Raëlism

A medallion displaying the Raëlian symbol; practitioners typically wear these medallions to identify their beliefs[44]

Raëlism teaches that there exists an extraterrestrial species known as the Elohim.[45] Raël stated that the word "Elohim", which is used for God in the Old Testament, is actually a plural term which he translates as meaning "those who came from the sky."[46] Individual members of the Elohim are referred to as "Eloha" by Raël.[47] He alleged that these aliens gave him the honorific name of "Raël",[48] a term deriving from "Israel",[49] and which he translates as meaning "the messenger of those who come from the sky."[50]

In his first book, Le Livre Qui Dit La Verité ("The Book That Tells the Truth"), which was first published in 1974, Raël claimed that he initially encountered these alien beings on 13 December 1973, when he was 27 years old.[51] He stated that he was walking along the Puy de Lassolas volcanic crater in the Clermont-Ferrand mountains when one of their spaceships appeared and an Eloha emerged.[52] He stated that the Eloha asked him to return the next day and to bring a Bible with him. Raël did so and the over the course of six days Eloha explained to him the true meaning of its contents, thus revealing more about the Elohim's involvement in human history.[53] In his 1976 book Les Extra-Terrestres M'ont Emmené sur Leur Planète ("The Extraterrestrials Took Me to Their Planet"), Raël added that he was contacted by the Elohim again on 7 October 1975, when they took him aboard their spaceship and transported him to their home planet.[54] Here he was offered six biological robot women with which to have sex, saw the Elohim create his clone, and taught the techniques of sensual meditation.[55] The scholar of religion James R. Lewis noted that Raël's account of encountering the Elohim was similar to those of the "classic UFO contactees" of the 1950s and 1960s.[56]

The Elohim are described as being physically smaller than humans, with pale green skin and almond-shaped eyes,[57] and divide into seven different races,[58] although Raëlians are forbidden from painting or sketching them.[24] Their planet, Raël stated, is outside the Solar System but within our own Milky Way galaxy.[59] Raël alleged that there are 90,000 of these Elohim on their planet and that they are all quasi-immortal.[60] He commented that on their world, they do not wear clothes.[8] He added that they are all permitted to engage in free love with one another, and that sexual jealousy between them has been eliminated.[60] All are regarded as fairly feminine in their manner;[61] Raël states that "the most feminine woman on Earth is only 10% as feminine as the Elohim."[21] They are not allowed to procreate to have children and many undergo a sterilisation operation to ensure this.[60] He also reported that the Elohim are able to communicate with humans because they have an understanding of all human languages.[62]

Raëlism teaches that about 25,000 years ago the Elohim arrived at the Earth and transformed it so that life could develop. It states that the Elohim used their advanced technology to establish all life on the planet.[63] Raël characterises humans as "biological robots" that have been created and programmed by the Elohim.[64] Raëlism teaches that humanity is modelled physically on the Elohim;[65] for practitioners, this is indicated by the passage at Genesis 1:26.[13] Also representing his own interpretation of Genesis, Raël teaches that the Elohim scientist responsible for creating humanity was named Yahweh and that the first two humans to be created were named Adam and Eve.[66] Raëlians believe that there were originally seven human races, modelling the seven Elohim races, but that the purple, blue, and green races have died out.[58] In believing humanity was created by the Elohim, Raëlians reject Darwinian evolution and espouse creationism and intelligent design;[67] Raëlians term their beliefs "scientific creationism."[68] Raëlians believe that the Elohim were also created by an earlier species, and they before them, ad infinitum.[23] They believe that the cosmos expands indefinitely, both in time and space;[23] infinity is an important concept for them.[69]

Raëlians promoting their religion on a street in Japan; one is dressed as an alien character mascot.

Raëlians believe that accounts of gods in various mythologies around the world are misinterpretations of memories about the Elohim.[70] The philosophy states that the sacred scriptures of many other religions describe the ongoing activities of the Elohim on Earth.[71] The tale of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden, recounted in Genesis, is for instance interpreted as representing humanity's difficult transition from the Elohim's laboratories to life on Earth, where they had to become self-sufficient.[71] The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, as presented in the Gospels, is described as representing how the Elohim cloned Jesus to restore him to life after death.[71] References to Satan are interpreted as referring to the chief of a group on the Elohim's planet who were opposed to genetic experiments on Earth and who argued that humanity should be destroyed as a potential threat.[72] According to the Raëlians, the Great Flood narrative recounts an attempt by the anti-human aliens to wipe out humanity, but that humanity was rescued by an alien spacecraft which provided the basis for the story of Noah's Ark.[73]

