Pas-de-Calais

Pas-de-Calais (French: [pɑ d(ə) kalɛ] (listen), "strait of Calais"; Picard: Pas-Calés; also Dutch: Nauw van Kales) is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders. It has the most communes of all the departments of France, 890, and is the 8th most populous. It had a population of 1,465,278 in 2019.[3] The Calais Passage connects to the Port of Calais on the English Channel. Pas-de-Calais borders the departments of Nord and Somme and is connected to the English county of Kent via the Channel Tunnel.[4]

Pas-de-Calais
Pas-Calés
Department
Prefecture building of the Pas-de-Calais department, in Arras
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Pas-de-Calais in France
Coordinates: 50°57′N 1°51′E
CountryFrance
RegionHauts-de-France
PrefectureArras
SubprefecturesBéthune, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Calais, Lens, Montreuil, Saint-Omer
Government
 • President of the Departmental CouncilJean-Claude Leroy[1]
Area
1
 • Total6,671 km2 (2,576 sq mi)
Population
 (Jan. 2019)[2]
 • Total1,465,278
 • Rank7th
 • Density220/km2 (570/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Department number62
Arrondissements7
Cantons39
Communes890
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

History

Inhabited since prehistoric times, the Pas-de-Calais region was populated in turn by the Celtic Belgae, the Romans, the Germanic Franks and the Alemanni. During the fourth and fifth centuries, the Roman practice of co-opting Germanic tribes to provide military and defence services along the route from Boulogne-sur-Mer to Cologne created a Germanic-Romance linguistic border in the region that persisted until the eighth century.

Saxon colonization into the region from the fifth to the eighth centuries likely extended the linguistic border somewhat south and west so that by the ninth century most inhabitants north of the line between Béthune and Berck spoke a dialect of Middle Dutch, while the inhabitants to the south spoke Picard, a variety of Romance dialects.

This linguistic border is still evident today in the toponyms and patronyms of the region. Beginning in the ninth century, the linguistic border began a steady move to north and the east, and by the end of the 15th century Romance dialects had completely displaced those of Dutch.

Pas-de-Calais is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Calaisis, formerly English, Boulonnais, Ponthieu and Artois, this last formerly part of the Spanish Netherlands.

Some of the costliest battles of World War I were fought in the region. The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, eight kilometres from Arras, commemorates the Battle of Vimy Ridge assault during the Battle of Arras (1917) and is Canada's most important memorial in Europe to its fallen soldiers.[5]

Pas-de-Calais was also the target of Operation Fortitude during World War II, which was an Allied plan to deceive the Germans that the invasion of Europe at D-Day was to occur here, rather than in Normandy.[6]

Geography
Cities > 10,000 inhabitants
View of the English coast, from Pas-de-Calais

Pas-de-Calais is in the current region of Hauts-de-France and is surrounded by the departments of Nord and Somme, the English Channel, and the North Sea. It shares a nominal border with the English county of Kent halfway through the Channel Tunnel.

The principal rivers are the following:

  • Authie
  • Canche
  • Ternoise
  • Liane
  • Sensée
  • Scarpe
  • Deûle
  • Lys
  • Aa

Principal towns

Its principal towns are, on the coast, Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer, and in Artois, Arras, Lens, Liévin, and Béthune. The most populous commune is Calais; the prefecture Arras is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 10 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants:[3]

Commune Population (2019)
Calais 72,509
Arras 41,694
Boulogne-sur-Mer 40,251
Lens 31,461
Liévin 30,112
Hénin-Beaumont 25,992
Béthune 25,039
Bruay-la-Buissière 21,903
Avion 17,625
Carvin 17,557

Economy

The economy of the department was long dependent on mining, primarily the coal mines near the town of Lens, Pas-de-Calais where coal was discovered in 1849.[7] However, since World War II, the economy has become more diversified.

Demographics

The inhabitants of the department are called Pas-de-Calaisiens.

Pas-de-Calais is one of the most densely populated departments of France, but has no cities with over 100,000 residents: Calais has about 73,000 inhabitants. The remaining population is primarily concentrated along the border with the department of Nord in the mining district, where a string of small towns constitutes an urban area with a population of about 1.2 million. The centre and south of the department are more rural, but still quite heavily populated, with many villages and small towns.

Although the department saw some of the heaviest fighting of World War I, its population rebounded quickly after both world wars. However, many of the mining towns have seen dramatic decreases in population, some up to half of their population.

