Jingzhou

Jingzhou (Chinese: 荆州; pinyin: Jīngzhōu) is a prefecture-level city in southern Hubei province, China, located on the banks of the Yangtze River. Its total residential population was 5,231,180 based on the 2020 census, 1,068,291 of whom resided in the built-up (or metro) area comprising two urban districts.

Jingzhou
荆州市
Kingchow
Prefecture-level city
Jingzhou old city wall.
Location of Jingzhou City jurisdiction in Hubei
Jingzhou
Location of the city center in Hubei
Jingzhou
Jingzhou (China)
Coordinates (Jingzhou municipal government): 30°20′11″N 112°14′29″E
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceHubei
Municipal seatShashi District
Area
[1]
 • Prefecture-level city14,068.68 km2 (5,431.95 sq mi)
 • Urban
1,576.0 km2 (608.5 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,576.0 km2 (608.5 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Prefecture-level city5,231,180
 • Density370/km2 (960/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,068,291
 • Urban density680/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,068,291
 • Metro density680/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
ISO 3166 codeCN-HB-10
Licence plate prefixes鄂D
Websitejingzhou.gov.cn
Jingzhou
"Jingzhou", as written in Simplified Chinese
Simplified Chinese荆州
Traditional Chinese荊州
PostalKingchow

Jingzhou's central urban area has grown out of Shashi City and Jingzhou Town (historically also known as Jiangling); their names were preserved in the names of Shashi District and Jingzhou District, which include the city's historical center, as well as Jiangling County, which administers the suburban areas of the larger historical area of Jiangling.[3][4] The name "Shashi" also remains in the names of a number of local facilities, such as Jingzhou Shashi Airport and a railway freight station.

Toponymy

The contemporary city of Jingzhou is named after ancient province of the same name, which was one of the nine provinces of ancient China.[1] Said province was named after the nearby Jing Mountains.[1]

Geography and climate

Jingzhou occupies an area of 14,067 square kilometres (5,431 sq mi)[1] with a topography rising from east to west. It is covered by a dense network of waterways, as well as lakes, and is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River on the Jianghan Plain. Downstream to its east lies Wuhan, the provincial capital, and to the west lies the city of Yichang, the Three Gorges, and Chongqing Municipality. Jingmen City, also in Hubei, lies to the north; to its south are Yueyang and Changde, both in Hunan Province. 12.42% of the city's area is forested.[5]

Jingzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot, humid summers, and damp, chilly, but drier winters. Monthly daily average temperatures range from 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January to 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) in July. The area receives 1,800 to 2,000 hours of sunshine per year and has a frost-free period of 242−263 days annually.[6]

Climate data for Jingzhou (1971−2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.9
(71.4)		 25.0
(77.0)		 28.0
(82.4)		 33.1
(91.6)		 35.4
(95.7)		 37.2
(99.0)		 37.9
(100.2)		 38.6
(101.5)		 36.8
(98.2)		 33.2
(91.8)		 29.3
(84.7)		 21.1
(70.0)		 38.6
(101.5)
Average high °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6)		 10.2
(50.4)		 14.2
(57.6)		 21.1
(70.0)		 26.1
(79.0)		 29.3
(84.7)		 32.0
(89.6)		 32.0
(89.6)		 27.5
(81.5)		 22.4
(72.3)		 16.3
(61.3)		 10.8
(51.4)		 20.8
(69.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4)		 6.0
(42.8)		 10.1
(50.2)		 16.7
(62.1)		 21.6
(70.9)		 25.2
(77.4)		 28.0
(82.4)		 27.7
(81.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 17.6
(63.7)		 11.7
(53.1)		 6.4
(43.5)		 16.5
(61.7)
Average low °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6)		 2.8
(37.0)		 6.6
(43.9)		 12.9
(55.2)		 17.9
(64.2)		 21.8
(71.2)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.4
(75.9)		 19.6
(67.3)		 14.0
(57.2)		 8.0
(46.4)		 2.9
(37.2)		 13.0
(55.5)
Record low °C (°F) −14.9
(5.2)		 −9.2
(15.4)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 9.8
(49.6)		 13.0
(55.4)		 18.1
(64.6)		 17.5
(63.5)		 10.6
(51.1)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −14.9
(5.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29.6
(1.17)		 44.8
(1.76)		 75.4
(2.97)		 107.6
(4.24)		 140.8
(5.54)		 159.9
(6.30)		 151.2
(5.95)		 119.9
(4.72)		 89.3
(3.52)		 86.8
(3.42)		 55.2
(2.17)		 23.4
(0.92)		 1,083.9
(42.68)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.2 9.1 12.9 12.8 13.3 13.0 10.5 9.4 9.2 10.6 8.5 6.8 124.3
Source: Weather China[6]