Various figures who established or inspired religions throughout human history, including Jesus, the Buddha, Muhammad, and Joseph Smith, are portrayed by the Raëlians as having been guided by the Elohim.[71] These are characterised as being 39 prophets sent to humanity at various times.[74] Each is believed to have revealed information to humanity that they could comprehend at the given time, and Raëlism, therefore, emphasises the idea of progressive truth.[74] Raël claims that he is the fortieth and final prophet of the Elohim,[75] sent because humanity is now sufficiently developed to understand the truth about the Elohim.[76] He initially claimed that he was chosen for this role because he had a Roman Catholic mother and a Jewish father and was thus "an ideal link between two very important peoples in the history of the world."[45] He added that he was also selected because he lived in France, which the Elohim considered a more open-minded country than most others.[45]

Raël subsequently stated that these prophets are themselves the result of a human mother breeding with an Eloha father,[77] with the human mothers having been chosen for the purity of their genetic code, beamed onto an Elohim spacecraft, impregnated, and then returned to Earth with their memory of the event erased.[78] In his 1979 book, Let's Welcome Our Fathers from Space, Raël added that he was the biological son of the Eloha whom he first encountered, Yahweh.[79] He noted that Yahweh was also the father of Jesus, making the latter Raël's half-brother.[80] In 2003, Raël publicly identified himself as Maitreya, the prophesied future bodhisattva of Mahayana Buddhism.[59] He maintains that he continues to be in telepathic contact with the Elohim, hearing Yahweh's voice guiding him in making decisions affecting Raëlianism.[81]

The religion also teaches that the Elohim continue to monitor every human individual on Earth, remotely, from their planet.[18] This is done so that the Elohim can decide which individuals merit being offered the opportunity of eternal life.[82] It argues that the Elohim continue to visit the Earth, as evidenced by crop circles, which adherents regard as the landing spaces of the Elohim's spacecraft.[74] Raëlians generally understand sightings of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) as confirmation of their belief in the Elohim, although their opinion of Ufology is ambiguous.[83] Raëlians also consider the appearance of "angel hair" as evidence of the Elohim's presence, stating that it has appeared at various Raëlian summer gatherings.[84] They typically express scepticism regarding claims by alleged alien contactees other than Raël.[83] Raëlians believe that they are all capable of linking telepathically with the Elohim but that only Raël is permitted to meet with them physically or receive their revelations.[84]

A small-scale tent copy of the proposed Elohim embassy erected at a Raëlian seminar in Colombia.

Raëlism is a millenarian philosophy.[85] Raël claims that since the U.S. military's use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in 1945, humanity have been living in the "Age of Apocalypse" or "Revelation".[86] It states that the human species must now choose whether to use science and technology to enhance life or to use it to bring about nuclear annihilation.[87] It claims that if humans successfully get through this present age, they will live in an era of advanced technology in which society will be tolerant and sexually liberated.[42] Raël claimed that he was destined to help lead humanity away from its path of destruction.[88]

According to Raël, beginning a peaceful age will cause the return of the Elohim to Earth.[88] He added that they will bring them the 39 immortal prophets whom they had previously sent to guide humanity.[89] Raël stated that humanity has to build an embassy for the Elohim prior to their arrival on Earth and that it must include a landing pad for their spaceship.[90] He stated that it needed to be located on internationally recognised neutral territory so as not to indicate favour towards any one particular nation-state.[76] Initially, Raël sought permission to build it in Israel,[91] explaining this by reference to how the ancient Israelites were once in contact with the Elohim.[76] He also stated that this embassy would constitute the "Third Temple" referred to in Jewish prophecy.[92]

Receiving little help for this venture from the Israeli government, Raël instead suggested that a neighbouring country might be suitable, proposing Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt as possible locations. None of the governments of these countries were favorable.[76] Senior people of the Raëlian Movement suggested Hawaii as a possible alternative, and in 1998 Raël stated that he had received a new revelation from the Elohim stating that this location would be acceptable.[21] Chryssides noted that should the Elohim not arrive in 2035, the Raëlians will have to adapt to the new circumstance in which their eschatology remains unfulfilled.[93] On 16 April 1987, the Chicago Sun-Times estimated the funding for the "cosmic kibbutz" at $1 million. In 1997–1998, the funding had risen to $7 million.[94][95][96] In 2001, group members claimed that they had saved $9 million had been saved for the embassy;[97] and in October 2001, the funding had reached $20 million.[98]

