gloucester Cathedral, which is the burial place of King Edward II and Walter de Lacy; it features in scenes from the Harry Potter films. Other features of interest include the museum and school of art and science, the former county jail (on the site of a Saxon and Norman castle), the Shire Hall (now headquarters of the County Council) and the Whitefield memorial church. A park in the south of the city contains a spa, a chalybeate spring having been discovered in 1814.

Economically, the city is dominated by the service industries and has strong financial, research, distribution and light industrial sectors.[2] Historically, it was prominent in the aerospace industry.

In 1926, the Gloucestershire Aircraft Company at Brockworth changed its name to the Gloster Aircraft Company because international customers claimed that the name Gloucestershire was too difficult to spell. A sculpture in the city centre celebrates Gloucester's aviation history and its involvement in the jet engine.

Etymology

From the city's Roman name, Glevum, Anglo-Saxon migrants after 410, with their fledgling feudal structure, the Kingdom of Wessex, culturally overwhelmed the area's Romano-Celtic society and changed the city's name from Caerloyw (IPA: [kaɨrˈlɔɨʊ, kairˈlɔiʊ]),[3][4] Gloucester's name in modern Welsh, while recognising the presence of the Roman fort. Caerloyw is: caer (meaning "fort, stronghold or castle") and loyw, a lenition of gloyw as it would have been pronounced by many speakers, means "bright/shiny/glowy".

A variant of the term -cester/chester/caster instead of the Welsh caer was eventually adopted. The name Gloucester thus means roughly "bright fort". Mediaeval orthographies include Caer Glow, Gleawecastre and Gleucestre.[5]

History
Ancient Gloucester from Speed's map of 1610 with fortifications from Hall & Pinnell, ex Fosbroke's history. (contains inaccuracies)[6]
Kip's West prospect of Gloucester, c. 1725, emphasises the causeway and bridges traversing the water meadows of the floodplain.

Roman Gloucester

Glevum was established around AD 48 at an important crossing of the River Severn and near to the Fosse Way, the early front line after the Roman invasion of Britain. Initially, a Roman fort was established at present-day Kingsholm. Twenty years later, a larger legionary fortress was built on slightly higher ground nearby, centred on present-day Gloucester Cross, and a civilian settlement grew around it. Probably the Roman Legion XX Valeria Victrix was based here until 66 and then Legio II Augusta[7] as they prepared to invade Roman Wales between 66 and 74 AD, who stayed later until around 87.[8]

Gloucester became a Colonia in 97 as Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, in the reign of Nerva. It is likely that Glevum became the provincial capital of Britannia Secunda.[8]

Within about 15 years new privately constructed properties replaced the earlier barracks and public buildings, temples and bath houses were under construction in stone. Piped water began to be supplied. Drains and sewers were laid. On the site of the legionary principia an imposing central forum was laid out surrounded by colonnades and flanked on three sides by part-timbered ranges of shops. Closing off the south of the forum was the 100m x 40m Basilica. Many fine homes with mosaic floors were built in the town.

At its height, Glevum may have had a population of as many as 10,000 people. The entire area around Glevum was intensely Romanised in the second and third centuries with a higher than normal distribution of villas.

At the end of the 3rd century or the start of the 4th, major changes were made to the city's 2nd century wall. It was replaced in two stages by a stronger and higher one of stone resting on massive reused stone blocks. In the second stage, the blocks rested on deep timber foundation piles. Stone external towers were added; two parallel wide ditches were also cut in front of the new walls.

Remains of the Roman city can still be seen:[9][10]

  • Many archaeological artifacts and some in-situ walls in the Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery
  • The remains of the Roman and mediaeval East Gate in the East Gate Chamber on Eastgate Street.
  • Northgate, Southgate, Eastgate and Westgate Streets all follow the line of their original Roman counterparts, although Westgate Street has moved slightly north and Southgate Street now extends through the site of the Roman basilica.

Post-Roman Gloucester
See also: Roman withdrawal from Britain, Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Heptarchy, and Kingdom of England

Withdrawal of all Roman forces and many societal leaders in about the year 410 may have allowed leading families of the Dobunni tribe to regain power within the now Roman-influenced, interconnected and intermixed Celtic Brythonic local people. This intermix is reflected by the fact a large minority of basic words and available synonyms in Welsh have a Latin base. In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Gloucester is shown as part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577. At some point afterwards, along with the rest of its shire excluding the Forest of Dean, Gloucester was part of the minor kingdom of the Hwicce. In 628, as a result of the Battle of Cirencester, that kingdom became a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia. From about 780, the Hwicce was no longer feigning any pretense as a kingdom and became part of Mercia. Mercia, allied by matrimony and sharing a desire to counter the Danish onslaught as had conquered swathes of the wider island at large, submitted to Alfred the Great's Kingdom of Wessex in about 877–883. A 20th century writer intuitively adds that Roman stem Gleu- Glev- was, doubtless, pronounced without any final consonant.[11] Claudia Castra is mentioned in the 18th century as a possible Latin name related to the city.[12]

The first bridging point on a navigable, defensive barrier, great river and the foundation in 681 of the abbey of St Peter by Æthelred of Mercia, favoured town growth; and before the Norman conquest of England, Gloucester was a borough governed by a portreeve, with a castle which was frequently a royal residence, and a mint. In the early 10th century the remains of Saint Oswald were brought to a small church here and shrine built there, a draw for pilgrims. The core street layout is thought to date to the reign of Æthelflæd in late Saxon times.[13]

Map of Gloucester in 1805

In 1051 Edward the Confessor held court at Gloucester and was threatened there by an army led by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, but the incident resulted in a standoff rather than a battle.

Normans

After the Norman Conquest, William Rufus made Robert Fitzhamon the first baron or overlord of Gloucester. Fitzhamon had a military base at Cardiff Castle, and for the succeeding years the history of Gloucester was closely linked to that of Cardiff.

