Louis Farrakhan

Minister

Louis Farrakhan
Minister; Louis Farrakhan
	Farrakhan in November 2018
Born	Louis Eugene Walcott; May 11, 1933; New York City, U.S.
Education	English High School of Boston, Winston-Salem State University
Occupation	Leader of the Nation of Islam; Former calypso music singer
Predecessor	Warith Deen Mohammed
Spouse	Khadijah Farrakhan (m. 1953)
Children	9; including Mustapha and Donna[1]

Louis Farrakhan (/ˈfɑːrəkɑːn/; born Louis Eugene Walcott, May 11, 1933) is an American religious leader, black supremacist, anti-white conspiracy theorist, and former singer who heads the Nation of Islam (NOI). Prior to joining the NOI, he was a calypso singer who used the stage name Calypso Gene. Earlier in his career, he served as the minister of mosques in Boston and Harlem and was appointed National Representative of the Nation of Islam by former NOI leader Elijah Muhammad. He adopted the name Louis X, before being named Louis Farrakhan.

After Warith Deen Mohammed reorganized the original NOI into the orthodox Sunni Islamic group American Society of Muslims, Farrakhan began to rebuild the NOI as "Final Call". In 1981, he officially adopted the name "Nation of Islam", reviving the group and establishing its headquarters at Mosque Maryam. The Nation of Islam is an organization which the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) describes as a hate group.[2] Farrakhan’s antisemitic statements and views have been condemned by the SPLC, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL),[3][4] and other monitoring organizations.[5] According to the SPLC, the NOI promotes a "fundamentally anti-white theology"[6] amounting to an "innate black superiority over whites".[2] Farrakhan's views and remarks have also been called homophobic.[7] He has disputed these assertions.[8][9][10][11][12]

In October 1995, he organized and led the Million Man March in Washington, D.C. Due to health issues, he reduced his responsibilities with the NOI in 2007.[13] However, Farrakhan has continued to deliver sermons[14] and speak at NOI events.[4] In 2015, he led the 20th Anniversary of the Million Man March: Justice or Else.

Farrakhan was banned from Facebook in 2019 along with other public figures considered to be extremists.[15][16]

Early life and education

Farrakhan was born Louis Eugene Walcott on May 11, 1933, in The Bronx, New York City,[1] the younger of two sons of Sarah Mae Manning (1900–1988) and Percival Clark, immigrants from the Anglo-Caribbean islands. His mother was born in Saint Kitts, while his father was Jamaican. The couple separated before their second son was born, and Farrakhan says he never knew his biological father.[17]

In a 1996 interview with Henry Louis Gates Jr., he speculated that his father, "Gene", may have been Jewish.[18][19]

After his stepfather died in 1936, the Walcott family moved to Boston, where they settled in the largely African-American neighborhood of Roxbury.[17]

Walcott received his first violin at the age of five and by the time he was 12 years old, he had been on tour with the Boston College Orchestra.[17][20] A year later, he participated in national competitions and won them. In 1946, he was one of the first black performers to appear on the Ted Mack Original Amateur Hour,[20] where he also won an award. Walcott and his family were active members of the Episcopal St. Cyprian's Church in Roxbury.[17]

Walcott attended the Boston Latin School, and later the English High School, from which he graduated.[21] He completed three years at Winston-Salem Teachers College, where he had a track scholarship.[20]

Louis and Khadijah Farrakhan

In 1953, Walcott married Betsy Ross (later known as Khadijah Farrakhan) while he was in college.[22] Due to complications from his new wife's first pregnancy, Walcott dropped out after completing his junior year of college to devote time to his wife and their child. Farrakhan is the father of 9 children and grandfather of basketball player Mustapha Farrakhan Jr.[1][23]

Career and activities (1953–1995)

In the 1950s, Walcott began his professional music career as a singer billed as "The Charmer". At this point, earning $500 a week, Walcott was touring the northeastern and midwestern United States, sometimes also using the nickname "Calypso Gene".[24] In 1953–1954, preceding Harry Belafonte's success with his album Calypso (released in 1956), he recorded and released a dozen cheeky, funny tunes as "The Charmer" in a mixed mento/calypso style, including "Ugly Woman", "Stone Cold Man" and calypso standards like "Zombie Jamboree", "Hol 'Em Joe", "Mary Ann" and "Brown Skin Girl". Some were reissued: "Don’t Touch Me Nylon" has mild, explicit sexual lyrics as well as "Female Boxer", which contains some sexist overtones[25] and "Is She Is, Or Is She Ain't" (inspired by Christine Jorgensen's sex change operation).[26]

In February 1955, he was headlining a show in Chicago, Illinois, called Calypso Follies. There he first came in contact with the teachings of the Nation of Islam (NOI) through Rodney Smith, a friend and saxophonist from Boston. Walcott and his wife Betsy were invited to the Nation of Islam's annual Saviours' Day address by Elijah Muhammad. Prior to going to Saviours' Day, due to then-Minister Malcolm X's media presence, Walcott had never heard of Elijah Muhammad, and like many outside of the Nation of Islam, he thought that Malcolm X was the leader of the Nation of Islam.[27]

In 1955, Walcott fulfilled the requirements to be a registered Muslim/registered believer/registered laborer. He memorized and recited verbatim the 10 questions and answers of the NOI's Student Enrollment. He then wrote a Saviour's Letter that must be sent to the NOI's headquarters in Chicago. The Saviour's Letter must be copied verbatim, and have the identical handwriting of the Nation of Islam's founder, Wallace Fard Muhammad.[28]

After having the Saviour's Letter reviewed, and approved by the NOI's headquarters in Chicago in July 1955, Walcott received a letter of approval from the Nation of Islam acknowledging his official membership as a registered Muslim/registered believer/registered laborer in the NOI. As a result, he received his "X." The "X" was considered a placeholder, used to indicate that Nation of Islam members' original African family names had been lost. They acknowledged that European surnames were slave names, assigned by the slaveowners in order to mark their ownership. Members of the NOI used the "X" while they were waiting for their Islamic names, which some NOI members received later in their conversions.[28]