Once on Earth, Raël claims, the Elohim will share their advanced technology and scientific understanding with humanity and will help to usher in a utopia.[88] Raël teaches that the Elohim's arrival will herald a new and improved political system on Earth.[82] This will be a single world government that Raël terms a "geniocracy,"[99] or "rule of geniuses,"[100] and which he discusses in his fifth book, Geniocracy.[69] According to this system, only those who are fifty percent more intelligent that the average person will be permitted to rule.[101] Raël's proposed geniocratic system bears similarities with the style of governance that Plato promoted in his work Republic.[102] Raëlians thus reject democracy, believing that it fails to ensure that society has the best leadership.[101] Raël claims that this future society will have no war, and crime will have been ended through genetic engineering.[101] In this future, Raël states, humanity will be able to travel beyond the Earth to colonise other planets.[103] He claims that robots will assume menial tasks, allowing humans to devote their time to pleasurable pursuits.[104] He also argued that there would be biological robots which would serve as sex slaves, akin to those which Raël states he encountered on his visit to the Elohim planet.[105] A single world currency will be introduced, as a prelude to the total abolition of money, while a unified world calendar will also be adopted.[101]

Raëlians reject the existence of the ethereal soul that survives physical death,[106] and instead argue that the only hope for immortality is through scientific means.[103] The Raëlians claim that the Elohim will clone and thus recreate dead individuals, but only those particular individuals who they deem merit this recreation.[107] In this, they believe in a "conditional immortality", with immortality for a minority and oblivion for the majority.[107] The resurrection of Jesus, as recounted in the Gospels, is for instance explained as an example of Elohim cloning.[107]

Raëlists advocate for the development of human cloning technology on Earth.[105] Raëlians also believe that deceased individuals can be cloned so that they could be tried and punished for their crimes.[107] After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, in which the attackers killed themselves, the Raëlists proposed that they could be resurrected through cloning to be tried for their actions.[108][109] Due to its emphasis upon attaining immortality, Raëlism deplores suicide; after the Heaven's Gate group engaged in a mass suicide in 1997, the Raëlian Church was among the new religions that issued press releases condemning suicide.[110]

As opposed to the scientific definition of reproductive cloning, which is simply the creation of a genetically identical living organism, Raëlians seek to both genetically clone individuals, rapidly accelerate growth of the clone to adulthood through a process like guided self-assembly of rapidly expanded cells or even nanotechnology.[111] Raël told lawmakers that banning the development of human cloning was comparable to outlawing medical advances such "antibiotics, blood transfusions, and vaccines".[112]

A woman on a bed adorned with the Raëlian symbol.

Raëlism insists on a strict ethical code for its followers.[113] Members are expected to take responsibility for their own actions, respect cultural and racial difference, promote non-violence, strive for world peace, and share wealth and resources.[113] They are also encouraged to uphold democracy, in the belief that humanity will ultimately make a democratic choice to introduce geniocracy.[113] The Raëlian opinion is that everything should be permitted so long as it harms no one and does not impede scientific and technological advance.[101] Members are nevertheless advised against using recreational drugs or stimulants so as not to harm their health,[114] although some practitioners have acknowledged that they use alcohol and cigarettes.[115]

John M. Bozeman characterized the religion's morality as "progressive,"[116] while Palmer referred to the group's "liberal social values",[117] and Chryssides described Raëlist values as being "worldly and hedonistic".[118] The scholar of religion Paul Oliver noted that the philosophy's ethics were "relativistic" in that practitioners were encouraged to act in a manner that they felt to be appropriate to the context.[32] Several scholars have also argued that it is a "world-affirming" religion, using the typology established by Roy Wallis.[119]

Raël considered gender as an artificial construct and emphasized its fluidity.[120] Raël avoided a macho persona and is instead often described by his followers as being "gentle" and "feminine".[121] Palmer suggested that Raël regarded women as being superior to men because they were described as being more like the Elohim.[61] In Raël's account, the inhabitants of the Elohim planet "have 10 percent of masculinity and 90 percent of femininity."[61] Raël also proposed that if women were in positions of political power across the world, there would be no war.[61] The Raëlians have participated with public protests for women's rights.[122] At its June 2003 "Joy of Being Woman" demonstration, Raëlian women danced naked through the streets of Paris.[122] Palmer described the Raëlians as feminists,[123] although Raël criticized mainstream feminism, arguing that it "copied the shortcomings of men".[124] Generally adopting the belief that the human body is malleable,[125] Raëlism has a positive opinion of plastic surgery to improve physical appearance.[126]

A Raëlist contingent on the street at the "Korea Queer Culture Festival" held in Seoul in 2014.