A unique coin, dated to 1077–80, was discovered, just north of the city, in November 2011. It features the name of the moneyer Silacwine and its place of minting. The Portable Antiquities Scheme said that, until the coin was discovered, there had been no known examples of William I coins minted in Gloucester in this period.[14]

During the Anarchy, Gloucester was a centre of support for the Empress Matilda,[15] who was supported in her claim to the throne by her half-brother, Fitzhamon's grandson, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester (also known as Robert of Gloucester). After this period of strife ended with the ascent of her son Henry to the throne Henry II of England, Henry granted Robert possession of Cardiff Castle, and it later passed to Mathilda's son Robert Curthose and his son, William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester. The story of the Anarchy is vividly told in a series of 19th-century paintings by William Burges at the Castle.

Henry granted Gloucester its first charter in 1155, which gave the burgesses the same liberties as the citizens of London and Winchester. A second charter of Henry II gave them freedom of passage on the River Severn. The first charter was confirmed in 1194 by King Richard I. The privileges of the borough were greatly extended by the charter of King John (1200), which gave freedom from toll throughout the kingdom and from pleading outside the borough.

In 1216 King Henry III, aged only ten years, was crowned with a gilded iron ring in the Chapter House of Gloucester Cathedral.[16]

Gloucester's significance in the Middle Ages is underlined by the fact that it had a number of monastic establishments, including St Peter's Abbey founded in 679 (later Gloucester Cathedral), the nearby St Oswald's Priory, Gloucester founded in the 880s or 890s, Llanthony Secunda Priory, founded 1136 as a retreat for a community of Welsh monks (now near the western bypass),[17] the Franciscan Greyfriars community founded in 1231 (near Eastgate Shopping Centre),[18] and the Dominican Blackfriars community founded in 1239 (Ladybellegate Street).[19] It also has some very early churches including St Mary de Lode Church, Gloucester near the Cathedral and the Norman St Mary de Crypt Church, Gloucester in Southgate Street. Additionally, there is evidence of a Jewish community in Gloucester as early as 1158–1159; they lived around present-day East Gate Street and had a synagogue on the north side.[20]

In the Middle Ages the main export was wool, which came from the Cotswolds and was processed in Gloucester; other exports included leather and iron (tools and weapons). Gloucester also had a large fishing industry at that time.

In 1222, a massive fire destroyed part of Gloucester.[21]

One of the most significant periods in Gloucester's history began in 1378 when Richard II convened Parliament in the city. Parliaments were held there until 1406 under Henry IV of England. The Parliament Rooms at the Cathedral remain as testimony to this important time.

Modern era

Gloucester was incorporated by King Richard III in 1483, the town being made a county in itself. This charter was confirmed in 1489 and 1510, and other charters of incorporation were received by Gloucester from Queen Elizabeth I and King James I.[22] Gloucester was the site of the execution by burning of John Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, in the time of Queen Mary in 1555. In 1580, Gloucester was awarded the status of a port by Queen Elizabeth I.[23] The siege of Gloucester in 1643 was a battle of the English Civil War in which the besieged parliamentarians emerged victorious.

The 16th and 17th centuries saw the foundation of two of Gloucester's grammar schools: the Crypt School in 1539 and Sir Thomas Rich's School in 1666. Both still flourish as grammar schools today, along with Ribston Hall and Denmark Road High School.

In the 19th century the city grew with new buildings including Wellington Parade and the Grade II listed Picton House (c. 1825).[24]

The 1896 Gloucester smallpox epidemic affected some 2000 residents.[25]

During the Second World War, two petroleum storage depots were constructed in Gloucester. A Government Civil Storage depot with six 4,000-ton semi-buried tanks was constructed on the Berkeley Canal in 1941/42 by Shell-Mex and BP and connected to the pipeline that ran from the Mersey to the Avon. It was also connected to the Air Force Reserve Depot and a Shell Mex and BP facility for road and rail loading. Due to severe tank corrosion, it was demolished in 1971/2 and disposed of in 1976. The second depot was an Air Force Reserve Depot with four 4,000-ton semi-buried tanks constructed in 1941/42 by Shell, Shell-Mex and BP at the Monk Meadow Dock on the Canal. Originally, delivery was by road, rail and barge and pipeline. It was also connected to the docks and to the Shell Mex and BP installation for rail and road loading facilities and the civil storage site. It was transferred from the Air Ministry to the Ministry of Power in 1959, closed in the 1990s and disposed of in the later 2000s.[26]

Gloucester's most important citizens include Robert Raikes (founder of the Sunday School movement) who is still commemorated by the name of Robert Raikes' House in Southgate Street. Its most infamous citizen was Fred West.

In July 2007, Gloucester was hit badly by a flood that struck Gloucestershire and its surrounding areas. Hundreds of homes were flooded, but the event was most memorable because of its wider impact – about 40,000 people were without power for 24 hours, and the entire city (plus surrounding areas) was without piped water for 17 days.

In 2009, Gloucester Day was revived as an annual day of celebration of Gloucester's history and culture. The day originally dates from the lifting of the Siege of Gloucester in 1643, during which the city held out against Royalist forces during the First English Civil War.[27]

Coat of arms
Left: the arms of the Clare family; centre: the arms of the Bishop of Worcester; right: the arms of the city of Gloucester

Gloucester is one of the few cities in England with two coats of arms. The first consists of three chevrons surrounded by ten roundels. The chevrons come from the arms of the Clare family, who were earls of Gloucester from the 12th to the 14th centuries, while the roundels come from the arms of the Bishop of Worcester, whose bishopric historically encompassed Gloucester. This coat is the older of the two, though it is usually termed the "Commonwealth coat", as it was not officially granted to the city until 1652, during the Commonwealth period. The crest and supporters (lions bearing broadswords and trowels) were also adopted at this time, along with the motto Fides Invicta Triumphat ("unconquered faith triumphs", in reference to the royalist siege withstood by the city in 1643).