Population development since 1801:

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801534,416—    
1821626,571+0.80%
1831655,215+0.45%
1841685,021+0.45%
1851692,994+0.12%
1861724,338+0.44%
1872761,158+0.45%
1881819,022+0.82%
1891874,364+0.66%
1901955,391+0.89%
19111,068,155+1.12%
1921989,967−0.76%
19311,205,191+1.99%
YearPop.±% p.a.
19361,179,467−0.43%
19461,168,545−0.09%
19541,276,833+1.11%
19621,366,282+0.85%
19681,397,159+0.37%
19751,402,295+0.05%
19821,412,413+0.10%
19901,433,203+0.18%
19991,441,568+0.06%
20061,453,387+0.12%
20111,462,807+0.13%
20161,470,725+0.11%
Sources:[8][9]

Politics

Local elections

The president of the Departmental Council is Jean-Claude Leroy, elected in 2017.

National politics

In the second round of the French presidential elections of 2017 Pas-de-Calais was one of only two departments in which the candidate of the Front National, Marine Le Pen, received a majority of the votes cast: 52.06%.[10]

Presidential elections 2nd round
ElectionWinning CandidateParty%2nd Place CandidateParty%
2022 Marine Le Pen FN 57.49 Emmanuel Macron LREM 42.51
2017[11] Marine Le Pen FN 52.06 Emmanuel Macron LREM 47.94
2012 François Hollande PS 56.18 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 43.82
2007 Ségolène Royal PS 52.04 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 47.96
2002[11] Jacques Chirac RPR 77.83 Jean-Marie Le Pen FN 22.17
1995[12] Lionel Jospin PS 57.28 Jacques Chirac RPR 42.72

Current National Assembly Representatives
ConstituencyMember[13]Party
Pas-de-Calais's 1st constituency Bruno Duvergé MoDem
Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituency Jacqueline Maquet La République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 3rd constituency Emmanuel Blairy National Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 4th constituency Daniel Fasquelle The Republicans
Pas-de-Calais's 5th constituency Jean-Pierre Pont La République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 6th constituency Brigitte Bourguignon La République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 7th constituency Pierre-Henri Dumont The Republicans
Pas-de-Calais's 8th constituency Benoît Potterie La République En Marche!
Pas-de-Calais's 9th constituency Marguerite Deprez-Audebert MoDem
Pas-de-Calais's 10th constituency Myriane Houplain National Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency Marine Le Pen National Rally
Pas-de-Calais's 12th constituency Bruno Bilde National Rally

Education
The Université d'Artois' campus in Lens sits in the ancient headquarters of Compagnie des mines.

There are currently two public universities in the department. Although it is one of the most populous departments of France, Pas-de-Calais did not contain a university until 1991 when the French government created two universities: ULCO (Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale)[14] on the western part of the department, and Université d'Artois[15] on the eastern part.

Tourism
  • Mussel aquaculture in Wissant
  • Cap Gris Nez
  • Cap Blanc Nez
  • Boulogne-sur-Mer
  • Nausicaä
  • Le Touquet
  • Grand-Place of Arras
  • Notre Dame de Lorette
  • Canadian National Vimy Memorial, 11 kilometres from Arras
  • Liberty Leading the People on permanent display in Louvre-Lens since 2012
  • Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
  • Todt Battery, Audinghen

See also
  • Cantons of the Pas-de-Calais department
  • Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
  • Arrondissements of the Pas-de-Calais department
  • Battle of Vimy Ridge
  • 7 Valleys Pas-de-Calais

References
  1. "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
  2. "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.
  3. Populations légales 2019: 62 Pas-de-Calais, INSEE
  4. Jackson, Mark (2021-09-01). "Colt and Getlink to Deploy New Fibre Optic Network via Channel Tunnel". ISPreview UK. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
  5. "Canadian National Vimy Memorial, France". The Great War UK. The Great War UK. 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2017. The ridge runs in a direction from Givenchy-en-Gohelle in the north-west to Farbus in the south-east.
  6. Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
  7. "Discovery of Coal". Ville de Lens. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  8. "Historique du Pas-de-Calais". Le SPLAF.
  9. "Évolution et structure de la population en 2016". INSEE.
  10. Résultats élections, Le Monde
  11. "Présidentielles".
  12. "Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania".
  13. Nationale, Assemblée. "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblée nationale.
  14. "Décret no 91-1161 du 7 novembre 1991 portant création et organisation provisoire de l'université du Littoral". legifrance.gouv.fr.
  15. "Décret no 91-1160 du 7 novembre 1991 portant création et organisation provisoire de l'université d'Artois". legifrance.gouv.fr.
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