Sakai

Osaka Prefecture

• Osaka
• Matsubara
• Habikino
• Ōsakasayama
• Kawachinagano
• Izumi
• Takaishi

Sakai has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Sakai is 16.5 °C (61.7 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,232.9 mm (48.54 in) with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 28.6 °C (83.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.6 °C (42.1 °F).[3]

According to Japanese census data,[5] the population of Sakai increased rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s, and has been relatively stable since.

The area that would later become known as Sakai has been inhabited since approximately 8,000 BC.[6] Sakai is known for its keyhole-shaped burial mounds, or kofun, which date from the 5th century. The largest of these, Daisen Kofun, is believed to be the grave of the Emperor Nintoku and is the largest grave in the world by area. During the Kofun period between 300 and 500 AD, the Mozu Tumulus Cluster was built from over one hundred burial mounds.[6] The name "Sakai" appears in Fujiwara Sadoyori's poetry by 1045.[7] Most of the current city is located within ancient Izumi Province; however, the wards of Mihara, Higashi and a portion of Kita are located within ancient Kawachi Province.

Tradition holds that 10,000 homes burned to the ground in 1399.[7]

• 
  Daisen Kofun
• 
  Mozu Tombs
• 
  Ōtori taisha
• 
  Yamato Takeru

Medieval Sakai was an autonomous city run by merchant oligarchs. During the Muromachi and Sengoku periods from about 1450 to 1600, Sakai developed into one of richest cities in Japan as a port for foreign trade. It was a leading producer of textiles and ironwork.[8] In those days, it was said that the richest cities were Umi no Sakai, Riku no Imai (tr. "along the sea, Sakai; inlands, Imai"; the latter is now a part of Kashihara, Nara). The famous Zen Buddhist priest Ikkyū chose to live in Sakai because of its free atmosphere. The first reliable account of the city is dated to the 1480s and contains publicly issued legal notices, which suggests that the city had a governing council at that point. By the 1530s, the population was around 40,000 residents, almost all of which earned a living through commercial enterprises and some of whom were the wealthiest people in Japan. At this time, Sakai was administered by an oligarchy of powerful merchants. The government had ten divisions machi that were subordinate to the representative council of wealthy townsmen known as the egoshu.[8][9]

Sen no Rikyū, known as the greatest master of the tea ceremony, was originally a merchant of Sakai. Because of the close relationship between the tea ceremony and Zen Buddhism and because of the prosperity of its citizens, Sakai was one of the main centers of the tea ceremony in Japan.

In the Sengoku period, Christian missionaries, including Francis Xavier in 1550, visited Sakai and documented its prosperity. Gaspar Vilela described the town as the safest place in the area when he visited in 1561.[10] He also mentioned that the city was "governed by consuls like Venice in Italy".[8][11]

After the coming of Europeans, Sakai became a manufacturing base of matchlock firearms and a daimyō, Oda Nobunaga, was one of their important customers. During his ambitious attempt to unify Japan, Nobunaga attempted to take the autonomy privilege from Sakai. Sakai's citizens denied his order and pitched a desperate battle against his army. Most citizens fled and Sakai was burned and seized by Nobunaga.

After the assassination of Nobunaga in 1582, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, seized power and abolished the autonomous system of Sakai, forcing many merchants to move to his stronghold in Osaka.[12]

• 
  Old house of gunsmiths in Sakai
• 
  Gunsmith storefront in Sakai, Osaka
• 
  Toyotomi Hideyoshi

In 1615, Sakai was razed to the ground in the SummerCampaign of the Siege of Osaka between the Toyotomi clan and Tokugawa Ieyasu.[7]

Sakai was restored as an important trade center during the Edo period but was involved only in inland trade due to the sakoku policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, which isolated Japan from the outside world. It was also known for its sake brewing and its cutlery industries. After the isolation policy was abandoned during the Bakumatsu period, Sakai was the location of the Sakai Incident, involving a clash between French sailors and Japanese gendarmes resulting in multiple casualties. When the Western powers demanded the opening of Osaka a port for foreign trade, both Sakai and Hyōgo were named as candidates; however, Sakai's proximity and ease of access to Kyoto and the presence of many imperial tombs led to the selection of Hyōgo.