Demographics

According to the 2010 Census, the prefecture-level city of Jingzhou has 5,691,707 inhabitants[1] and a population density of 405 inhabitants per km2.[7]

As of the 7th census of Jingzhou done by the municipal government, Jingzhou's population shrunk slightly to an estimated 5,231,180 inhabitants, residing in about 1,833,292 households. Of Jingzhou's residential population, 2,664,658 or 50.94 percent were males while 2,566,522 of 49.06 percent were females. The sex ratio was 103.82 (female=100, male to female). There were 534,914 persons with university education. Compared with 2010, the number of people with university education went up from 6,828 persons to 10,225 persons per 100,000 persons, the average years of schooling for people aged 15 and above increased from 8.81 years to 9.29 years, and the illiteracy rate dropped from 4.41 percent (251.1thousand) to 2.79 (145.9thousand) percent. Additionally, Shashi and Jingzhou districts' the average years of schooling for people aged 15 were longer than 10 years.[8]

Administration

The prefecture-level city of Jingzhou has jurisdiction over two districts, three county-level cities, three counties and one economic and technological development zone.[1][9][10] The information here presented uses the metric system and data from the 2010 Census.

Map
Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Area
(km2)		 Population
(2010)[1]		 Density
(/km2)
Jingzhou District 荆州区 Jīngzhōu Qū 1,046 553,756 529
Shashi District 沙市区 Shāshì Qū 469 498,526 1,063
Jingzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone[10][11] 荆州经济技术开发区 Jīngzhōu Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū 101,804
Songzi City 松滋市 Sōngzī Shì 2,235 765,911 343
Shishou City 石首市 Shíshǒu Shì 1,427 577,022 404
Honghu City 洪湖市 Hónghú Shì 2,519 819,446 325
Jianli City 监利市 Jiànlì Shì 3,118 1,162,770 373
Jiangling County 江陵县 Jiānglíng Xiàn 1,032 331,344 321
Gong'an County 公安县 Gōng'ān Xiàn 2,258 881,128 390

Economy

As of 2019, Jingzhou has a GDP of ¥251.648 billion, which grew at an annual rate of 7.5%.[5] 17.3% of the city's GDP came from its primary sector, 37.1% came from its secondary sector, and 45.6% came from its tertiary sector.[5] As of 2019, most of the city's economic growth is derived from its secondary and tertiary sectors, which grew at an annual rate of 8.1% and 8.8%, respectively.[5] The city's residents had a per capita disposable income of ¥26,543, a 9.8% annual increase.[5] Urban residents had a per capita disposable income of ¥35,910, while rural residents averaged ¥18,893 in disposable income.[5] Jingzhou's per capita disposable income grew 10.2% for urban areas, and 9.2% for rural areas.[5]

Agriculture

The size of Jingzhou's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and aquaculture sector in 2019 totaled ¥76.645 billion.[5] The city produced 4.5117 million tons of grain, 433 thousand tons of vegetable oil, 38,000 tons of cotton, and 3.1332 million tons of vegetables.[5] In 2019, 2.9777 million heads of swine, and 63.9012 million heads of poultry were slaughtered in Jingzhou.[5] 1.1195 million tons of aquaculture products were produced, with 45.77% (512.4 thousand tons) of this comprising shrimp and crabs.[5]