Hence, Louis Walcott became Louis X. Elijah Muhammad then replaced his "X" with the "holy name" Farrakhan, which is a corruption of the Arabic word فرقان furqan, which means "The Criterion". On a very different tone from his calypso songs, he recorded two tunes as Louis X, criticizing racism in A White Man's Heaven Is a Black Man's Hell, a record album which was issued on Boston's A Moslem Sings label in 1960.[29] The summer after Farrakhan's conversion, Elijah Muhammad stated that all musicians in the NOI had to choose between music and the Nation of Islam.[20]

After nine months of being a registered Muslim in the NOI and a member of Muhammad's Temple of Islam in Boston, where Malcolm X was the minister, Farrakhan became his assistant minister. Eventually he became the official minister after Elijah Muhammad transferred Malcolm X to Muhammad's Temple of Islam No. 7 on West 116th St. in Harlem, New York City. Louis X continued to be mentored by Malcolm X, until the latter's assassination in 1965.

The day that Malcolm X died in Harlem, Farrakhan happened to be in Newark, New Jersey on rotation, 45 minutes away from where Malcolm X was assassinated. After Malcolm X's death, Elijah Muhammad appointed Farrakhan to the two prominent positions that Malcolm held before being dismissed from the NOI. Farrakhan became the national spokesman/national representative of the NOI and was appointed minister of the influential Harlem Mosque (Temple), where he served until 1975.[30]

Farrakhan made numerous incendiary statements about Malcolm X, contributing to what was called a "climate of vilification."[31] Three men from a Newark, NOI mosque—Thomas Hagan, Muhammad Abdul Aziz (aka Norman 3X Butler) and Kahlil Islam (aka Thomas 15X Johnson)—were convicted of the killing and served prison sentences. Only Hagan ever admitted his role.[32]

Leadership of the Nation of Islam

Warith Deen Mohammed, the seventh son of Elijah and Clara Muhammad, was declared the new leader of the Nation of Islam at the annual Saviours' Day Convention in February 1975, a day after his father died. He made substantial changes in the organization in the late 1970s, taking most of its members into a closer relationship with orthodox Islam, and renaming the group "World Community of Islam in the West", and eventually renaming it the American Society of Muslims, to indicate the apparent changes which had occurred in the group. He rejected the deification of the Nation of Islam's founder Wallace D. Fard as Allah in person, the Mahdi of the Holy Qur'an and the messiah of the Bible, welcomed white worshipers who were once considered devils and enemies in the NOI as equal brothers, sisters, and friends. At the beginning of these changes, Chief Min. Warith Deen Mohammed gave some Euro-Americans X's, and he extended efforts at inter-religious cooperation and outreach to Christians[33] and Jews.[34] He changed his position and title from Chief Minister Wallace Muhammad to Imam Warith Huddin Mohammad, and finally changed them to Imam Warith Al-Deen Mohammed.

Farrakhan joined Mohammed's movement and followed Imam Warith Al-Deen Mohammed, and eventually became a Sunni Imam under him for 3+1⁄2 years from 1975 to 1978. Imam Mohammed gave Imam Farrakhan the name Abdul-Haleem. In 1978, Imam Farrakhan distanced himself from Mohammed's movement. In a 1990 interview with Emerge magazine, Farrakhan said that he had become disillusioned with Mohammed's movement and decided to "quietly walk away" from it rather than cause a schism among its members. In 1978, Farrakhan and a small number of supporters decided to rebuild what they considered the original Nation of Islam upon the foundations established by Wallace Fard Muhammad, and Elijah Muhammad. This decision was made without public announcement.

In 1979, Farrakhan's group founded a weekly newspaper entitled The Final Call, which was intended to be similar to the original Muhammad Speaks newspaper that Malcolm X claimed to have started,[35] Farrakhan had a weekly column in The Final Call. In 1981, Farrakhan and his supporters held their first Saviours' Day convention in Chicago, Illinois, and took back the name of the Nation of Islam. The event was similar to the earlier Nation's celebrations, last held in Chicago on February 26, 1975. At the convention's keynote address, Farrakhan announced his attempt to restore the Nation of Islam under Elijah Muhammad's teachings.[36]

On October 24, 1989, at a press conference at the J.W. Marriott Hotel in Washington, DC, Minister Farrakhan described a vision which he had on September 17, 1985 in Tepoztlán, Mexico. In this 'Vision-like' experience he was carried up to "a Wheel, or what you call an unidentified flying object", as in the Bible's Book of Ezekiel. During this experience, he heard the voice of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam.[37]

He said in the press conference that Elijah Muhammad "spoke in short cryptic sentences and as he spoke a scroll full of cursive writing rolled down in front of my eyes, but it was a projection of what was being written in my mind. As I attempted to read the cursive writing, which was in English, the scroll disappeared and the Honorable Elijah Muhammad began to speak to me." [Elijah Muhammad said], "President Reagan has met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff to plan a war. I want you to hold a press conference in Washington, D.C., and announce their plan and say to the world that you got the information from me, Elijah Muhammad, on the Wheel."[37]

During that same press conference Farrakhan stated that he believed his "experience" was proven: "In 1987, in The New York Times' Sunday magazine and on the front page of The Atlanta Constitution, the truth of my vision was verified, for the headlines of The Atlanta Constitution read, 'President Reagan Planned War Against Libya.'" Farrakhan added "In the article which followed, the exact words that the Honorable Elijah Muhammad spoke to me on the Wheel were found; that the President had met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and planned a war against Libya in the early part of September 1985."[37]

Qubilah Shabazz, the daughter of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz, was arrested on January 12, 1995 accused of conspiracy to assassinate Farrakhan in retaliation for the murder of her father, for which she believed he was responsible.[38][39][40] According to Stanford University historian Clayborne Carson, "[her family] resented Farrakhan and had good reason to because he was one of those in the Nation responsible for the climate of vilification that resulted in Malcolm X's assassination".[31] Some critics later alleged that the FBI had used paid informant Michael Fitzpatrick to frame Shabazz, who was four years old when her father was killed.[41] Nearly four months later, on May 1, Shabazz accepted a plea agreement under which she maintained her innocence but accepted responsibility for her actions.[42]