Raëlism teaches that the Elohim created humanity to feel sexual desire as a panacea for their violent impulses.[127] It states that through the pursuit of sexual pleasure, new pathways between the neurons in the brain are forged, thus enhancing an individual's intelligence.[128] Raëlism encourages its members to explore their sexuality;[60] while Raël is often photographed with beautiful women and appears to be heterosexual, he encourages homosexual experimentation.[129] Adopting an accepting attitude towards different forms of sexual orientation and expression,[69] Raëlism teaches that differences in sexual orientation are rooted in the Elohim's primordial genetic programming and are something to be celebrated.[130] Researching about the Raëlians of Quebec, Palmer found that many of them avoided categorizing themselves by using terms like "heterosexual", "homosexual", or "bisexual", finding those labels to be too limiting.[131]

The Raëlians have stressed the need for respect and mutual consent in sexual behaviour.[132] The group places a strong taboo on incest, rape, and sexual activities involving children.[132] Anyone involved in the Movement who is found to have been involved in these latter activities is excommunicated,[133] while Raël has recommended that paedophiles be castrated or placed in mental institutions.[133] Those believed to have forced unwelcome sexual attention upon another person are excommunicated from the Movement for seven years– the amount of time Raëlians believe it takes for all of a person's biological cells to be regenerated.[132]

The Raëlists reject both enforced monogamy and marriage, regarding these as institutions that have been enforced to enslave women and suppress sexual expression.[134] The religion discourages its members from marrying.[60] Members are also discouraged from contributing to global overpopulation;[60] members are urged not to have more than two children, and ideally none at all.[135] Raël states that should two individuals wish to procreate, their psychic control during the act of conception can affect any child resulting.[136] The Raëlists also believe that once human cloning has been developed, biological reproduction will be obsolete.[127] As well as endorsing the use of birth control and contraceptives,[137] Raëlists endorse the use of abortion to terminate unwanted pregnancies.[138] Raël has also argued that if a woman does not want a child who has been born then she should give it up to be raised by society.[133]

Some Swiss government authorities responded to Raëlians' opinions about Sensual Meditation with a fear that Raëlians are a threat to public morals for supporting liberalized sex education for children. They argue that such liberalized sex education that teaches children how to obtain sexual gratification would encourage sexual abuse of underage children.[139]

The two variants of the Raëlian logo; the former uses the swastika in the centre and the latter a swirl representing the shape of a galaxy. The latter was adopted to avoid the connotations of Nazism that the swastika has in Western countries.

The symbol initially used to signify Raëlism was a six-pointed star with a swastika in the centre.[140] Raël stated that this was the symbol he originally saw on the hull of the Elohim's spaceship.[141] Raëlians regard this as a symbol of infinity.[142] Practitioners also believe that this symbol helps facilitate their own telepathic contact with the Elohim.[143] Raëlists typically wear a medallion of the symbol around their neck.[44]

The Raëlian use of the swastika, a symbol that had been prominently used by Germany's Nazi Party during the 1930s and 1940s, resulted in accusations from the Montreal anti-cult organization Info-Cult that the Raëlians promoted fascism and racism.[112] Outside Info-Cult's office, Raëlians spoke against the act of discriminating against a religious minority.[112] On 2 January 1992, a dozen people protested against the use of the swastika in the Raëlian logo in Miami's Eden Roc Hotel. The use of the swastika and other Raëlian practices has resulted in criticism from the group Hineni of Florida, an Orthodox Jewish organization.[144]

In 1992, the Raëlian Movement altered their symbol, replacing the central swastika with a swirling shape. They explained that this was due to a request from the Elohim to change the symbol in order to help in negotiations with Israel for the building of the Extraterrestrial Embassy, although the country continued to deny their request.[145][146] Raël also stated that the change was made to show respect to the victims of the Holocaust.[100] The newly added swirling shape was explained as a depiction of a swirling galaxy.[100] In 2005, the Israeli Raëlian Guide Kobi Drori stated that the Lebanese government was discussing proposals by the Raëlian movement to build their interplanetary embassy in Lebanon. However, one condition was that the Raëlians not display their logo on top of the building because it mixes a swastika and a Star of David. According to Drori, the Raëlians involved refused this offer, as they wished to keep the symbol as it was.[147] From 1991 to 2007, the official Raëlian symbol in Europe and America did not have the original swastika, but Raël decided to make the original symbol, the Star of David intertwined with a swastika, the only official symbol of the Raëlian Movement worldwide.[148]

A major practice in Raëlism is "sensual meditation", something that Raël outlined in his 1980 book La méditation sensuelle.[100] Raëlians are encouraged to take part in this guided meditation or visualisation on a daily basis, with the intent of transmitting love and telepathic links to the Elohim and achieving harmony with infinity.[158] In this, practitioners are often assisted in this meditation through listening to an instruction tape.[159] Sensual meditation sessions also take place communally at the group's monthly meetings, during which the assembled adherents sit or lie on the floor in a dimly lit room. They are then guided through it by a Raëlian Guide speaking through a microphone;[160] the meditation may be accompanied by New Age music.[161]