• 
  Sakai incident（1868）

Following the Meiji restoration, Sakai was transformed into an industrial center as part of the Hanshin Industrial Region, with industries centering on textiles and brick making. From 1876 to 1881, Sakai was part of Nara Prefecture. The city of Sakai was proclaimed on April 1, 1889 with the creation the modern municipalities system. It was one of the first 31 cities to be created in Japan. The 1934 Muroto typhoon killed over 300 people in Sakai. Another major disaster was in 1945, when the city was heavily bombed on six occasions during World War II with over 1800 civilian deaths. Following the February 2005 annexation of the town of Mihara (from Minamikawachi District), Sakai became a designated city in April 2006[13] giving it a greater measure of self-determination in governmental affairs.

Sakai has seven wards (ku):

Wards of Sakai
	Place Name					Map of Sakai
	Rōmaji	Kanji	Population	Land area in km2	Pop. density per km2
1	Sakai-ku（administrative center）	堺区	148,353	23.66	6,270	A map of Sakai's Wards
2	Higashi-ku	東区	84,708	10.49	8,075
3	Kita-ku	北区	159,084	15.60	10,198
4	Naka-ku	中区	120,216	17.88	6,723
5	Nishi-ku	西区	134,389	28.62	4,696
6	Mihara-ku	美原区	37,223	13.20	2,820
7	Minami-ku	南区	135,992	40.39	3,367

• Gallery
• 
  Sakai City Downtown（2020）
• 
  Sakai City Skyline（2020）
• 
  Old Sakai Port（2020）
• 
  Daisen Park（2019）
• 
  Sakaihigashi Station（2016）
• 
  Sakai City Hall（2009）

• Osaka Prefecture University
• Hagoromo International University
• Kansai University Sakai Campus
• Poole Gakuin University
• Taisei Gakuin University
• Tezukayama Gakuin University
• Osaka Butsuryo University
• Osaka Junior College of Social Health and Welfare
• Sakai Women's Junior College

Sakai has 98 public elementary schools and 43 public middle schools operated by the city government. The city also has one private elementary school, three private combined middle/high schools and one private combined elementary/middle/high school. The city has 23 public high schools operated by the Osaka Prefectural Board of Education, and four private high schools. The city operates two and the prefecture operates four special education schools for the disabled.

The city previously had a North Korean school, Sakai Korean Elementary School (堺朝鮮初級学校).[15]

Sakai does not have an airport. The nearest major airport is Kansai International Airport.

JR West – Hanwa Line

• Asaka - Sakaishi - Mikunigaoka - Mozu - Uenoshiba - Tsukuno - Ōtori

Nankai Electric Railway - Nankai Main Line

• Shichidō - Sakai - Minato - Ishizugawa - Suwanomori - Hamaderakōen

Nankai Electric Railway - Kōya Line

• Asakayama - Sakaihigashi - Mikunigaoka - Mozuhachiman - Nakamozu - Shirasagi] - Hatsushiba - Hagiharatenjin - Kitanoda

Semboku Rapid Railway Co., Ltd. - Semboku Rapid Railway

• Nakamozu - Fukai - Izumigaoka - Toga-Mikita] - Kōmyōike

Osaka Metro - Midōsuji Line

• Kitahanada - Shinkanaoka - Nakamozu

Hankai Tramway

• Hankai Line：（Sumiyoshi）- Yamatogawa - Takasu-jinsha - Ayanocho - Shimmeicho - Myokokuji-mae - Hanataguchi - Oshoji - Shukuin - Terajicho - Goryomae - Higashi-Minato - Ishizu-Kita - Ishizu - Funao - Hamaderakōen

• Nankai Bus Company, Limited
  • Nankai wing Bus kanaoka Company, Limited
• Kintetsu Bus
• Osaka City Bus

• Hanwa Expressway
• Sakai Senboku Road
• Minami-Hanna Road
• Hanshin Expressway
  • 4 Bayshore Route
  • 6 Yamatogawa Route
  • 15 Sakai Route

• National Route 26
• National Route 309
• National Route 310

• Berkeley, California, United States (1967)
• Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China (1983)
• Wellington, New Zealand (1994)

• Tanegashima, Kagoshima, Japan (1986)
• Higashiyoshino, Nara, Japan (1986)
• Da Nang, Vietnam (2019)