Farrakhan in 1997

Million Man March

That year in October, Farrakhan convened a broad coalition of what he and his supporters claimed was one million men in Washington, D.C., for the Million Man March. The count however fell far below the hoped-for numbers. The National Park Service estimated that approximately 440,000 were in attendance.[43] Farrakhan threatened to sue the National Park Service because of the low estimate from the Park Police.[44]

Farrakhan and other speakers called for black men to renew their commitments to their families and communities. In Farrakhan's 21⁄2 hours he quoted from spirituals as well as the Old and New Testaments and termed himself a prophet sent by God to show America its evil.[45] The event was organized by many civil rights and religious organizations and drew men and their sons from across the United States of America. Many other distinguished African Americans addressed the throng, including: Maya Angelou; Rosa Parks; Martin Luther King III, Cornel West, Jesse Jackson and Benjamin Chavis. In 2005, together with other prominent African Americans such as the New Black Panther Party leader Malik Zulu Shabazz, the activist Al Sharpton, Addis Daniel and others, Farrakhan marked the 10th anniversary of the Million Man March by holding a second gathering, the Millions More Movement, October 14–17 in Washington D.C.[46]

Views

Racism and black nationalism

The Anti-Defamation League classifies Farrakhan as a racist[47] and the Southern Poverty Law Center considers the Nation of Islam (NOI) as a hate group and a black nationalist organization.[2] According to the SPLC, the NOI's theology claims black superiority over whites.[2] According to the NOI, whites were created 6,600 years ago as a "race of devils" by an evil scientist named Yakub,[6] a story which originated with the founder of the NOI, Wallace D. Fard.[2]

The split in the NOI into two factions after Eljiah Muhammad died in 1975, was caused in part because new leader Warith Mohammed wished to reject the Yakub myth, while national spokesman Farrakhan wanted to reaffirm it.[48] At an event in Milwaukee in August 2015, Farrakhan said: "White people deserve to die, and they know, so they think it’s us coming to do it".[49]

Antisemitism

Both the Anti-Defamation League and Southern Poverty Law Center classify Farrakhan as an antisemite. Farrakhan has accused Jews of controlling the media, government, and global economy, along with being behind the Atlantic slave trade, Jim Crow laws, and black oppression in general. He regularly calls Jews "Satanic" and has repeatedly praised Adolf Hitler as a “very great man.”[50][51][52]

The Simon Wiesenthal Center included some of Farrakhan's comments on its list of the Top 10 antisemitic slurs in 2012.[53]

"Gutter religion" remarks

In June 1984, after returning from a visit to Libya, Farrakhan delivered a sermon that was recorded by a Chicago Sun-Times reporter. A transcript from part of the sermon was published in The New York Times:

Toward the end of that portion of his speech that was recorded, Mr. Farrakhan said: "Now that nation called Israel never has had any peace in 40 years and she will never have any peace because there can be no peace structured on injustice, thievery, lying and deceit and using the name of God to shield your dirty religion under His holy and righteous name.[54]

Farrakhan has repeatedly denied referring to Judaism as a "gutter religion" by explaining that he was instead referring to what he believed was the Israeli Government's use of Judaism as a political tool. In a June 18, 1997, letter to a former Wall Street Journal editor Jude Wanniski he stated:

Countless times over the years I have explained that I never referred to Judaism as a gutter religion, but, clearly referred to the machinations of those who hide behind the shield of Judaism while using unjust political means to achieve their objectives. This was distilled in the New York tabloids and other media saying, 'Farrakhan calls Judaism a gutter religion.'

As a Muslim, I revere Abraham, Moses, and all the Prophets whom Allah (God) sent to the children of Israel. I believe in the scriptures brought by these Prophets and the Laws of Allah (God) as expressed in the Torah. I would never refer to the Revealed Word of Allah (God)—the basis of Jewish Faith—as 'dirty' or 'gutter.' You know, Jude, as well as I, that the Revealed Word of Allah (God) comes as a Message from Allah (God) to purify us from our evil that has divided us and caused us to fall into the gutter.
Over the centuries, the evils of Christians, Jews and Muslims have dirtied their respective religions. True Faith in the laws and Teaching of Abraham, Jesus and Muhammad is not dirty, but, practices in the name of these religions can be unclean and can cause people to look upon the misrepresented religion as being unclean.[55]

Adolf Hitler and the Holocaust

In response to Farrakhan's speech, Nathan Pearlmutter, then Chair of the Anti-Defamation League, referred to Farrakhan as the new "Black Hitler" and Village Voice journalist Nat Hentoff also characterized the NOI leader as a "Black Hitler" while he was a guest on a New York radio talk-show.

In response, Farrakhan announced during a March 11, 1984, speech which was broadcast on a Chicago radio station:

So I said to the members of the press, 'Why won't you go and look into what we are saying about the threats on Reverend Jackson's life?' Here the Jews don't like Farrakhan and so they call me 'Hitler'. Well that's a good name. Hitler was a very great man. He wasn't great for me as a Black man but he was a great German and he rose Germany up from the ashes of her defeat by the united force of all of Europe and America after the First World War. Yet Hitler took Germany from the ashes and rose her up and made her the greatest fighting machine of the twentieth century, brothers and sisters, and even though Europe and America had deciphered the code that Hitler was using to speak to his chiefs of staff, they still had trouble defeating Hitler even after knowing his plans in advance. Now I'm not proud of Hitler's evil toward Jewish people, but that's a matter of record. He rose Germany up from nothing. Well, in a sense you could say there is a similarity in that we are rising our people up from nothing, but don't compare me with your wicked killers.[55][56]