The second coat, termed the "Tudor coat", was granted in 1538. It features the roses of York and Lancaster, the boar's head of Richard III, a ceremonial sword and cap, and two horseshoes surrounded by nails, to represent Gloucester's historical association with ironworking.

Although grants made by Commonwealth heralds were nullified after the Restoration, the Commonwealth coat continued to be used by the city rather than the Tudor coat. The Commonwealth coat, along with the crest and supporters, was legally granted to the city by letters patent dated 16 April 1945. This was reconfirmed in 1974 following the local government changes of that year.[28][29]

Governance

There are two tiers of local government covering Gloucester, at district (city) and county level: Gloucester City Council and Gloucestershire County Council.

History

Gloucester was an ancient borough, being treated as a borough from Saxon times and being granted its first borough charter by Henry II in 1155. In 1483 the town of Gloucester was made a separate county with its own magistrates, making it administratively independent from the surrounding county of Gloucestershire. When the Diocese of Gloucester was founded in 1541, the town was given the right to call itself a city. The city's borough corporation was reformed under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to make it a municipal borough with city status. When elected county councils were established in 1889, Gloucester was made a county borough, retaining its independence from Gloucestershire, with the borough corporation providing all local government services for the city.[30][31]

Gloucester Guildhall at 23 Eastgate Street was built in 1892 and served as the city's administrative headquarters until 1986, when the council moved to North Warehouse at Gloucester Docks.[32][33]

On 1 April 1974, the modern district of Gloucester was formed under the Local Government Act 1972, covering the same area as the abolished County Borough of Gloucester.[34] The reforms also saw the city become subordinate to Gloucestershire County Council, losing the independence it had held since 1483. The parish of Quedgeley was subsequently transferred into Gloucester from Stroud District in 1991.[35] Quedgeley retains its own parish council, unlike the rest of Gloucester, which is an unparished area. In 2017, Quedgeley Parish Council changed its name to Quedgeley Town Council, making it a town within a city.[36]

Geography
Gloucester Docks at night

Gloucester is the county town of Gloucestershire, and is the 53rd largest settlement in the United Kingdom by population.[37] In 2002, its population was 110,600.[38] It has the traditional lowest bridging point of the longest river in Great Britain, connecting it with Over. The 2011 census recorded that the city had a population of 121,921 and by 2016 its population was estimated to be 128,488.[39] The city's urban area extends beyond its boundaries, with several outlying districts. The 2011 census gave the population of the Gloucester Urban Area as 150,053, absorbing areas such as Brockworth and Churchdown.[40]

The city is located on the eastern bank of the River Severn, sheltered by the Cotswolds to the east, while the Forest of Dean and the Malvern Hills rise to the west and north, respectively. Gloucester is a port, linked via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal which runs from Gloucester's docks to the Severn Estuary, allowing larger ships to reach the docks than would be possible on the tidal reaches of the river itself, which go well north of the city to Haw Bridge. The wharfs, warehouses and the docks themselves fell into disrepair until their renovation in the 1980s. They now form a public open space. Some warehouses now house the Gloucester Waterways Museum, others were converted into residential flats, shops and bars. Additionally, the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum is located in the Custom House. Next to the museum is Gloucester Yacht Club. The port still houses the most inland RNLI lifeboat in the United Kingdom.

Gloucester is made up of a variety of neighbourhoods, some of which correspond to electoral divisions of the City Council.

  • Abbeydale
  • Abbeymead
  • Alney Island
  • Barnwood
  • Barton and Tredworth
  • Coney Hill
  • Coopers Edge
  • Elmbridge
  • Hempsted
  • Hucclecote
  • Kingsholm
  • Linden
  • Longlevens
  • Matson
  • Podsmead
  • Quedgeley †
  • St. Pauls
  • Tuffley
  • Wotton
  • Westgate
  • White City

† Quedgeley is the only town within the city's borders. Because of this it has its own town council.[36]

Green belt

The city itself contains no green belt; however it is bordered to the north east by the green belt in the surrounding Tewkesbury district, helping to maintain local green space, prevent further urban sprawl and unplanned expansion towards Cheltenham and Innsworth, as well as protecting smaller nearby villages such as Churchdown, Badgeworth, Shurdington, and Twigworth.

Climate
Climate data for Staverton Private (Gloucestershire Airport), 6km from Gloucester (2005-2015)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 8
(46)		 8
(46)		 11
(52)		 15
(59)		 17
(63)		 20
(68)		 22
(72)		 21
(70)		 19
(66)		 16
(61)		 11
(52)		 8
(46)		 15
(58)
Average low °C (°F) 4
(39)		 4
(39)		 5
(41)		 7
(45)		 11
(52)		 14
(57)		 16
(61)		 15
(59)		 12
(54)		 10
(50)		 7
(45)		 4
(39)		 9
(48)
Average rainy days 13.8 12.5 12.7 14.8 15.8 15.0 16.9 16.6 12.7 13.7 16.0 15.2 175.7
Average snowy days 2.5 3.1 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.0 7.9
Average relative humidity (%) (daily average) 82 78 69 66 66 63 63 68 71 77 83 83 72
Average dew point °C (°F) 3
(37)		 3
(37)		 3
(37)		 6
(43)		 8
(46)		 10
(50)		 12
(54)		 12
(54)		 11
(52)		 9
(48)		 6
(43)		 4
(39)		 7
(45)
Mean daily sunshine hours 4.0 3.8 5.7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.7 7.2 6.7 4.4 3.7 4.2 5.8
Source 1: Time and Date (2005-2015)[41]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (daily sun hours, rain days and snow days)[42]