Sensual meditation begins with a relaxation exercise known as harmonisation avec l'infini ("harmonization with the infinite").[160] One stage of this process is "oxygenation", which entails deep breathing.[162] Practitioners are taught to relax and then envision themselves expanding their frame of reference until the self becomes only a tiny speck within the universe.[163] They are then tasked with visualising the bones and organs of the body, and ultimately the atoms within the body itself.[164] The guided meditation then encourages the meditators to imagine themselves being on the Elohim's planet and communicating telepathically with these aliens.[165]

Palmer found that Raëlians varyingly described a sense of physical well-being, psychic abilities, or sexual arousal during these meditations and interpreted these as evidence that they were in telepathic contact with the Elohim.[166] The goal of sensual meditation is to achieve a "cosmic orgasm",[167] which is characterised as the ultimate experience a person can have.[168] Palmer quoted one senior Raëlian as describing the "cosmic orgasm" as "the sensual experience of the unity between the self and the universe".[160]

A Raëlian protest sign is raised at political rally demanding the return of U.S. troops from foreign military engagements.

The Raëlian Church holds week-long summer seminars called "Stages of Awakening."[149][169] These involve daily lectures by Raël, sensual meditation sessions, periods of fasting and feasting, testimonials, and various alternative therapies.[8] Activities that have attracted press attention have include dressing in the clothes of the opposite gender as part of an exercise to play with the fluidity of gender expression,[161][170] and observing one's own genitals and masturbating.[171]

Raëlians use these seminars as an opportunity to form friendships or sexual relationships.[172] Attendees wear white togas with name tags;[8] they have also used colored bracelets to indicate whether they wanted to be alone, be in a couple, or simply meet people.[173] In 1991, a French journalist attended a seminar and taped couples having sexual intercourse in tents, something then much-publicised.[112] Following these seminars, a second seminar, this time restricted to members of the Structure, takes place.[172]

Claude Vorilhon was born in Ambert, France on 30 September 1946.[174] He was the illegitimate son of a 15-year-old mother; his father had been a Sephardi Jew then in hiding from the Nazi authorities.[174] Vorilhon later recounted being raised as an atheist by his grandmother and aunt, although for a time attended a Roman Catholic boarding school.[174] As a teenager, Vorilhon hitch-hiked to Paris where he pursued a career as a singer, having several successful singles using the name "Claude Celler."[175] He then married a nurse and had two children with her.[176] In 1973, he founded the racing car magazine Auto Pop and also worked as a test driver for such vehicles.[176] In November 1973, a new law was introduced in France banning speeding on the highway, ending his work as a test driver.[176] Auto Pop ceased publication in September 1974.[177]

The Puy Lassolas, the mountain where Raël claimed he first encountered the Elohim in 1973.

There had been a range of reported UFO sightings in 1970s France,[178] and the ancient astronaut theory was "very much in vogue" in the country by the middle of that decade.[179] In early 1974, Vorilhon announced that in December 1973 he had been contacted by the Elohim while walking along the Puy Lassolas mountain. He began promoting these ideas in interviews on French television and radio.[180] He began lecturing on his alleged experiences in Paris, where he attracted a group of followers,[181] many of whom were science-fiction fans or amateur ufologists.[179] In December 1974 an organisation based on his ideas, the Mouvement pour l'accueil des Elohims créateurs de l'humanité (MADECH; "Movement for the Welcoming of the Elohim, Creators of Humanity"), was launched.[181] Vorilhon began referring to himself as "Raël."[181] A newsletter, Apocalypse, began publication in October 1974.[181] MADECH began raising money for the self-publication of Vorilhon's first book,[181] which appeared as Le livre qui dit la verité that year.[45] Raëlians treat his first book with reverence, often referring to it simple as Le livre ("the book").[182]

Some members of MADECH wanted the organisation to take a broader interest in Ufology beyond Raël's own claims and also desired to restrict his authority within the group.[181] Amid an internal power struggle, Raël called an emergency meeting in April 1975; the feud continued and in July he dismissed MADECH's executives and replaced them with seven of his own supporters.[183] Raël also announced that he had been contacted by the Elohim for a second time and that on this occasion they had taken him to visit their planet. He outlined these claims in his 1975 book Les Extra-Terrestres M'ont Emmené sur Leur Planète.[184] Opposition to Raël remained evident in MADECH and in 1976 he disbanded the group, beginning the Raëlian Movement as a replacement in February 1976.[185] It operated along a strict hierarchy, with Raël as its director, referred to as the "Guide of Guides."[186] Unlike MADECH, it promoted a broader religious structure, including ritual practices.[187] It continued publication of Apocalypse to spread its message.[186]