At a later meeting of the Nation of Islam at Madison Square Garden in 1985, Farrakhan said of the Jews: "And don't you forget, when it's God who puts you in the ovens, it's forever!"[57] He has also claimed that German Jews financed the Holocaust in a speech at the Mosque Maryam, Chicago in March 1995: "German Jews financed Hitler right here in America...International bankers financed Hitler and poor Jews died while big Jews were at the root of what you call the Holocaust".[4] Almost three years later at a Saviors' Day gathering in the same city, he said: "The Jews have been so bad at politics they lost half their population in the Holocaust. They thought they could trust in Hitler, and they helped him get the Third Reich on the road."[4]

Incidents and comments since 2002

On March 23, 2002, Farrakhan visited Kahal Kadosh Shaare Shalom in Kingston, Jamaica, which was his first visit to a synagogue,[58] in an attempt to repair his relationship with the Jewish community.[10] Farrakhan was accepted to speak at Shaare Shalom in the native country of his father, after being rejected to appear at American synagogues, many of whom had fear of sending the wrong signals to the Jewish community.[58][10]

Farrakhan in Iran, 2018

Farrakhan made antisemitic comments during his May 16–17, 2013 visit to Detroit in which he accused President Obama of having “surrounded himself with Satan…members of the Jewish community". Jews, according to Farrakhan, "have mastered the civilization now, but they’ve mastered it in evil".[59] In a weekly lecture series titled "The Time and What Must Be Done", which began during January 2013, he prophesied the downfall of the United States soon and said the country faced divine punishment if his warnings were rejected.[60]

In March 2015, Farrakhan accused "Israelis and Zionist Jews" of being involved in the September 11 attacks.[61] (In 2012 and 2017 speeches, he said the American government were behind 9/11.)[62][63] In his Saviours' Day speech in February 2018, Farrakhan described "the powerful Jews" as his enemy and approvingly cited President Richard Nixon and the Reverend Billy Graham's derogatory comments about Jews "grip on the media", and claimed they are responsible for "all of this filth and degenerate behavior that Hollywood is putting out turning men into women and women into men".[64][65]

A three-hour speech by Farrakhan on July 4, 2020 was carried by Revolt TV's YouTube channel,[66] He claimed Jonathan Greenblatt, the head of the anti-bigotry nonprofit Anti-Defamation League, is Satan, and described Alan Dershowitz as "a skillful deceiver" and "Satan masquerading as a lawyer".[67] Greenblatt responded in a tweet: "This is routine for Farrakhan—give him a platform, he never fails to espouse hatred."[66] Farrakhan made the factually inaccurate claim that Jews are required by their religion to poison prophets and claimed Jews had "broken their covenant relationship with God" and were the "enemy of God".[68] However, in his speech, Farrakhan also said: “If you really think I hate the Jewish people, you don’t know me at all,” adding “[I’ve never] uttered the words of death to the Jewish people.”[11] As of July 15, 2020, Farrakhan's speech had been viewed more than 1.2 million times on YouTube.[68]

Activities and statements since 2005

Hurricane Katrina

In comments in 2005, Farrakhan stated that there was a 25-foot (7.6 m) hole under one of the key levees that failed in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. He implied that the levee's destruction was a deliberate attempt to wipe out the population of the largely black sections within the city. Farrakhan later said that New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin told him of the crater during a meeting in Dallas, Texas.[69]

Farrakhan further claimed that the fact the levee broke the day after Hurricane Katrina is proof that the destruction of the levee was not a natural occurrence. Farrakhan has raised additional questions and has called for federal investigations into the source of the levee break.[70][71] He also asserted that the hurricane was "God's way of punishing America for its warmongering and racism".[72]

Experts including the Independent Levee Investigation Team (ILIT) from the University of California, Berkeley have countered his accusations. The report from the ILIT said "The findings of this panel are that the over-topping of the levees by flood waters, the often sub-standard materials used to shore up the levees, and the age of the levees contributed to these scour holes found at many of the sites of levee breaks after the hurricane."[73]

Relations with Barack Obama

In 2008, Farrakhan publicly criticized the United States and supported then-Senator Barack Obama who was campaigning at the time to become the president of the United States of America.[74][75] Farrakhan and Obama had met at least once before that time.[76][77]

The Obama campaign quickly responded to convey his distance from the minister. "Senator Obama has been clear in his objections to Farrakhan's past pronouncements and has not solicited the minister's support," said Obama spokesman Bill Burton.[74] Obama "rejected and denounced" Farrakhan's support during an NBC presidential candidate debate.

Following the 2008 presidential election, Farrakhan explained, during a BET television interview, that he was "careful" never to endorse Obama during his campaign. "I talked about him—but, in very beautiful and glowing terms, stopping short of endorsing him. And unfortunately, or fortunately, however we look at it, the media said I 'endorsed' him, so he renounced my so-called endorsement and support. But that didn't stop me from supporting him."[78]

On May 28, 2011, Farrakhan, speaking at the American Clergy Leadership Conference, lambasted Obama over the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the intervention in Libya, calling him an "assassin" and a "murderer." "We voted for our brother Barack, a beautiful human being with a sweet heart," Farrakhan said, in a video that was widely shared on the Internet. "But he has turned into someone else," Farrakhan told the crowd. "Now he's an assassin."[79]

Dianetics

A connection between the Church of Scientology and the Nation of Islam is reported to date from the late 1990s when Farrakhan was introduced to its teachings by the musician Isaac Hayes, who was the Church of Scientology's International spokesman for its World Literacy Crusade.[80]

On May 8, 2010, Farrakhan publicly announced his embrace of Dianetics and has actively encouraged Nation of Islam members to undergo auditing from the Church.[81] Although he has stressed that he is not a Scientologist, but only a believer in Dianetics and the theories related to it, the Church honored Farrakhan previously during its 2006 Ebony Awakening awards ceremony (which he did not attend).[81][82] Farrakhan has also urged European Americans to join the Church of Scientology, stating in his 2011 Saviour's Day speech, "All white people should flock to [Scientology founder] L. Ron Hubbard." Reportedly, according to the SPLC, Hubbard was a racist who supported the apartheid regime in South Africa.[6][80]