Demography
Population pyramid of Gloucester in 2020

Ethnicity
Ethnic Group 1991[43] 2001[44] 2011[45]
Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 95,791 94.3% 101,692 92.5% 108,462 89.1%
White: British – – 99,045 90.1% 102,912 84.6%
White: Irish – – 1,101 850
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – – 136
White: Other – – 1,546 4,564
Asian or Asian British: Total 2,426 3,330 3% 5,839 4.8%
Asian or Asian British: Indian 1,707 2,108 3,204
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 177 301 639
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 94 357 490
Asian or Asian British: Chinese 214 289 448
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 234 275 1,058
Black or Black British: Total 2,786 2.7% 2,523 2.3% 3,486 2.9%
Black or Black British: Caribbean 2,042 2,044 1,880
Black or Black British: African 127 241 1,100
Black or Black British: Other Black 617 238 506
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – 2,103 1.9% 3,565 2.9%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – 1,310 2,139
Mixed: White and Black African – – 121 316
Mixed: White and Asian – – 341 551
Mixed: Other Mixed – – 331 559
Other: Total 596 0.6% 237 0.2% 336 0.3%
Other: Arab – – – – 119
Other: Any other ethnic group 596 237 217
Total 101,599 100% 109,885 100% 121,688 100%

Religion
Religion 2001[46] 2011[47]
Number % Number %
Holds religious beliefs 85,280 77.6 81,488 67.0
Christian 81,687 74.3 75,881 62.4
Buddhist 150 0.1 311 0.3
Hindu 488 0.4 728 0.6
Jewish 68 0.1 50 0.0
Muslim 2,477 2.3 3,885 3.2
Sikh 87 0.1 134 0.1
Other religion 323 0.3 499 0.4
(No religion and Religion not stated) 24,605 22.4 40,200 33.1
No religion 15,661 14.3 31,851 26.2
Religion not stated 8,944 8.1 8,349 6.9
Total population 109,885 100.0 121,688 100.0

Attractions
Gloucester Cathedral

Gloucester Cathedral, in the north of the city near the river, originates in the foundation of an abbey dedicated to Saint Peter in 681. It is the burial place of King Edward II and Walter de Lacy. The cathedral (mainly its cloisters) was used for corridor scenes in the films Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince. The crypt was used for a scene in Sherlock Christmas special.[48] Attached to the deanery is the Norman prior's chapel. In St Mary's Square outside the Abbey gate, the Bishop of Gloucester, Bishop John Hooper, was martyred under Queen Mary I in 1555.

A good number of medieval and Tudor period gabled and half timbered houses survive from earlier periods of Gloucester's history. At the point where the four principal streets intersected stood the Tolsey (town hall), which was replaced by a modern building in 1894. None of the old public buildings are left except for the New Inn in Northgate Street. It is a timbered house, with strong, massive external galleries and courtyards. It was built around 1450 by John Twyning, a monk.[49]

Kings Square (1976)

Kings Square is at the heart of the city centre and occupies what was once a cattle market and bus station. Officially opened in 1972, it was the centrepiece of a radical redesign of the city, The Jellicoe Plan, which was first proposed in 1961. It stands beside the Debenham's (formerly Bon Marché) store built in the early 1960s. Many of the features of the redevelopment have since been dismantled; the brutalist concrete fountains in the middle of the square have gone and the overhead roadways which linked three multi storey car parks around the centre have been either closed or dismantled. The main bus station received a Civic Trust Award in 1963 but has since been demolished, with a new bus station being constructed on the same site during 2018. In 2012 a £60 million plan was unveiled to revamp the square.[50] In 2014 the prominent Golden Egg restaurant was demolished and a new look public space was created. A prior archaeological dig revealed a Roman house underneath.[51]

An indoor market opened in Eastgate Street in 1968, followed by the Eastgate Shopping Centre in 1973.[52] The Kings Walk Shopping Centre was built between 1969 and 1972.[53] The corner of Eastgate Street and Brunswick Road was redeveloped around this time; Roman remains unearthed below street level in 1974 may be seen through a glass observation panel outside the Boots building, which opened in 1980. The HSBC building on the Cross was renovated and a modern extension added to the Westgate Street aspect in 1972 which received a Civic Trust Award. Sainsbury's opened a supermarket in Northgate Street in 1970; it retains its original interior. Opposite, Tesco opened a large two-storey supermarket in June 1976 on the site of a demolished chapel. This is now occupied by Wilkinson's after Tesco moved to Quedgeley in 1984. Asda opened its first store in Gloucester in Bruton Way in 1983.

Gloucester Leisure Centre opened on the corner of Eastgate Street and Bruton Way in September 1974 and was redeveloped and rebranded (as "GL1") in August 2002. Gloucester Central railway station was rebuilt in 1977 to serve both the original traffic to that railway station and the services from the closed Gloucester Eastgate railway station (former Midland Railway) which had stood on another site further east along the same road. Opposite the station stands one of the city's largest office blocks, Twyver House, opened in 1968, which houses the regional Land Registry. The main shopping streets were pedestrianised in the late 1980s.

The 1966 Heights Plan for Gloucester sought to restrict construction of tall buildings and defend spiritual values by protecting views of Gloucester Cathedral.[54] The tower of Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, started in 1970 and completed in August 1975, can be seen from miles around. In Brunswick Road, a brown concrete tower, which housed classrooms at the Gloucestershire College of Arts and Technology (now moved to a site near Llanthony Bridge). The tower was added incongruously to the existing 1930s Technical College buildings in 1971 which has now been demolished. Clapham Court, a tall block of flats, stands in Columbia Close, between London Road and Kingsholm Road. It was built in 1963 and stands on what was once Columbia Street in a small district formerly known as Clapham.

Other features of interest include the museum and school of art and science, the former county jail (on the site of a Saxon and Norman castle), the Shire Hall (now headquarters of the County Council) and the Whitefield memorial church. A park in the south of the city contains a spa, a chalybeate spring having been discovered in 1814. West of this, across the canal, are the remains (a gateway and some walls) of Llanthony Secunda Priory, a cell of the mother abbey in the Vale of Ewyas, Monmouthshire, which in the reign of King Edward IV became the secondary establishment.