Industry

In 2019, Jingzhou saw a 2.3% decline in light industry output, and a 17.0% rise in heavy industry output.[5] The size of the city's state-owned economy shrunk 3.4%, its collectively-owned economy grew 2.4%, and its privately-owned economy grew 7.2%.[5]

One of Jingzhou's most prominent industries is its construction industry, which earned ¥29.877 billion in 2019.[5] As of 2019, the city has 385 construction firms.[5]

Retail

In 2019, Jingzhou's consumer retail sales totaled ¥144.735 billion.[5] Consumer retail sales grew at an annual rate of 11.5%.[5]

Insurance

In 2019, the city's insurance industry made ¥16.293 billion in revenue off of premiums, a 15.0% increase from the previous year.[5] Of this, ¥12.213 billion came from personal insurance, and ¥4.08 billion came from property insurance, an increase of 12.7% and 22.3% from 2018, respectively.[5] Jingzhou's insurance industry paid 5.171 billion in compensation, a 1.8% increase from the previous year.[5]

Foreign trade

In 2019, Jingzhou conducted 1.697 billion USD in foreign trade, a 6.8% decline from the previous year.[5] Of this, imports accounted for 0.335 billion USD, and exports accounted for 1.363 billion USD.[5]

History
Lacquer bowls of cloud design, Warring States period, Jiangling, Hubei

Jingzhou has been inhabited for approximately 5,000 to 6,000 years, with the historic Daxi culture residing in present-day Jingzhou.[1] Situated in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the area has been a strategic location of military importance since ancient times.

The area of present-day Jingzhou was where the State of Chu was founded.[1] Ying, an ancient city within the borders of present-day Jingzhou, became the capital of the State of Chu in 689 BCE, and remained as such for over 400 years, including during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of the Zhou Dynasty.[1]

During the Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms era, Jingzhou was known as Nanjun due to it being the seat of Nanjun district.[12]

The city was lost to Eastern Wu by Guan Yu during the Three Kingdoms period leading to the modern phrase "dàyì shī Jīngzhōu" (大意失荆州), lit. 'carelessness lost Jingzhou'.

Under the Tang dynasty, it served as the southern capital and was known as Nandu (南都; 'south capital').[13]

Later on, Jiangling was the capital of the Southern Qi and Liang dynasties.[1] It was the capital of the small Jingnan Kingdom (also known as Nanping) that existed from 924 to 963 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.[14]

Jingzhou was the site of one of the last major battles between Republican and Qing forces during the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. At the end of the Qing dynasty, Jingzhou had one of the largest Manchu populations, around half of the city, anywhere outside Beijing.[15]

In July 1949, the area was taken by the People's Liberation Army.[1]

On September 29, 1994, Jiangling County and Shashi City were merged to create the prefecture-level city of Jingsha.[1] On November 20, 1996, Jingsha was renamed to Jingzhou.[1]

The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang with descriptions of each ambassador, led by the representative of the Hephthalites (far right), 526-539 CE, Jingzhou, Southern Liang painting. National Museum of China.

Sights

Numerous sites have been preserved from the Chu State period, including the ruins of five Chu cities, 73 sites featuring Chu Culture and more than 800 ancient tombs, including those of 18 Chu kings.

There are also historical sites dating to the Three Kingdoms period, such as the Wulin Battlefield (where the Battle of Red Cliffs took place) and the Huarong Path.

Jingzhou Museum

The city walls were rebuilt in 1646 and measure 9 metres (30 ft) high and 10 metres (33 ft) thick. The perimeter of the wall extends for 10.17 kilometres (6.32 mi). The city walls, city gates, watchtowers, and battlements have all been well maintained. Many of the towers on top of the majestic city gates have been damaged or rebuilt, leaving only the Chaozong Tower which was rebuilt in 1838 on the Gongji Gate.

The Jingzhou Museum has on display a well-preserved 2,000-year-old male corpse, as well as silk and lacquerware from the Warring States period.