Since the announcement in 2010, the Nation of Islam has been hosting its own Dianetic courses and its own graduation ceremonies. At the third such ceremony, which was held on Saviours Day 2013, it was announced that nearly 8,500 members of the organisation had undergone Dianetic auditing. The Organisation announced it had graduated 1,055 auditors and had delivered 82,424 hours of auditing. The graduation ceremony was certified by the Church of Scientology, and the Nation of Islam members received official certification. The ceremony was attended by Shane Woodruff, vice-president of the Church of Scientology's Celebrity Centre International. He stated that "The unfolding story of the Nation of Islam and Dianetics is bold, it is determined and it is absolutely committed to restoring freedom and wiping hell from the face of this planet."[83]

Praise for Donald Trump

During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, Farrakhan praised Republican candidate Donald Trump as the only candidate "who has stood in front of the Jewish community and said 'I don’t want your money.'" While he declined to endorse Trump outright, he said of Trump "I like what I'm looking at."[84] In 2018, Farrakhan again praised Trump for "destroying every enemy that was an enemy of our rise". He included the Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in this group.[85]

Conservative pundits Candace Owens and Glenn Beck both took note of Farrakhan's position, with Owens saying, while she did not "endorse Farrakhan’s views," it remained a "really big deal" that Farrakhan had "aligned himself with Trump's administration" and Beck declaring that "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" and urged "reconciliation" between conservatives and Farrakhan.[86][87]

Controversies

Farrakhan's police escort in Memphis, Tennessee, 2015

Farrakhan has been the center of much controversy with critics saying that his political views and comments are antisemitic or racist.[88] Farrakhan has categorically denied these charges[89] and stated that much of America's perception of him has been shaped by the media.[90][91]

Malcolm X's death

Many, including Malcolm X's family, have accused Farrakhan of being involved in the plot to assassinate Malcolm X.[92][93][94][95] For many years, Betty Shabazz, the widow of Malcolm X, harbored resentment toward the Nation of Islam—and Farrakhan in particular—for what she felt was their role in the assassination of her husband.[96] In a 1993 speech, Farrakhan seemed to confirm that the Nation of Islam was responsible for the assassination:

We don't give a damn about no white man law if you attack what we love. And frankly, it ain't none of your business. What do you got to say about it? Did you teach Malcolm? Did you make Malcolm? Did you clean up Malcolm? Did you put Malcolm out before the world? Was Malcolm your traitor or ours? And if we dealt with him like a nation deals with a traitor, what the hell business is it of yours? You just shut your mouth, and stay out of it. Because in the future, we gonna become a nation. And a nation gotta be able to deal with traitors and cutthroats and turncoats. The white man deals with his. The Jews deal with theirs.[97][98][99]

During a 1994 interview, Gabe Pressman asked Shabazz whether Farrakhan "had anything to do" with Malcolm X's death. She replied: "Of course, yes. Nobody kept it a secret. It was a badge of honor. Everybody talked about it, yes."[100]

In a 60 Minutes interview that aired during May 2000, Farrakhan stated that some of the things he said may have led to the assassination of Malcolm X. "I may have been complicit in words that I spoke", he said. "I acknowledge that and regret that any word that I have said caused the loss of life of a human being."[101] A few days later Farrakhan denied that he "ordered the assassination" of Malcolm X, although he again acknowledged that he "created the atmosphere that ultimately led to Malcolm X's assassination."[102]

Allegations of sexism

Farrakhan received sexual discrimination complaints filed with a New York state agency when he banned women from attending a speech he gave in a city-owned theater in 1993.[103] The next year he gave a speech only women could attend.[103] In his speech for women, as The New York Times reported,

Mr. Farrakhan urged the women to embrace his formula for a successful family. He encouraged them to put husbands and children ahead of their careers, shun tight, short skirts, stay off welfare and reject abortion. He also stressed the importance of cooking and cleaning and urged women not to abandon homemaking for careers. 'You're just not going to be happy unless there is happiness in the home,' Mr. Farrakhan said at the Mason Cathedral Church of God in Christ in the Dorchester section, not far from the Roxbury neighborhood where he was raised by a single mother. 'Your professional lives can't satisfy your soul like a good, loving man.'[103]

Muammar Gaddafi

In 1985, Farrakhan obtained working capital in the amount of $5 million, in the form of an interest-free loan from Libya's Islamic Call Society to be repaid within 18 months which was to be used to create a toiletries firm with black employees.[104] Libyan President Muammar Gaddafi had also offered Farrahkan guns to begin a black nation. Farrakhan said that he told Gaddafi that he preferred an economic investment in black America.[105]

In January 1996, when Farrakhan visited Libya, Gaddafi pledged giving him a gift of $1 billion and a personal award of $250,000. As economic activity between the two countries had been restricted by the US government since 1986 following allegations of Libya's connection to terrorism, the financial transfer was blocked. It was unclear if Gaddafi would have been in a position to finance the money transfer.[106][107]

At the time of the wider uprisings in the Arab world and the Tsunami in Japan in a Chicago press conference on March 31, 2011, Farrakhan said President Obama's action in supporting the rebels in Libya were going to advance the arrival of UFOs, or divine spaceships, as punishments for black sufferings. Depicting Obama as engulfed by the people surrounding him, he said: "The stupid mistake that we make is to think that the president is the supreme power. Never was. Money is the power in America. … All of you know what I’m talking about, Zionist control of the government of the United States of America."[108] When Gaddafi was killed in October 2011, Farrakhan blamed Obama's advisors whom he called "wicked demons".[109]

Social media

Farrakhan lost his verified status on his Twitter posts in June 2018, denying him full verification, after asserting the Harvey Weinstein scandal was about "Jewish power".[110] A contributor to the Tablet website, Yair Rosenberg, objected to a potential suspension as "erasing hate from social media doesn’t make it go away, it just makes it easier to ignore" making them more difficult to dismiss as "inconsequential".[111] The following October, Twitter said that it would not suspend Farrakhan's account after a tweet he posted compared Jews to termites as he had not broken the site's rules.[112] After a Twitter rule change on hateful conduct in July 2019, the tweet ("I’m not an anti-Semite. I’m anti-Termite") was removed.[113]