The city's Northgate and Southgate streets feature a series of public art mosaic panels depicting Gloucester's medieval trades made by artists Gary Drostle and Rob Turner in 1998 and 1999. Eastgate and Westgate streets feature a series of mosaic panels made by arts group 'The Pioneers'.

Culture
View of Gloucester by Thomas Hearne, watercolour
The architecture of Gloucester Guildhall

The Three Choirs Festival, originating in the 18th century and one of the oldest music festivals in the British Isles, is held in Gloucester every third year, the other venues being Hereford and Worcester. Gloucester hosted the festival in 2019, and it is next due in the city in 2023.

The city's main theatre and cultural venue is the Guildhall.[55] The Guildhall hosts a huge amount of entertainment, including live music, dance sessions, a cinema, bar, café, art gallery and much more. The Leisure Centre, GL1, hosts concerts and has a larger capacity than the Guildhall.

The annual Gloucester International Rhythm and Blues Festival takes place at the end of July and early August.[56] Gloucester International Cajun and Zydeco Festival, the largest in the UK and longest-running in Europe, runs for a weekend in January each year.[57] A Medieval Fayre is held in Westgate Street each year during the summer.

Gloucester is also noted as the home of the Frightmare Halloween Festival, the largest Halloween festival in the South West.[58]

The main museum in the city is The Museum of Gloucester but there are several other important museums.

The Tailor of Gloucester House which is dedicated to the author Beatrix Potter can be found near the cathedral.

Since 2013 Gloucester has marked Armed Forces Day with a Drum Head Service held on College Green in the shadow of the cathedral. This is followed by a parade of serving forces, veterans and cadets through the city centre to the docks for a family day with military and military-related charity displays and entertainment in Back Badge Square in front of the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum.

Nature in Art is a gallery dedicated to the display of works of art inspired by the natural world.

The city features in the popular, well-known nursery rhyme (of unknown date and origin) about a Doctor Foster, who reportedly visited the city, got wet, and swore to stay away as a result.

Churches

Gloucester has many churches, and historically has also had many dissenting chapels.[59] It may have been the old proverb "as sure as God's in Gloucester" that provoked Oliver Cromwell to declare that the city had "more churches than godliness". Gloucester was the host of the first Sunday school in England; this was founded by Robert Raikes in 1780. Four of the churches that are of special interest are

  • St Mary de Lode – with a Norman tower and chancel, and a monument of Bishop John Hooper. It was built on the site of an ancient Roman temple which became the first Christian church in Britain
  • St Mary de Crypt – with a cruciform structure of the 12th century. It has later additions, such as the tower. Also the site of the Schoolroom in which the Crypt School was formed
  • St Michael's Church – said to have been connected with St Peter's ancient abbey
  • St Nicholas's Church – founded by the Normans but with many additions since then.

In the neighbourhood around St Mary de Crypt there are slight remains of Greyfriars and Blackfriars monasteries, and also of the city wall. Under the Golden Fleece (The Monks Bar) and Saracen's Head inns early vaulted cellars still remains. In addition, in the city is St Peter's Roman Catholic Church, a Grade II* listed building.[60]

During the construction of the Boots store on the corner of Brunswick Road and Eastgate Street in 1974, Roman remains were found. These can be seen through a glass case on the street. At the back of the Gloucester Furniture Exhibition Centre part of the city's South Gate can be seen.

Education

There are three endowed schools: the historic The King's School, refounded by Henry VIII as part of the cathedral establishment; the school of St Mary de Crypt now known as "The Crypt School, Gloucester" since it moved to a mile from town centre to Podsmead, founded by Dame Joan Cooke in the same reign (1539), Sir Thomas Rich's School, previously known as Sir Thomas Rich's Bluecoat Hospital for Boys (1666); The High School for Girls (1883) ; and Ribston Hall High School for Girls. Comprehensives include Henley Bank High School, Beaufort Co-operative Academy, St Peter's High School (Catholic school), Chosen Hill School, Severn Vale School, Gloucester Academy, Barnwood Park School and Churchdown School Academy. There is a Steiner Waldorf School founded in 1937 with a High School added just after the Second World War.

The city is home to one of three campuses of the University of Gloucestershire, based at Oxstalls, just outside the city centre. The University has also purchased the former Debenhams store in the city centre with a new campus due to open there in 2023. The University also manages student accommodation and halls of residence in the city, with the other campuses based in Cheltenham 7 miles away.

Transport
Cargo boats known as trows navigating under a bridge at Gloucester

Roads

The M5 motorway, opened in 1971, runs east of the city bounds. Junction 12 serves south Gloucester and Quedgeley; junction 11a serves central Gloucester; and junction 11 serves north Gloucester. The A38 runs north–south through Gloucester, connecting the city with Tewkesbury and Bristol. The A40 runs west to east, connecting Gloucester with Cheltenham to the east (via a dual carriageway section known as The Golden Valley Bypass) and the Forest of Dean and South Wales to the West. The A46 and A4173 links Stroud, and the A417 links Cirencester in the south-east and Ledbury in the north-west. Gloucester has a network of cycle paths.

Until the construction of the Severn Bridge in 1966, Gloucester was the lowest road bridging point on the river and hence was an important settlement between South Wales and the southernmost counties of England including London. The Severn has a small anabranch here to reach Alney Island and then the main western bank. A bridge at Over, built by Thomas Telford in 1829, still stands, notable for its very flat arch, but its fragility and narrowness means it is disused; since 1974, it has been paralleled by a modern bridge. The Gloucester to Newport Line railway bridge is close to both, the lowest crossing of the UK's longest river until the Severn Railway Bridge 1879–1970, which was coupled with the Severn Tunnel in 1886, the present holder of that status.