The Statue of Guan Yu was completed in 2016.

Cuisine
Lotus root soup, Hubei style. 2010 photo

Jingzhou is home to unique breakfast items. The city has a unique style of guokui, a Chinese flatbread, as well as a unique style of rice noodles.[16][17]

Education

There are 1,243 schools in Jingzhou, attended by about 707,300 students, as of 2019.[5] Of this, there are 15 secondary vocational schools attended by 28,600 students, 53 general secondary schools attended by 82,800 students, 123 general junior high schools attended by 146,000 students, 396 primary schools attended by 308,500 students, 8 special education schools attended by 1,151 students, and 587 kindergartens attended by 140,300 students.[5] The city's education system is staffed by about 53,400 faculty.[5]

In addition to schools, Jingzhou has 176 cultural institutions staffed by 1,168 employees, and 8 public libraries which house 1.382 million books.[5]

Healthcare

As of the end of 2019, Jingzhou has 3,155 medical institutions, staffed by 42,422 employees, and 32,686 hospital beds.[5]

Transportation
  • G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway
  • G55 Erenhot–Guangzhou Expressway
  • China National Highway 207
  • China National Highway 318
  • Jingzhou Railway Station on the Wuhan-Yichang Railway, with frequent passenger service to Yichang and Wuhan
  • Jingmen-Shashi Railway (freight only)
  • Jingzhou Shashi Airport in Shashi district

Sister cities
  • Yanggu County, Gangwon, South Korea
  • Port Chester, New York, United States

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jingzhou.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Shasi".
  • 1954 Yangtze River Floods

References
  1. 荆州市历史沿革 [Jingzhou City Historical Development] (in Chinese). XZQH.org. 2014-08-06. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  2. "China: Húbĕi (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  3. 历史沿革 (in Chinese). Jingzhou Municipal People's Government. 2018-03-07. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  4. 历史沿革 (in Chinese). Jiangling County People's Government. Archived from the original on 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  5. 荆州市2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Jingzhou Municipal 2019 National Economic and Social Development Statistical Report] (in Chinese). Jingzhou Municipal People's Government. 2020-04-16. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  6. 荆州城市介绍 (in Simplified Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
  7. 上饶市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 [Bulletin of the Data of the Sixth National Census of Shangrao City in 2010] (in Chinese). Shangrao Bureau of Statistics. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22.
  8. 荆州市第七次全国人口普查公报数据解读 (in Chinese). Jingzhou Municipal People's Government. 2020-04-16. Retrieved 2021-07-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. 2016年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：荆州市 [2016 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Jingzhou City]. National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2018. 统计用区划代码 名称 421001000000 市辖区 421002000000 沙市区 421003000000 荆州区 421022000000 公安县 421023000000 监利县 421024000000 江陵县 421081000000 石首市 421083000000 洪湖市 421087000000 松滋市
  10. 城市概况 (in Chinese). 荆州市政府办公室 荆州市政府政务公开和电子信息办公室 荆州新闻网 荆州日报 荆州电视台 荆州人民广播电台. Retrieved 11 June 2018. 荆州区 沙市区 江陵县 松滋市 公安县 石首市 监利县 洪湖市 荆州经济技术开发区
  11. "荆州市荆州开发区_区划地名网".
  12. Luo, Guanzhong (2004). Roberts, Moss (ed.). San Guo Yan Yi. University of California Press. p. 1050.
  13. Theobald, Ulrich. China Knowledge. "Chinese History - Tang Dynasty 唐 (618-907): Map and Geography". Accessed 19 Oct 2012.
  14. Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China (900-1800). Harvard University Press. pp. 11–16. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.
  15. Edward J. M. Rhoads. Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early. p. 198.
  16. Fabricant, Florence (2020-08-11). "Guokui, a Filled Chinese Flatbread, Comes to Manhattan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-01-04. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  17. 马金益:做大做强米粉事业 建现代化食品加工企业. finance.sina.com.cn (in Chinese). 2012-05-04. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
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