In 1976, the Raëlians sent a mission to the Canadian province of Quebec to attract converts in the Francophone region.[188] The next year a Quebecois branch of the Movement was established.[189] Raël's first two books were then published in a single English edition, titled Space Aliens Took Me to Their Planet in 1978 and republished as The Message Given To Me By Extra-Terrestrials: They Took Me to their Planet in 1986 and, in a new translation, as The Final Message in 1998.[45] He expanded on his ideas with several additional books: Accueiller Les Extra-Terrestes in 1979 (translated as Let's Welcome Our Fathers from Space in 1986),[45] La Méditation Sensuelle in 1980 (translated as Sensual Meditation in 1986), and Geniocracy.[45]

Two Raëlians visiting UFOLand, the Quebec museum which the Raëlians established in 1997.

In 1980, the Raëlians sent a mission to Japan, followed by another to Africa in 1982 and to Australia in 1990.[97] In the early 1980s the Movement bought a campground near Albi in southern France, which they named Eden.[172] In 1984, Raël underwent a year's retreat in which he avoided public appearance.[190] The following year, his first wife left both him and the movement;[133] he subsequently began a relationship with a Japanese Raëlian, Lisa Sunagawa, for several years.[191] During the mid-1990s, Raël returned to his hobby of motor racing, competing in the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix and the 1998 Motorola Cup in Miami before retiring from the sport in 2001.[192] In 1992, a schism appeared in the religion as a group of about forty practitioners were expelled. They formed a rival, smaller group, the Apostles of the Last Days, espousing the belief that Raël had been the original spokesman of the Elohim but had been taken over by Satan.[193]

In 1992, the Raëlian Movement bought 115 hectares near Valcourt in Quebec, naming this property Le Jardin du Prophète ("the Garden of the Prophet").[172] It was here in 1997 that the organisation opened UFOLand, a museum about ufology. Its purpose was to raise money for the Elohim Embassy, but in 2001 it closed to the public, having proved financially unviable.[194] It was also during 1997, a month after Ian Wilmut announced the birth of Dolly the Sheep, a successful clone, that Raël established the company Valiant Venture to explore the commercial applications of cloning.[195] Through it came Clonaid, of which the Raëlian Bishop Brigitte Boisselier was co-founder, director, and spokesperson.[9] The initiation of this group and its promotion of human cloning incited much debate among other religious figures, scientists, and ethicists.[9] Raël and Boisselier both spoke before US President Bill Clinton's Congress hearing on human cloning in March 2001.[196]

At the July 1998 training camp in the Jardins des Prophètes, Raël announced that in December 1997 he had received another revelation from the Elohim, commanding him to form a new grouping within the Raëlian Movement, the Order of Raël's Angels.[197] This was to be a secret society,[130] open only to women who would become the consorts of the Elohim after their arrival on Earth.[197] A newsletter, Plumes d'Anges (Angel Feathers), was issued containing information about the Order.[156] Palmer noted that by emphasizing the unique qualities of women, this group challenged the established Raëlian doctrine that men and women are wholly equal and interchangeable.[130]

Brigitte Boisselier (left) took on a senior role in the Raëlian Movement.

In 2001, Raël toured Asia, giving seminars.[198] That year he married for a second time, to a 16-year-old ballet student. Raëlism discourages marriage, and this instance was done for expediency, because he had been questioned by customs officials when traveling with her across borders. They subsequently divorced but remained a couple.[199] In November 2002, a local man vandalised the group's Jardins des Prophètes property, causing significant damage.[200] Raël stated that this had been a preliminary test of the "Abraham Project," a joint operation between the Central Intelligence Agency and the French intelligence agencies to assassinate him using schizophrenics directed through mind control.[201]

In December 2002 Boisselier announced that Clonaid's work had resulted in the birth of a baby, Eve, which she claimed was the world's first human clone.[202] The child was not presented for scrutiny by scientists;[203] the IRM's allegations regarding Baby Eve were never substantiated by the scientific community.[93] Many commentators believed the announcement had been a hoax.[204] In January 2003 the Raëlians declared that Eve's parents had hidden themselves to evade attention.[205] Baby Eve's appearance gained the Raëlians much international press coverage,[93] and also much ridicule.[206] The group claimed this publicity generated around 5000 new members.[207] Boisellier announced periodically that further clone infants had been born, in the Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, and Australia, although the press increasingly deemed these hoaxes and stopped attending Raëlian press conferences.[203]