Railway

Gloucester railway station has frequent trains to London Paddington, via Reading, Bristol, Cardiff Central, Nottingham and Birmingham. Gloucester was the site of the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company railway works, which have now closed. A Hunts Grove railway station has been floated on the southern edge of the city near Quedgeley as part of MetroWest plans to extend Bristol commuter services to the city.[61]

Buses and coaches

Most local buses are run by Stagecoach West centred at a depot on London Road with connections to Cheltenham, Stroud and Ross-on-Wye, as well as other smaller communities. For many years, there were both stopping and express services to Worcester and Birmingham operated by Midland Red and later Midland Red West, but this connection was lost due to service reductions.

National Express Coaches operate the 444 to London; previously an additional service to Heathrow Airport also operated.

Canals

Gloucester is linked to the Severn Estuary by the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal, which is navigable by small coasters. The city is linked to the River Avon and Stourport-on-Severn by the navigable part of the River Severn, which is navigable by river craft of a few hundred tonnes' displacement. Gloucester Docks mark the Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the river.[62] Gloucester was formerly linked to Ledbury and Hereford by the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal; and subsequently by the Ledbury and Gloucester Railway, which used the southern section of the former canal, until it also closed in 1964. This canal is now being restored and the restored canal basin in the adjacent village of Over is a local attraction.

Air

Commercial airports with scheduled services are Bristol, Birmingham and Cardiff International Airport 40–60 miles away; global hub Heathrow is about 100 miles by road and shares with Gloucester its main rail interchange at London Paddington. Gloucestershire Airport 8 miles east is a private and special charters airfield.

Gloucestershire Airport in 2017, looking east. On the left is the straight A40 road and at the bottom the M5 motorway. Innsworth and Gloucester are at the top.

Business and industry

Gloucester has a long history in the aerospace business. In 1926 the Gloucestershire Aircraft Company at Brockworth changed its name to the Gloster Aircraft Company because international customers claimed that the name "Gloucestershire" was too difficult to spell. A sculpture in the city centre celebrates Gloucester's aviation history and its involvement in the jet engine. Frank Whittle's pioneering turbojet engine powered the Gloster E.28/39, the first British jet aircraft, which first flew at the company's airfield at Brockworth. This is commemorated by the pub "The Whittle" at Gloucester Business Park, which now occupies the site. Roads in the business park are named after other Gloster aircraft and a small statue overlooks the site of the old main runway. Messier-Dowty's landing gear plant and GE Aviation Dowty Propellers plants are on the outskirts of the city.

The large insurer Ecclesiastical Insurance is based in the city, as is its owner, the charity Allchurches Trust.[63] Lloyds Banking Group and TSB Bank each have an office in Barnwood, the former previously having been the headquarters of Cheltenham & Gloucester Building Society.[64]

Gloucester was the home of Priday, Metford and Company Limited, a family milling firm which survived for over one hundred years, and hydraulic engineering firm Fielding & Platt.

Gloucester Business Park is a business park on the outskirts on the city and is home to a number of big brands including Fortis and BAE Systems Applied Intelligence.[65]

Sport and leisure
  • Gloucester was a host city for the Rugby World Cup in 1991 and in 2015 when it hosted four matches at the Kingsholm Stadium with national teams from Japan, Georgia, USA, Scotland, Tonga and Argentina.
  • Kingsholm Stadium is the ground of Gloucester Rugby, founded in 1873, one of Europe's top rugby union clubs and a member of the Aviva Premiership.
  • Meadow Park is the home of Gloucester City A.F.C., founded in 1883, of the National League North. The club played outside of the city from 2007 until 2020 due to the 2007 floods.
  • Horton Road Stadium was the home of Gloucester City A.F.C. from 1964 to 1986 and a short lived greyhound racing stadium.[66][67]
  • The Gloucester Cricket Festival is held in Gloucester at the King's School.
  • Gloucester City Swimming Club competes in county and national swimming championships.[68]
  • Gloucester City Hockey Club is based at the Oxstalls Sports Park, with teams entered in the West Hockey Leagues.[69]
  • The Gloucester Banshees American Football are based in the city at Oxstalls Tennis Centre, and play at a national level in the British American Football League
  • The University of Gloucestershire All Golds is the city's only professional Rugby league club, playing in the semi professional Championship 1 from 2013. They play their home games at the Prince of Wales Stadium in Cheltenham
  • Gloucestershire Warriors founded in 1997 are an amateur Rugby league team that play in the Conference League South playing home games at the Oxstalls Sports Park
  • University of Gloucestershire run Rugby league teams in the BUCS league
  • Public sports facilities are focused on the GL1 leisure centre, a large modern sports centre with several swimming pools, a multi-use sports hall, indoor bowls room, squash courts, gym and health spa.

Media

The Citizen, published by Local World is Gloucester's main newspaper, which shares all its content with the Gloucestershire Echo and the weekly Forester covering the Forest of Dean and Chepstow. As of 2018, these newspapers have all moved to weekly publication rather than daily.

BBC Radio Gloucestershire has its studios on London Road in Gloucester. Heart Gloucestershire, previously Severn Sound, is based in Bristol. Gloucester FM is a community radio station specialising in black and urban music. (Sunshine Radio, which broadcasts for Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, can also be picked up in the city).

Local radio is broadcast from transmitters on Churchdown Hill (Chosen Hill).

For regional television reception Gloucester is covered by BBC West and ITV West.

