Hainanese

Hainanese (Hainan Romanised: Hái-nâm-oe, Hainanese Pinyin: Hhai3 nam2 ue1,simplified Chinese: 海南话; traditional Chinese: 海南話; pinyin: Hǎinánhuà), also known as Qióngwén, Heng2 vun2 (simplified Chinese: 琼文; traditional Chinese: 瓊文) or Qióngyǔ, Heng2 yi2 (琼语; 瓊語),[3] is a group of Min Chinese varieties spoken in the southern Chinese island province of Hainan and Overseas Chinese such as Malaysia. In the classification of Yuan Jiahua, it was included in the Southern Min group, being mutually unintelligible with other Southern Min varieties such as Hokkien–Taiwanese and Teochew.[4] In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.[5] Hou Jingyi combined it with Leizhou Min, spoken on the neighboring mainland Leizhou Peninsula, in a Qiong–Lei group.[6] "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the Li people living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.

Hainanese
Qiong wen
海南話, Hhai3 nam2 ue1, Hái-nâm-oe
Pronunciation[hai˨˩˧ nam˨˩ ue˨˧] (Haikou dialect)
Native toChina, Singapore
RegionHainan
EthnicityHainanese
Native speakers
Around 5 million in China (2002)[1]
Sino-Tibetan
  • Sinitic
    • Min
      • Coastal Min
        • Hainanese
Dialects
  • Haikou dialect
  • Wenchang dialect
  • Qionghai dialect
  • Wanning dialect
  • Lingshui dialect
  • Sanya dialect
Chinese characters

Hainanese Pinyin

Hainan Romanized
Language codes
ISO 639-3(hnm is proposed[2])
Glottologhain1238
Linguasphere79-AAA-k
  Hainanese
Varieties of the Hainanese spoken in Hainan.
Bible in Hainan Romanised (Genesis), published by the Bible Society of Great Britain.

Phonology

Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels .

FrontCentralBack
Close /i//u/
Close-mid /e//o/
Open-mid /ɛ//ɔ/
Open /a/

Hainanese notably has a series of implosive consonants, which it acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably Hlai.

LabialDentalAlveoloVelarGlottal
Nasal /m/
目
mak		/n/
念
niam		/ŋ/
乐
ngak
Plosive voiceless /p/
爸
pa		/t/
洗
toi		/k/
公
kong		/ʔ/
啊
a
Aspirated (/pʰ/)
婆
pho		(/kʰ/)
去
khu
voiced/implosive /ɓ/
北
ɓak		/ɗ/
茶
ɗei		(/ɠ/)
我
gua
Affricate /ts/
食
tsia		/dʑ/
日
jit
Fricative voiceless /f/
皮
fi		/s/
事
sei		/x/
去
xu		/h/
海
hai
voiced /v/
文
vun		/z/
欲
zok		/ɦ/
Approximant (/w/)
发
wat		/l/
老
lao		(/j/)
肉
yok

The phonological system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Hokkien, but it has had some restructuring. In particular, etymological *anterior plain stops have undergone implosivization (*p > [ɓ], *t > [ɗ]), etymological *aspirated stops have spirantized (*pʰ > [f], *tʰ > [h], *cʰ > [ɕ] *kʰ > [x]), and etymological *s have hardened into stops (*s > [t]), and *h > [ɦ]. Additionally, some dialects have [ɡ], and [ʑ] is allophonic with /j/. These changes also make Hainanese fairly close to the Chinese-based vocabulary within Vietnamese. For example 邪, 仙, 散, 迹, 神, 痴 (xié, xiān, sàn, jì, shén, chī) in Mandarin or (siâ, sian, suànn, jiak, sîn, chi) in Hokkien is (dia2, din1, dan4, di1, din2, si1) in Hainanese and (da, tiên, tàn, ty, tích, thần, si) in Sino-Vietnamese.

Tone chart of the Hainan dialect
Tone numberTone nameTone contourExample
1 yin ping (阴平)˨˦ (24)诗
2 yang ping (阳平)˨˩ (21)时
3 yin shang (阴上)˨˩˩ (211)死
4 yin qu (阴去)˧˥ (35)四
5 yang qu (阳去)˧ (33)是
6 yin ru (阴入)˥ (5)失
7 yang ru (阳入)˧ (3)实
8 chang ru (长入)˥ (55)视

Romanization

Hainanese Pinyin

Hainanese Pinyin (海南话拼音方案) was a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It mark tones with numbers.

Initials
IPAHainanese PinyinBǽh-oe-tuExample
/ɓ/bb北
/p/bp波
/pʰ/pph坡
/ɸ/pf皮
/m/mm摩
/b/vb ?
/v/vv无
/t/dt装
/ɗ/ddd刀
/n/nn挪
/l/ll罗
/k/gk哥
/ŋ/ngg俄
/x/hkh可
/h/hhh号
/ɠ/ghg我
/ts/zc支
/s/ss妻
/z/yj余

Finals
IPAHainanese PinyinBǽh-oe-tuExample
/a/aa亚
/o/oo荷
/ɛ/ee摩
/i/ii医
/u/uu呜
aiaiai哀
ɔioioi鞋
auaoau喉
iaiaia也
iɔioio腰
uauaoa换
ueueoe话
uiuioi威
uaiuaioai坏
ɔuouou黑
iuiuiu柚
iauiaoiau妖
iamiamiam厌
imimim音
amamam暗
ananan安
ininin烟
ununun温
uanuanoan弯
aŋangag红
eŋengeg英
ɔŋongog翁
iaŋiangiag央
uaŋuangoag汪
iɔŋiongiog匈
ipibib邑
iapiabiab协
atadat遏
itidit乙
utudut核
uatuadoat挖
akagak鹤
ekegek益
okogok喔
iokiogiok育
uakuagoak廓
-ʔ-h-h不

See also
  • Hainanese culture
  • Hainanese people

References
  1. Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言概论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. pp. 207–208.
  2. "Change Request Documentation: 2021-045". 31 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  3. "为新加坡琼属"寻根"的热心人——王振春". Hainan.gov (in Chinese). 中新海南网. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. 他组织演出琼语话剧《海南四条街》，搬上新琼舞台，引起两地海南人的共鸣。
  4. Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Chinese, Min Nan.
  5. Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
  6. Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言概论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. p. 238.

Further reading
  • Chang, Kuang-yu (1986). Comparative Min phonology (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley.
  • Chen, Hongmai (1996). Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn 海口方言詞典 [Haikou dialect dictionary]. Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects. Vol. 16. Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press. ISBN 978-7-5343-2886-2.
  • Huang, Karen. "Contact-induced changes in the languages of Hainan". Annual Student Conference of the College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature. University of Hawaii.
  • Kwok, Bit-chee (2006). "The role of language strata in language evolution: three Hainan Min dialects". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 34 (2): 201–291. JSTOR 23754124.
  • Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hainanese articles.
  • Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hainanese -om and -op.
  • Norman, Jerry Lee (1969). The Kienyang Dialect of Fukien (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. includes a description of the phonology of the Ding'an dialect.
  • Solnit, David B. (1982). "Linguistic Contact in Ancient South China: The Case of Hainan Chinese, Be, and Vietnamese". Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 8: 219–230. doi:10.3765/bls.v8i0.2041.
  • Woon, Wee-Lee (1979a). "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part I". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (1): 65–100. JSTOR 23753034. describes Wenchang dialect.
  • Woon, Wee-Lee (1979b). "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part II". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (2): 268–302. JSTOR 23752923.
  • Yan, Margaret Mian (2006). Introduction to Chinese Dialectology. LINCOM Europa. ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.
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