In January 2003, Raël announced Boisellier as his appointed successor,[203] and also published The Maitreya, in which he identified himself with the eponymous figure from Buddhist prophecy.[59] In response to Raël's association with Clonaid, South Korean immigration authorities denied him entry to their country in 2003.[208] The group then protested near South Korea's Ministry of Health and Welfare that ordered him to leave.[208] Raël appeared alongside a group of women, "Raël's Girls", in the October 2004 issue of Playboy.[6][209] In 2005, two amateur documentary makers, Abdullah Hashem and Joseph McGowen, attended and filmed a Raëlian seminar in Las Vegas, claiming that they were making a student film. They then used the footage as the basis of a documentary, which they presented as an exposé of the group.[210][211] A court case followed in 2008, initiated by the IRM, which claimed the filmmakers had gained entry through misrepresentation.[212] A default judgement was made against Hashem in 2011, and he was ordered to return his footage to the IRM.[213] In 2009, the Church announced plans for a new UFOLand in Las Vegas.[6]

The Structure is divided along a six-tiered system.[218] Raël is at the top of the Raëlian Church, being referred to as the "Guide of Guides."[186] Senior members of the Structure re-elect him to that position each seven years.[154] Below Raël are the "Bishop Guides", then the "Priest Guides", then the "Animators", then the "Assistant Animators", and finally the "Probationers".[8] Those characterised as "Guides" are expected to be exemplars for the rest of the movement, for instance by strictly adhering to the avoidance of alcohol, caffeine, and recreational drugs.[110] Race, gender, and sexual orientation are no barrier to rising through the ranks of the group's leadership structure.[130] However, Palmer noted that by the mid-1990s there were few women in leadership positions within the organisation.[219]

Members of the Raëlian structure begin as level 0 "trainees" during annual seminars. The Raelian structure said in 2007 to have about 2,300 members,[220] 170 "Raëlian guides",[221] and 41 bishops.[222]

Three Raëlian Bishops sit on a "Council of the Wise" which monitors heresy and arranges punishment for transgressors.[223] When they seek to punish an individual it is usually for a seven-year "excommunication"; it lasts seven years because Raëlians believe that it takes this long for every cell in the human body to be replaced.[8] In more severe cases, the council can oversee a "demarking", by which they cancel the transmission of the cellular code, believing that this revokes the individual's hope for immortality through cloning.[8]

Members pay an annual membership fee to the Raëlian Movement.[154] Full members of the Movement are encouraged to tithe 10% of their income to the organisation.[224] This tithe is then divided up, with 3% going to the national branch and 7% to the International Movement's central administration.[225] An additional 1% may go to Raël himself.[97] Tithing is however not enforced.[226] In her research, Palmer found many practitioners who admitted to not paying the tithe;[115] a 1991 survey of Raëlians found that a third of respondents did not pay,[227] while in an interview, Raël suggested that over 60 percent do not.[97] It is these tithes and membership fees, coupled with the sales of Raël's books, that represent the International Raëlian Movement's main income.[132] This money is then saved toward the construction of the Elohim Embassy or spent on the production of flyers, books, videos, and other material used to disseminate the Raëlian message.[97]

The group initially owned a country estate in Albi, France, before later obtaining one in Valcourt, Quebec.[8]

In 1998 Raël established an internal all-female group, the Order of Raël's Angels, whose members are trained to become the consorts of the Elohim.[127] He stated that these women would be the only humans permitted contact with the Elohim after the latter arrive on Earth.[228] He further claimed that they will serve as the Elohim's liaisons with human politicians, scientists, and journalists.[228] Raël stated that it was only women who could be Angels because men were not feminine enough for the extremely gentle, delicate, and sensitive Elohim.[228] Trans women were permitted entry; Raël praised one transgender member for "choosing to be a woman".[126]

Raëlian women at the "Korea Love Hug" festival in Seoul, South Korea.