At the beginning of May 2019, Farrakhan was banned from Facebook, along with other prominent individuals considered by the company to be extremists, with antisemitism believed to be the reason for Farrakhan's removal.[15][16]

During a speech at Saint Sabina Catholic Church in Chicago a week later, Farrakhan stated he had "never been arrested" for "drunken driving" and asked: "What have I done that you would hate me like that?" The Nation of Islam said his speech was Farrakhan's response to the "public outrage over the unprecedented and unwarranted lifetime ban" from Facebook. He insisted he was neither a misogynist nor a homophobe and that: "I do not hate Jewish people".[9][114] Archbishop of Chicago Cardinal Blase J. Cupich condemned the decision of the church in allowing Farrakhan to speak there.[115]

Other issues

Farrakhan's home in Kenwood, Chicago

Brief return to music

When Farrakhan first joined the NOI, he was asked by Elijah Muhammad to put aside his musical career as a calypso singer.[116] After 42 years, Farrakhan decided to take up the violin once more primarily due to the urging of prominent classical musician Sylvia Olden Lee.[117]

On April 17, 1993, Farrakhan made his return concert debut with performances of the Violin Concerto in E Minor by Felix Mendelssohn. Farrakhan intimated that his performance of a concerto by a Jewish composer was, in part, an effort to heal a rift between him and the Jewish community. (Mendelssohn's family converted to Christianity).[20] The New York Times music critic Bernard Holland reported that Farrakhan's performance was somewhat flawed due to years of neglect, but "nonetheless Mr. Farrakhan's sound is that of the authentic player. It is wide, deep and full of the energy that makes the violin gleam."[20]

Health

Farrakhan announced that he was seriously ill in a letter on September 11, 2006, that was directed to his staff, Nation of Islam members, and supporters. The letter, published in The Final Call newspaper, said that doctors in Cuba had discovered a peptic ulcer. According to the letter subsequent infections caused Farrakhan to lose 35 pounds (16 kg), and he urged the Nation of Islam leadership to carry on while he recovered.[118]

Farrakhan was released from his five-week hospital stay on January 28, 2007, after major abdominal surgery. The operation was performed to correct damage caused by side effects of a radioactive "seed" implantation procedure that he received years earlier to successfully treat prostate cancer.[119]

Following his hospital stay, Farrakhan released a "Message of Appreciation" to supporters and well-wishers[120] and weeks later delivered the keynote address at the Nation of Islam's annual convention in Detroit.[121]

In December 2013, Farrakhan announced that he had not appeared publicly for two months because he had suffered a heart attack in October.[122]

Succession

It is unknown who will lead the Nation of Islam after Farrakhan's death. Ishmael Muhammad has been speculated to be a potential successor.[123][124] Social media personality "Brother Ben X" has informally positioned himself as an heir to Farrakhan. Before 1993, Khallid Muhammad was "the most likely heir apparent".[125]

Awards

2005, a Black Entertainment Television (BET) poll voted Farrakhan the 'Person of the Year'.[126]

References

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-Farrakhan, Louis (December 2001). "Letter of warning to President George Bush: December 1, 2001". The Nation of Islam. Retrieved November 16, 2014. the propaganda that makes me appear to many as anti-White, anti-Christian, anti-Semitic, and anti-Gay. None of these names accurately describe who I am.
Burke, Daniel (May 10, 2019). "A Catholic church hosted Louis Farrakhan for an anti-Facebook speech. At least one Jewish group was not happy about it". CNN. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Farrakhan denied being misogynistic and homophobic. He said, 'The white people who think I'm a hater,' don't know him. 'No one that is with me has ever committed a crime against the Jewish people, black people, white people, no matter what your color is'.
Farrakhan, Louis (March 26, 2002). "Louis Farrakhan's first visit to a Jewish Synagogue... 'It took courage to bring me here". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on October 16, 2010. I am called and [sic] anti-Semite, I am called a hater, but if you look at those who follow me, you do not have one record of one of my followers doing one thing against a member of the Jewish faith, a member of the white community, or the black community, so if I am such a hater, why don't my followers demonstrated that hate, we have never picketed one Jewish establishment, because we have always related well to the Jewish people.
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Farrakhan's Is She Is, Or Is She Ain't and Don’t Touch Me Nylon calypso tunes (as The Charmer) were reissued here: "L'edteur de référence du patrimoine musical et de la Librairie Sonore: Caribbean (Music) in Americas 1915–1962". Notre Mémoire Collectiv Fremeaux (in French). Retrieved July 18, 2020.
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External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[Louis_Farrakhan_Fast_Facts-1] "Louis Farrakhan Fast Facts". CNN. May 22, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.

[SPLCNOI-2] "Nation of Islam". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.

[:0-3] "Louis Farrakhan". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

"The Nation of Islam "Louis Farrakhan: America's Leading Anti-Semite"". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

Kass, John. "Louis Farrakhan's anti-Semitism and the silence of the left". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

Stern, Marlow (June 17, 2020). "Hollywood Celebs Are Praising an Anti-Semitic Hatemonger". The Daily Beast. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

"Fox Soul Announces It Will Not Broadcast Louis Farrakhan July 4 Address". Jewish Journal. June 29, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

"Revisiting Louis Farrakhan's Influence Amid Celebrities' Anti-Semitic Comments". NPR.org. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

Burke, Daniel (May 9, 2019). "A Catholic church hosted Louis Farrakhan for an anti-Facebook speech. At least one Jewish group was not happy about it". CNN. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

"Republican Jewish Coalition calls for resignation of 7 Democrats over 'ties' to Farrakhan". ABC News. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

Cohen, Richard. "Opinion | Why does the left still associate with Louis Farrakhan?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[4] "Louis Farrakhan". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[5] "The Nation of Islam "Louis Farrakhan: America's Leading Anti-Semite"". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[6] Kass, John. "Louis Farrakhan's anti-Semitism and the silence of the left". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[7] Stern, Marlow (June 17, 2020). "Hollywood Celebs Are Praising an Anti-Semitic Hatemonger". The Daily Beast. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[8] "Fox Soul Announces It Will Not Broadcast Louis Farrakhan July 4 Address". Jewish Journal. June 29, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[9] "Revisiting Louis Farrakhan's Influence Amid Celebrities' Anti-Semitic Comments". NPR.org. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[10] Burke, Daniel (May 9, 2019). "A Catholic church hosted Louis Farrakhan for an anti-Facebook speech. At least one Jewish group was not happy about it". CNN. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[11] "Republican Jewish Coalition calls for resignation of 7 Democrats over 'ties' to Farrakhan". ABC News. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[12] Cohen, Richard. "Opinion | Why does the left still associate with Louis Farrakhan?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[ADL20150320-4] "Farrakhan In His Own Words" (PDF). The Anti-Defamation League. March 20, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2020.