A number of TV and film productions have been filmed in Gloucester; most notably at the cathedral and docks. These include three of the Harry Potter films, Doctor Who, Outlaw[70] and Alice in Wonderland: Through the Looking Glass.[71]

Twin towns – sister cities

Gloucester is twinned with:[72]

Gloucester was also twinned with Gouda in the Netherlands, however this twinning ended in 2015.[73]

Notable people

Notable residents of Gloucester have included:

  • Æthelflæd (c.870–918), Lady of the Mercians[74]
  • Yasmin Bannerman (b. 1972), actress[75]
  • Piers Bizony (b. 1959), science historian and journalist
  • Capel Bond (1730–1790), organist and composer[76]
  • Hubert Cecil Booth (1871–1955), inventor of the vacuum cleaner[77]
  • Samuel Bowly (1802–1884), slavery abolitionist[78]
  • Herbert Brewer (1865–1928), organist and composer [79]
  • Bridget Christie (b. 1972), comedian[80]
  • Sir Alastair Cook (b. 1984), cricketer[81]
  • George Worrall Counsel (1758–1843), solicitor and antiquarian[82]
  • Alex Cuthbert (b. 1990), Welsh international, British & Irish Lions rugby player
  • Samuel Daukes (1811–1880), architect[83]
  • Dynamite MC (b. 1973), musician
  • William Eassie (1805–1861), prefabricated building pioneer[84]
  • Janet Evra (b. 1988), jazz musician[85]
  • Marcel Garvey (b. 1983), rugby player[86]
  • Tom Goddard (1900–1966), cricketer[87]
  • Lynval Golding (b.1951), musician[88]
  • Edmond Graile, (born about 1577; fl. 1611), English poet.[89]
  • Phil Greening (b. 1975), rugby player[90]
  • Paul Groves (b. 1947), poet[91]
  • Ivor Gurney (1890–1937), composer and poet[92]
  • Button Gwinnett (1735 – 19 May 1777), second signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence[93]
  • William Hayes (1708–1777), composer[94]
  • Andy Hazell (b. 1978), rugby player[95]
  • William Ernest Henley (1849–1903), poet, critic and editor.[96]
  • John Hooper (1495–1555), bishop[97]
  • Tom Kerridge (b. 1973), chef and media personality
  • Leopold Kohr (1909–1994), philosopher and economist [98]
  • David Lawrence (b. 1964), former England cricketer.
  • Mary-Jess Leaverland (b. 1990), singer
  • Jamie McDonald (b. 1986), adventurer and author
  • Thomas Machen (c. 1541–1614), mayor of Gloucester three times and Member of Parliament (MP) once
  • Edward Massey (1619–1674), soldier, governor and MP
  • Tina May (b. 1961), jazz vocalist
  • Osric, king of the Hwicce (7th century)
  • Simon Pegg (b. 1970), actor, comedian and writer
  • Sir John Powell (1645–1713), lawyer and MP
  • Robert Raikes the Elder (1690–1757), "the printer of Gloucester", founder of the Gloucester Journal, early pioneer of press freedom, buried in church of St Mary de Crypt
  • Robert Raikes (1735–1811), English philanthropist and Anglican layman, noted for his promotion of Sunday schools
  • Thomas Raikes (1741–1813), banker and merchant in London, who as Bank of England governor issued the first £1 and £2 English pound notes in 1797
  • Scott Redding (b. 1993), motorcyclist
  • Tyler Roberts (b. 1999), football player
  • John Stafford Smith (1750–1836), composer of the American national anthem
  • Charlie Stayt (b. 1962), journalist and presenter
  • Nathan Sykes (b. 1993), former member of British boyband the Wanted
  • John Taylor (1578–1653), poet
  • Mike Teague (b. 1960), former England rugby union footballer
  • Josiah Tucker (1713–1799), dean, economist and political writer
  • Abel Wantner (c. 1639-1714) Historian[99]
  • Fred West (1941–1995) and Rose West (b. 1953) serial killers who tortured, raped and murdered at least 12 young women, while they lived in Gloucester.
  • Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875), scientist and inventor
  • George Whitefield (1714–1770), Church of England minister and a leader in the Methodist movement
  • John Clarke Whitfield (1770–1836), organist and composer
  • Chris Whitty (born 1966), Chief Medical Officer for England[100]
  • Charles Henry Wilton (1761–1832), violinist and composer
  • Jemmy Wood (1756–1836), legendary miser and owner of the Gloucester Old Bank.

See also
  • Bibliography of the City of Gloucester
  • List of Gloucester MPs
  • Gloucester Tramways Company
  • Gloucester Corporation Tramways