The Angels are meant to cultivate their feminine and nurturing side.[229] They are tasked with pursuing self-transformation, striving to please the Elohim and to resemble them more closely by cultivating discipline, serenity, harmony, purity, humility, charisma, and both internal and external beauty.[230] The Angels are instructed to regularly pray to the Elohim and regularly meditate.[198] They are encouraged to limit their meat consumption and to avoid carbohydrates and sugar so as to maintain their physical beauty.[126] They have proved useful for the group's public relations and have also provided volunteers for its human cloning experiments.[231][232] The Order has also engaged in the selling of human ova on the internet, launching a website to do so in 1999.[233] Raël stated that this would help the Angels achieve financial independence.[122]

The Order of Raël's Angels has a six-tiered structure, symmetrical with the six-tiered structure of the Raëlian Movement as a whole.[234] Raël divides the Angels into three groups: the White, Pink, and Golden Ribbon Angels.[234] White Angels wear white feathers on a necklace, can choose human lovers, and are tasked with operating in the world to attract more women into the Raëlian movement.[235] Pink Angels wear a pink feather on a necklace and are considered by Raël to be the "Chosen Ones" who will become the consorts of the Elohim. They are expected to live a sequestered life, initially in the Jardins des Prophètes community, and are expected to reserve their sexual activity for the extraterrestrials.[236] The Gold Ribbon Angels are characterised by a gold cord worn around the neck. They are handpicked by Raël for their physical beauty, and are described as being the first humans who will approach the Elohim on the latter's arrival on Earth.[236] The Pink and Gold Ribbon Angels are expected to abstain from sexual activity with most other humans but should receive instruction in alien lovemaking from Raël himself as well as engaging in sexual acts alone or with other Angels.[237]

The Order was insulated from the rest of the religion, with the Angels' living quarters for instance being off-limits to non-Angels.[238] Access to the Angels is strictly limited for both journalists and scholars.[239] Gold Ribbon Angels have been demoted from this status as they have aged, on the explanation that as their physical beauty has deteriorated they are no longer suited to greeting the Elohim. These demoted individuals are then tasked with training younger replacements.[240] Other individuals have been deprived of their status as Angels altogether, when they are perceived to have acted in contravention of the group's ethos.[241]

The initiation rites include declaring an oath or making a contract in which one agrees to become defender of the Raëlian ideology and its founder Raël.[170][242] A few days later, Time magazine wrote that French chemist Brigitte Boisselier was an Order of Angels member.[243] Around this time, cult specialist Mike Kropveld termed the Order of Angels "one of the most transparent movements" he had witnessed, though he was alarmed by the women's promise to defend Raël's life with their own bodies.[242]

Raël has instructed some women members to play a pro-sex feminist role in the Raëlian Church. "Rael's Girls" is another group of women in the religion which are against the suppression of feminine acts of pleasure, including sexual intercourse with men or women. Rael's Girls consists solely of women who work in the sex industry.[244] The women of Rael's Girls say there is not any reason to repent for performing striptease or being a prostitute.[244][245] This organization was established "to support the choice of the women who are working in the sex industry".[246]

A Raëlian lecturing on his religion at Onyang High School in South Korea

Raëlians engage in missionary activities to attract converts.[97] Members buy Raël's books to sell on the street, hoping to recoup their original costs.[132] They often encounter much resistance to their attempts to convert others; Raël explains that this is to be expected, for the Elohim told him that only 4% of humanity is intelligent enough to be receptive to the Raëlian message.[97] Any Raëlian found trying to force someone to convert is banned from the organisation for seven years, the period which Raëlians believe it takes for every cell in the body to be replaced.[103]

Since 1979, new members of the Raëlian Movement have been expected to sign an "Act of Apostasy,"[274] and send a letter of apostasy to any religious organisation that they were previously involved with.[275] They also sign a contract permitting a mortician to cut a piece of bone from their forehead after death, which they understand as the "Third Eye." This specimen will be stored in ice at a Swiss facility until the Elohim return, at which time it may be used to clone the deceased individual.[276] This process is known as the "lifting of the frontal bone."[160] In addition, those joining are expected to bequeath their assets to the local Raëlian group,[59] although this is not obligatory.[160]

Some former Christian clergy have joined the Raëlians, sometimes being swiftly promoted to the level of Priest or Bishop due to the skills brought with them from their previous religious organisation.[277] In 2004, for example, Ron Boston, a former bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, joined the Raëlian Movement, stating that doing so would allow him to embrace his homosexuality.[278]

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• ^ Shanks, Pete, Human genetic engineering:a guide for activists, skeptics, and the very perplexed Nation Books, 2005. ISBN 1560256958.
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• ^ Tandy, Charles, Doctor Tandy's First Guide to Life Extension and Transhumanity Universal-Publishers.com, 2001. ISBN 1581126506.
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• ^ Raël, Intelligent Design. Nova Distribution, 2005. ISBN 978-2940252220
• ^ Raël, Geniocracy. The Raelian Foundation, 2004.
• ^ Raël, Maitreya. The Raelian Foundation, 2003.
• ^ Raël, Sensual Meditation. Tagman Press, 2002.
• ^ Raël, Yes to Human Cloning: Immortality Thanks to Science. Tagman Press, 2001. ISBN 1903571057, 1903571049.