[5] Stockman, Farah (December 23, 2018). "Women's March Roiled by Accusations of Anti-Semitism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 29, 2020.

[SPLCFarrakhan-6] "Louis Farrakhan". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.

[7] Gray, Briahna Joy (March 13, 2018). "On the Dangers of Following Louis Farrakhan". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 1, 2018.

[8] -Farrakhan, Louis (December 2001). "Letter of warning to President George Bush: December 1, 2001". The Nation of Islam. Retrieved November 16, 2014. the propaganda that makes me appear to many as anti-White, anti-Christian, anti-Semitic, and anti-Gay. None of these names accurately describe who I am.

[CNN20190510-9] Burke, Daniel (May 10, 2019). "A Catholic church hosted Louis Farrakhan for an anti-Facebook speech. At least one Jewish group was not happy about it". CNN. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Farrakhan denied being misogynistic and homophobic. He said, 'The white people who think I'm a hater,' don't know him. 'No one that is with me has ever committed a crime against the Jewish people, black people, white people, no matter what your color is'.

[first_visit-10] Farrakhan, Louis (March 26, 2002). "Louis Farrakhan's first visit to a Jewish Synagogue... 'It took courage to bring me here". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on October 16, 2010. I am called and [sic] anti-Semite, I am called a hater, but if you look at those who follow me, you do not have one record of one of my followers doing one thing against a member of the Jewish faith, a member of the white community, or the black community, so if I am such a hater, why don't my followers demonstrated that hate, we have never picketed one Jewish establishment, because we have always related well to the Jewish people.

[TJP20200706-11] Oster, Marcy (July 6, 2020). "Louis Farrakhan rebuts charges of antisemitism in July 4th speech". The Jerusalem Post. JTA. Retrieved July 18, 2020. They tell lies to make you think I am a bigot or antisemite, so that you won’t listen to what I’m saying. So far they’ve been pretty successful.

[WBUR2017-12] Young, Robin; Abdullah, Zain (May 3, 2017). "Why Is The Nation Of Islam Classified As A Hate Group?". WBUR. Retrieved September 10, 2020.

[13] MacFarquhar, Neil (February 26, 2007). "Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2014.

[14] "Louis Farrakhan's 52 Weeks Of Hate". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.

[Atlantic20190502-15] Lorenz, Taylor (May 2, 2019). "Instagram and Facebook Ban Far-Right Extremists". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 2, 2019.

[ChicST20190519-16] Charles, Sam (May 2, 2019). "Louis Farrakhan banned from Facebook over policies on violence, hate". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 10, 2020. Facebook has banned the longtime leader of the Chicago-based Nation of Islam as part of the tech giant’s efforts to rid its websites of hate speech and “dangerous” people and organizations.(subscription required)

[matt-17] Gardell, Mattias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0822318453.

[JWeekly-18] "Farrakhan claims his father may have been a Jew". The Jewish News of Northern California. April 26, 1996. Retrieved March 4, 2018.

[19] Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (April 29, 1996). "The Charmer". The New Yorker. pp. 116–121. Retrieved March 10, 2018.

[Holland-20] Holland, Bernard (April 19, 1993). "Sending a Message, Louis Farrakhan Plays Mendelssohn". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2019. Mr. Farrakhan acknowledged the symbolism in his playing of music by a European Jew. … Speaking in a quiet but insistent voice, he said he would "try to do with music what cannot be done with words and try to undo with music what words have done."

[Judis-21] Judis, John B. (August 18, 1996). "Maximum Leader". The New York Times. Retrieved July 9, 2020.

[22] Waldron, Clarence (March 5, 2007). "Minister Louis Farrakhan Talks About Miraculous Recovery". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company.

[23] Bergeron, Elena (November 6, 2006). "Mustapha Farrakhan Jr. struggles to balance his name with his game". ESPN. Retrieved March 23, 2021.

[24] Lei, Richard (October 14, 1995). "Louis Farrakhan, Calypso Charmer". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 12, 2019. Recordings of Farrakhan's pre-Nation of Islam work are exceedingly rare, if they exist at all.

[25] Farrakhan's Female Boxer calypso tune as The Charmer was reissued here: https://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=1304&Itemid=13

[26] Farrakhan's Is She Is, Or Is She Ain't and Don’t Touch Me Nylon calypso tunes (as The Charmer) were reissued here: "L'edteur de référence du patrimoine musical et de la Librairie Sonore: Caribbean (Music) in Americas 1915–1962". Notre Mémoire Collectiv Fremeaux (in French). Retrieved July 18, 2020.

[27] Gardell, Mattias (1996). "The Resurrection of the Nation of Islam". In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 119–143. doi:10.1215/9780822382430-007. ISBN 978-0-8223-1852-1.

[Lincoln-28] Lincoln, C. Eric (1994). The Black Muslims in America. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-0703-8.

[29] Farrakhan's A White Man's Heaven Is a Black Man's Hell activist song as Louis X was reissued here.

[30] "Louis Farrakhan | Biography, Nation of Islam, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved May 24, 2022.

[Stanford-31] "Farrakhan helped build climate for Malcolm X's death", Stanford University News Service, January 17, 1995, accessed December 3, 2010

[32] Newman, Andy (March 19, 2010). "Killer of Malcolm X Is Granted Parole". The New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2013.