References
  1. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Gloucester Local Authority (1946157375)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  2. "The Economy in Gloucester". Gloucester City Council. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  3. "Gloucester". Hellenica World. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  4. "History of Gloucester". CORSE. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  5. Ekwall, Eilert (1960). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-19-869103-7.
  6. Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley. (1819) An Original History of the City of Gloucester &c Archived 3 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. London: John Nichols. p. viii.
  7. G Webster, Rome against Caractacus, p 45, ISBN0731472537
  8. "GADARG - Essay 1". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2013. The colonia of Glevum
  9. "Excavating Roman Gloucester". Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  10. "Gloucester Archaeological Publications". Gloucester Archaeological Publications. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  11. Kenneth Cameron: English Place Names
  12. Robert Ainsworth (1752). Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Compendiarius. Mount, 1752 – 802 pages. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  13. "Anglo-Saxon Gloucester: c.680 – 1066". british-history.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  14. "'Unique' 11th Century coin discovered near Gloucester". BBC Gloucestershire. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  15. Gesta Stephani, §47
  16. "Short History of the City of Gloucester, Gloucestershire". Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  17. "Llanthony Secunda Priory". Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  18. "History of Greyfriars – English Heritage". Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  19. "Blackfriars Priory". Gloucesterblackfriars.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  20. "The Jewish Community of Gloucester". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  21. Counsel, George Worrall (1829). The history and description of the city of Gloucester, from the earliest period to the present time. Gloucester: Printed for J. Bulgin. p. 21. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t3806c15s. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  22. "Medieval Gloucester: Town government, 1483-1547 Pages 54-57 A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 4, the City of Gloucester". British History Online. Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  23. "Point 3 – Gloucester Quay". BBC News. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  24. Historic England. "Picton House (1245437)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  25. Lillywhite, Maisie (28 February 2021). "Epidemic that gripped Victorian Gloucester 125 years before Covid". GloucestershireLive. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  26. Tim Whittle: Fuelling the Wars – PLUTO and the Secret Pipeline Network 1936 to 2015 published 2017 p213. ISBN 9780992855468
  27. Tradition revived for city pride. BBC News, 5 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  28. "Gloucester City Council". Civic Heraldry of England and Wales. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  29. N M Herbert (ed.). A History of the County of Gloucester. London: Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  30. Herbert, N. M. (1988). A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 4. London: Victoria County History. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  31. "Gloucester County Borough". A Vision of Britain through Time. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  32. Historic England. "Guildhall, 23 Eastgate Street (1271663)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  33. "City Council moves out - to the docks". Gloucester News. 11 July 1986. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  34. The English Non-Metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972 (Statutory Instrument 1972 No. 2039). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1972. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  35. "The Gloucestershire (District Boundaries) Order 1991 (Statutory Instrument 1991 No. 281)". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  36. "What's in a name? Quedgeley Parish Council becomes a town council after conclusive vote". GloucestershireLive. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  37. List of largest United Kingdom settlements by population
  38. "Growing Gloucester's Visitor Economy" (PDF). Gloucester City Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  39. "Gloucester (District, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  40. "United Kingdom: Urban Areas in England – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  41. "Climate & Weather Averages in Gloucester, United Kingdom". Time and Date. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  42. "Monthly weather forecast and climate in Gloucester, United Kingdom". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  43. Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales (Table 6)
  44. "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  45. "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  46. "KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  47. "KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  48. "Potter filming moves to cathedral". BBC Newsround. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  49. Historic England. "New Inn (1245714)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  50. "Kings Square £60m revamp signed by developer". BBC News. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  51. "New dawn for King's Square in Gloucester as Golden Egg piazza finally revealed". Gloucester Citizen. 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  52. "A Timeline of Gloucester History". Local Histories. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  53. Verey, David; Brooks, Alan (1970). "The City Centre:3". Gloucestershire:The Vale and the Forest of Dean. p. 487.
  54. Geoffrey & Susan Jellicoe. "The Landscape of Man", pp356-7. pub. Thames & Hudson, 1975.
  55. "Guildhall". Gloucester.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  56. "Gloucester International Rhythm & Blues Festival 2010". Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  57. "Gloucester Cajun and Zydeco Festival". Gloucester Guildhall. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  58. "Frightmare at Over Farm". Heart Gloucestershire. Heart. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  59. "Gloucester: Protestant nonconformity | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  60. Roman Catholic Church of St Peter, Gloucester Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine from British Listed Buildings, retrieved 3 January 2016
  61. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  62. getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=p&gazString=GLOUCESTER getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk
  63. "Allchurches Trust, registered charity no. 263960". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
  64. "Credit Crunch". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  65. "Occupiers in Gloucester Business Park". Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  66. Barnes, Julia (1988). Daily Mirror Greyhound Fact File. Ringpress Books. p. 417. ISBN 0-948955-15-5.
  67. "Horton Road". Tiger Roar. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  68. "Gloucester City Swimming Club (GCSC)". Gloucester City Swimming Club. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
  69. "Gloucester City Hockey Club". gloucestercityhc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  70. "Things to Do". Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  71. "Tall ships bring treasure to Gloucester". The Gloucester Citizen. 25 September 2014. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  72. "Gloucester History". visit-gloucestershire.co.uk. Visit Gloucestershire. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  73. "Gouda bezoekt zusterstad Solingen om banden aan te halen". ad.nl (in Dutch). AD. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  74. Leigh, Jane (12 June 2018). "Aethelflaed: Celebrating Gloucester's warrior queen". Cotswold Life. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  75. "Yasmin Bannerman". Doctor Who Guide. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  76. "Capel Bond". Eighteenth Century English Music. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  77. "Hubert Cecil Booth". Grace's Guide. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  78. Barlow, Anthony. "Samuel Bowly (1802-1884)". Brycchan Carey. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  79. "Alfred Herbert Brewer (Composer)". Bach Cantatas. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  80. "The Exasperation of Bridget Christie". British Comedy Guide. 11 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  81. Iles, Robert (3 September 2018). "Gloucester-born former England captain Alastair Cook to retire from international cricket". Gloucestershire Live. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  82. "Counsel, George Worrall (1758-1843), solicitor, alderman and antiquary of Gloucester". National Archives. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  83. Tim Bridges 2000 rev. ed. 2005 Churches of Worcestershire Logaston Press, Logaston, Herefordshire pp106-107
  84. Conway-Jones, Hugh. "William Eassie" (PDF). Gloucestershire Society for Industrial Archaeology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  85. Tribune, EMEA. "Janet Evra Biography: Interesting Facts & Music Review".
  86. "Marcel Garvey". ESPN. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  87. "Tom Goddard". ESPN Cricinfo. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  88. "Special Forces: The 2 Tone Story". Long Live Vinyl. 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  89. Oxf. Univ. Reg. Oxf. Hist. Soc. II. ii. 194, iii. 188
  90. "Phil Greening". ESPN. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  91. "Paul Groves". Poetry Society. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  92. "Ivor Gurney". Gloucestershire County Council. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  93. "Georgia Patriot Button Gwinnett is fatally wounded in duel". History.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  94. "William Hayes (1708-1777)". Corelli Concerts. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  95. "My Life in Rugby: Andy Hazell – former Gloucester and England flanker". The Rugby Paper. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  96. Roberts, Stephen (29 October 2019). "William Ernest Henley: Poet, playwright & polymath". Cotswold Life. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  97. "Bishop who was burnt at the stake". Gloucester Review. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  98. Ascherson, Neal (1 March 1994). "Obituary: Professor Leopold Kohr". Independent. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  99. Gray, Irvine. (1981) Antiquaries of Gloucestershire and Bristol. Bristol: Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. pp. 45-46. ISBN 0900197145
  100. "Whitty, Prof. Christopher John Macrae". Who's Who. 1 December 2018. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U250932. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 6 March 2020.

Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloucester.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gloucester.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.