[33] Terry, Don. "W. Deen Mohammed: A leap of faith". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved December 16, 2018.

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[50] ‘’https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/17/us/farrakhan-again-describes-hitler-as-a-very-great-man.html Farrakhan Again Describes Hitler as a 'Very Great Man

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[52] ‘’https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan Southern Poverty Law Center, Louis Farrakhan

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[54] Shipp, E. R. (June 29, 1984). "Tape Contradicts Disavowal of 'Gutter Religion' Attack". The New York Times. pp. A12. Retrieved July 18, 2020.

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[57] Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great. London: Atlantic Books. p. 219. ISBN 9781843545743.

[FC_new_beginning-58] Muhammad, Richard. "A new beginning in Jamaica", The Final Call, April 2, 2002.

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[63] Boorstein, Michelle (November 16, 2017). "Saying God picked Trump, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan portrays him as both truth-talking hero and racist villain". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 10, 2020.

[64] Greenwood, Max (February 28, 2018). "Tapper rips Farrakhan after anti-Semitic speech". The Hill. Retrieved December 11, 2019.

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[JJ20200706-66] Bandler, Aaron (July 6, 2020). "Farrakhan Calls ADL CEO 'Satan' in July 4 Address". Jewish Journal. Retrieved July 9, 2020.

[67] Kerstein, Benjamin (July 8, 2020). "Public Campaign Launched to Remove Three-Hour Antisemitic Speech by Louis Farrakhan From YouTube". The Algemeiner. Retrieved July 9, 2020.

[ADL20200704-68] "Farrakhan Remains Most Popular Antisemite in America". Anti-Defamation League. July 15, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.

[69] Finalcall.com Archived April 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

[70] Blackamericaweb Archived October 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

[71] "Politics Mondays: The Intentional Destruction of Levees in New Orleans – A Conspiracy Theory? Not in the Light of History". Blackelectorate.com. Retrieved November 16, 2014.

[CHHW-72] Michael Eric Dyson, Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster (2006), pp. 178–202. ISBN 0-465-01761-4.

[73] Independent Levee Investigation Team at UC Berkeley (July 31, 2006). "Independent Levee Investigation Team Final Report – Chapter 7: The New Orleans East Protected Area" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. pp. 1–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2006.

[RamirezDorning-74] Margaret Ramirez and Mike Dorning, "Farrakhan sings Obama's praises; Senator has criticized him, says support not sought", Chicago Tribune, February 25, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2016.

[Finalcall.com-75] Muhammad, Askia (March 5, 2008). "Farrakhan addresses world at Saviours' Day 2008". The Final Call. Retrieved December 14, 2016.

[76] Cunningham, Vinson (January 28, 2018). "The Politics of Race and the Photo That Might Have Derailed Obama". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 3, 2018.

[77] Edney, Hazel Trice (January 20, 2018). "Photo of Sen. Barack Obama with Farrakhan Surfaces". NorthStar News Today. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

[78] "BET Interview with Minister Louis Farrakhan". Finalcallmedia.com. February 6, 2009. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014.

[79] "Louis Farrakhan: Obama Is A 'Murderer,' An 'Assassin'". The Huffington Post. June 21, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2020.

[SPLC20110707-80] Nelson, Leah (June 7, 2011). "Black Supremacist Nation of Islam Pushes White-Dominated Scientology". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved February 11, 2021. Astoundingly, L. Ron Hubbard, the late Scientology founder for whom Farrakhan has nothing but praise, reportedly was a notorious racist who supported South African apartheid and described black Africans as barbarous, savage and primitive.

[Scientology-81] Gray, Eliza (October 5, 2012). "The Mothership of All Alliances". The New Republic. Retrieved November 19, 2012.

[82] Rossetter, Shelley; Tobin, Thomas C. (October 18, 2012). "Louis Farrakhan renews call for self-determination among Nation of Islam followers". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.

[83] Mohammed, Asahed (February 28, 2013). "Nation of Islam Auditors graduation held for third Saviours' Day in a row". Final Call. Retrieved April 22, 2012.

[84] McCaskill, Nolan (March 1, 2016). "Louis Farrakhan praises Donald Trump". Politico. Retrieved May 2, 2019.

[85] "Farrakhan Praises Trump for Destroying His Enemies – the FBI and Justice Department". Haaretz. May 28, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2020.

[86] McLaughlin, Aidan (May 28, 2018). "Glenn Beck and Candace Owens Celebrate Louis Farrakhan's Praise of Trump". Mediaite. Retrieved May 2, 2019.

[87] Obeidallah, Dean (May 30, 2018). "Yes, You Read It Right: The Right Welcomed Louis Farrakhan's Support of Donald Trump". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 1, 2020.

[88] Bierbauer, Charles (October 17, 1995). "Million Man March: Its goal more widely accepted than its leader". CNN. Archived from the original on February 21, 1999. Retrieved July 19, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[89] Nation of Islam condemns politically-motivated charges of racism "Farrakhan and the Jewish Rift; A Historic Reference". Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007., Nation of Islam Statements, October 7, 2000

[90] Who is Farrakhan? , Interview with The Arizona Republic, March 25, 1996

[Gardell-91] Gardell, Mattias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Mohammed: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1845-3.

[92] Rickford, Russell J. (2003). Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. pp. 437, 492–495. ISBN 978-1-4022-0171-4.

[93] Evanzz, Karl (1992). The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 298–299. ISBN 978-1-56025-049-4.

[94] Kondo, Zak A. (1993). Conspiracys: Unravelling the Assassination of Malcolm X. Washington, D.C.: Nubia Press. pp. 182–183, 193–194. OCLC 28837295.

[95] Marable, Manning (2011). Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-670-02220-5.

[96] Rickford, pp. 436–439, 492–495.

[97] Rickford, p. 492.

[98] Wartofsky, Alona (February 17, 1995). "Brother Minister: The Martyrdom of Malcolm X". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 1, 2008.

[99] "Farrakhan on Malcolm X's Assassination, 1993". YouTube.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2011.

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